Isihloko
I-methylene blue nobuthi be-nitrite ezinhlanzini
I-methylene blue inendima eqondene nomkhiqizo njengosizo ebuthini be-nitrite ezinhlanzini zasemathangini. Ayithathi indawo yokulungisa amanzi angcolile, futhi inhlanzi ehefuzela ebusweni bamanzi ayisho ngaso sonke isikhathi ukuthi ihlaselwe ubuthi be-nitrite. Qala ngezilinganiso zamanzi nomlando wakamuva wethangi ngaphambi kokukhetha ukwelashwa.
Umehluko owusizo uphakathi komoya-mpilo otholakala emanzini kanye nomoya-mpilo igazi elikwazi ukuwuthutha. I-nitrite ingaphazamisa lokhu kwesibili ngisho nalapho okokuqala kubonakala kwanele. Ukwengeza ukufakwa komoya emanzini kusekela izinhlanzi, kodwa akuqedi ukuchayeka ku-nitrite.
Lokho i-nitrite ekwenzayo egazini lezinhlanzi
Izinhlanzi zimunca i-nitrite ngezimbobo zazo zokuphefumula. Egazini, i-nitrite iguqula i-hemoglobin nge-oxidation ibe yi-methemoglobin, engakwazi ukubopha umoya-mpilo ngendlela evamile. Isimo esivelayo, i-methemoglobinemia, sivame ukubizwa ngokuthi isifo segazi elinsundu ngoba igazi elithintekile lingaba nsundu.
Umbiko we-USDA wokuchayeka ku-nitrite ekuhlolweni kwezinhlanzi ze-channel catfish uchaza le ndlela yokuphazamiseka kokuthuthwa komoya-mpilo. Ingqamuzana legazi elibomvu lingaqhubeka nokujikeleza kuyilapho ingxenye ye-hemoglobin yalo ingasakwazi ukwenza umsebenzi wayo ovamile. Isilinganiso somoya-mpilo sikala amanzi azungeze inhlanzi; asikali ukuthi ingakanani i-hemoglobin esasebenza ngaphakathi kwenhlanzi.
Umfanekiso ongenhla uhlukanisa lezo zindawo ezimbili: i-nitrite ingena ngezimbobo zokuphefumula, kanti ukulahleka kwekhono lokuthwala umoya-mpilo kwenzeka egazini. Ubonisa indlela okwenzeka ngayo lokhu, hhayi ukuhlolwa kwegazi noma ukuxilongwa kwenhlanzi ethile ngokuyibuka.
I-nitrite ivame ukuba yinkinga lapho ukuhlunga ngezinto eziphilayo kungakakhuli ngokwanele, kuthwele umthwalo oweqile, noma kuphazamisekile. Incazelo kaPurdue yokuxilongwa kwesifo segazi elinsundu kwezokwelapha izilwane ihlobanisa lezi zimo nokuqongelela kwemfucuza equkethe i-nitrogen futhi iveza ukushintsha amanzi njengendlela eyodwa yokunciphisa ukuchayeka ngokuyihlanza. Ukulungisa ukugxila kwamanje nokubuyisela ikhono lesistimu lokucubungula imfucuza kuyimisebenzi ehlukene.
Indima ye-methylene blue
Imibhalo kaKordon yomkhiqizo we-methylene blue ichaza inhlanganisela yawo yamanzi engu-2.303% njengosizo ekubuyiseleni emuva ubuthi be-nitrite ezinhlanzini zasemathangini amanzi angenasawoti nawasolwandle. Umkhiqizi uhlobanisa lokho kusetshenziswa nokuguqulwa kwe-methemoglobin ibuye ibe yi-hemoglobin. Lesi yisimangalo ngomkhiqizo othile wamathangi ezinhlanzi, hhayi ubufakazi bokuthi zonke izixazululo eziluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka zingasetshenziswa ngokushintshana njengokwelashwa.
Yona le mibhalo ixwayisa ngokusetshenziswa ezinhlelweni ezijikelezisa amanzi kabusha ezinokuhlunga ngezinto eziphilayo ngoba umkhiqizo uphazamisa amagciwane aguqula izinhlanganisela ze-nitrogen. Lokho kubaluleke kakhulu lapho ukuhlunga okungasebenzi kahle kuyimbangela yokuchayeka. Iphinde ikhiphe ngaphandle ukusetshenziswa njengomuthi ezinhlanzini ezidliwayo. Ngakho indawo yokwelapha ehlukile, ukufaneleka kohlobo lwenhlanzi, nemiyalelo ephelele esebhodleleni kudinga ukucatshangelwa ngaphambi kokusetshenziswa.
Funda umhlahlandlela obanzi wokusetshenziswa nemikhawulo ye-methylene blue emathangini ezinhlanzi ukuze uqonde umongo wokwelashwa. Ungadluliseli inqubo yokwelapha i-methemoglobinemia kubantu emanzini okwelapha izinhlanzi: indlela yokunikeza umuthi, inhlanganisela, nesiguli kuhlukile.
Funda ilebula njengomyalelo ophelele
Sebenzisa lolu hlu lokuhlola kanye nebhodlela langempela nemiyalelo yamanje yomkhiqizi. Bhala izimpendulo ngaphambi kokwenza inhlanganisela exutshiwe namanzi; ukugxila kuphela akulona uhlelo lokwelapha.
| Okumele kuhlolwe | Ulwazi okufanele lubhalwe | Iphutha lokhu okulivimbelayo |
|---|---|---|
| Ubunikazi bomkhiqizo | Umkhiqizi, isithako esisebenzayo, amandla enhlanganisela, nosuku lokuphelelwa yisikhathi | Ukuthatha igama lenhlanganisela yamakhemikhali njengencazelo ephelele yomkhiqizo |
| Ukusetshenziswa okuhlosiwe | Ukuthi ubuthi be-nitrite nomongo ofanele wethangi lezinhlanzi kufakiwe yini | Ukusebenzisa umyalelo wokwelapha amaqanda noma wokunye ukusetshenziswa |
| Izilwane nendawo | Uhlobo, isigaba sokuphila, izimo zamanzi angenasawoti noma awasolwandle, ukukhiqizela ukuhlobisa noma ukudla | Ukwelula ilebula lidlule indawo eliyishoyo |
| Imiyalelo yokuchayeka | Umthamo wangempela wamanzi, inani, ubude besikhathi, nemiyalelo yokulandelela | Ukukopisha umthamo bese kushiywa izimo zokuchayeka ezihambisana nawo |
| Ukuhambisana nesistimu | Ukuhlunga ngezinto eziphilayo, okunye ukwelashwa, izitshalo, nezidingo zokususa umkhiqizo | Ukudala inkinga yesibili yekhwalithi yamanzi ngesikhathi sokwelapha |
Ingxoxo ehlukile ngomthamo wokwelapha amathangi ezinhlanzi nokugxila komkhiqizo ichaza ukuthi kungani inani elithelelwa lisuka ebhodleleni nokugxila okuvelayo emanzini kuyizilinganiso ezihlukene. Bheka okumele kucatshangelwe ngokuhambisana nokuphepha emathangini ezinhlanzi ngaphambi kokuhlanganisa izindlela zokwelapha.
I-nitrite, i-nitrate, i-ammonia ne-chlorine kuyizinkinga ezihlukene
Amagama afanayo awasho ukwelashwa okufanayo. Ukuqhathaniswa kwezingozi zemvelo ku-MSD Veterinary Manual kuhlukanisa lokhu kuchayeka futhi kugcizelela umehluko omkhulu ekuthintekeni yi-nitrite phakathi kwezinhlobo zezinhlanzi nezimo zamanzi.
| Inkinga esolwayo | Okudinga ukuhlolwa | Lokho ilebula lokusetshenziswa ku-nitrite elingakuqinisekisi |
|---|---|---|
| I-nitrite, NO₂⁻ | Umphumela we-nitrite, amayunithi okubika, uhlobo lwenhlanzi, nokwakheka kwamakhemikhali emanzini | Ukuthi zonke izikhathi zokuphefumula ngokushesha ziyisifo segazi elinsundu |
| I-nitrate, NO₃⁻ | Isilinganiso se-nitrate esihlukile nokuqongelela kwesikhathi eside | Ukuthi i-methylene blue isusa i-nitrate |
| I-ammonia | I-ammonia nitrogen iyonke, i-pH, nezinga lokushisa | Ukuthi i-methylene blue ilungisa ukuchayeka ku-ammonia |
| I-chlorine noma i-chloramine | Ukulungiswa kwamanzi avela emthonjeni nokuhlolwa okufanele kwe-chlorine | Ukuthi udayi uwumkhiqizo ojwayelekile wokususa i-chlorine |
| Umoya-mpilo omncane oncibilike emanzini | Isilinganiso somoya-mpilo nokusebenza kokufakwa komoya emanzini | Ukuthi umuthi unikeza amanzi umoya-mpilo owanele |
Hlola amayunithi ngaphambi kokuqhathanisa umphumela wokuhlolwa nenani lokubhekisela. Umphumela obikwe njenge-nitrite-nitrogen, NO₂-N, uchaza kuphela isisindo se-nitrogen. Ukuwuphindaphinda cishe ngo-3.3 kuwuguqula ube ukugxila ngokwesisindo kwe-ion ye-nitrite ephelele. Ngakho u-0.30 mg/L NO₂-N ucishe ube ngu-0.99 mg/L NO₂⁻, hhayi u-0.30 mg/L NO₂⁻. Lesi sibonelo sokubala asiwona umkhawulo wokuphepha.
Kungani i-chloride nomlando wokuthuthwa kubalulekile
I-chloride incintisana ne-nitrite ekungeneni ngezimbobo zokuphefumula zezinhlanzi zamanzi angenasawoti. Umhlahlandlela kasawoti wokufuya izilwane zasemanzini wase-University of Florida uchaza ukuthi ukwandisa i-chloride emanzini kunganciphisa ukumuncwa kwe-nitrite. I-chloride ayiyona i-chlorine yokubulala amagciwane. Le ndlela yokuvikela iphinde yehluke ekusebenzeni ku-methemoglobin esivele isegazini.
Ukuhlola kwamahora angu-96 ezinhlanzini ezisencane ze-Nile tilapia kwahlola amazinga amabili okugxila kwe-chloride ngaphandle kwezinhlanzi. I-chloride ephakeme yanciphisa ubuthi be-nitrite nokwakheka kwe-methemoglobin ngaphansi kwezimo zalolo cwaningo. Lokhu akuqinisekisi inani likasawoti elingangezwa kuwo wonke amathangi anezinhlobo ezixubile zezinhlanzi: izinhlobo, i-chloride esivele ikhona, ukuchayeka, nezinye izinto eziphilayo ezisethangini kusalokhu kubalulekile. Ukuhlola akuzange kuhlole i-methylene blue.
Ukuthuthwa kunezela elinye iqoqo lezimbangela ezingaba khona. Ekuhlolweni kokuthuthwa emapulazini okwenziwa yi-University of Florida, i-methylene blue eyahlolwa njengesithasiselo esilwa namagciwane ayizange ithuthukise umphumela obikiwe wokubukeka nokuziphatha. Lokho okutholakele kuqondene nezimo zokuthuthwa ezahlolwa, hhayi ukwelashwa kobuthi be-nitrite obuqinisekisiwe. Wona lowo mhlahlandlela uchaza ukuthi ukuqongelela kwe-ammonia, ukushintsha kwe-pH, izinga lokushisa, nomoya-mpilo kukuthinta kanjani ukucindezeleka okubangelwa ukuthuthwa. I-pH nezinga lokushisa okuphakeme kwandisa ingxenye ye-ammonia enobuthi engekho esimweni se-ion. Amanzi okuthutha aluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka awakwazi ukufakazela ukuthi lezi zici ziyalawulwa.
Hlukanisa ukusabela okusheshayo nohlelo lokululama
Ezinhlanzini ezikhombisa ukucindezeleka, sekela ukufakwa komoya emanzini futhi uhlole ngokushesha kokubili izinhlanzi namanzi. Udokotela wezilwane zasemanzini noma insizakalo yezempilo yezinhlanzi kufanele ihlole ubunzima obukhulu bokuphefumula, ukulahlekelwa ibhalansi, noma ukufa okuqhubekayo. Yiba nolwazi lohlobo lwezinhlanzi, umthamo wethangi, imiphumela yokuhlolwa enamayunithi, ukunakekelwa kwakamuva, nayo yonke imikhiqizo esetshenzisiwe.
Sebenzisa amanzi okubuyisela alungiswe ngokufanele futhi ahambisanayo lapho unciphisa ngokuhlanza inkinga yekhwalithi yamanzi eqinisekisiwe. Phinda uhlole izimo kunokuba ucabange ukuthi ukungenelela okukodwa kuqede ukuchayeka. Buyekeza ukuphakela, inani lezinhlanzi ezisethangini, namandla okuhlunga ukuze uthole ukuthi kungani imfucuza iqongelele. Umhlahlandlela wase-University of Florida wezinhlelo ezijikelezisa amanzi kabusha uveza lezi zinto njengezici eziyinhloko ezinquma ikhwalithi yamanzi.
Inhlanzi ephefumula ngendlela evamile kakhudlwana inikeza ubufakazi obukhuthazayo ngesimo sayo. Ukuphinda uhlole amanzi kuphendula umbuzo ohlukile: ukuthi indawo iphephe ngokwanele yini ukuze ukululama kuqhubeke.