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Uzinzo lwe-methylene blue: ukukhanya, i-pH, izinyibilikisi, nokuwohloka
Isisombululo esixutywe kakhulu se-methylene blue esisetyenziswa njengomgangatho sinika umlinganiselo ongu-0.842 kwi-664 nm ngoMvulo. NgoLwesihlanu ibhotile enye inika u-0.791, yaye akukho mntu utshintshe uxinaniso. Umbuzo wokuqala ngowokuba ingaba idayi ilahlekile na. Umbuzo wesibini, onzima ngakumbi, ngowokuba kuthetha ntoni ukuba "ilahlekile".
Uzinzo lwe-methylene blue alusiyonto inye. Lubandakanya iinkqubo ezininzi ezinciphisa ukufunxwa kokukhanya kubude obunye bamaza. Ukuncitshiswa kweekhemikhali okunokubuyiselwa umva, utshintsho ekudibaneni kweemolekyuli, nokuqhekeka okungenakubuyiselwa umva zibonakala zifana kumlinganiselo wobude obunye bamaza. Eli phepha liyazahlula ukuze iziphumo zovavanyo zitolikwe ngokuchanekileyo.
Apha kugxilwe kuzinzo lomxube nolovavanyo. Ngokugcina iibhotile, ukuphatha iibhotile ezivuliweyo, nemibuzo yokuphelelwa lixesha, jonga isikhokelo sexesha lokugcinwa sabathengi. Akumiselwa mhla wokuphelelwa lixesha apha, kuba ixesha lokuhlala kwesicombululo kufuneka liqinisekiswe ngokuvavanywa kuxinaniso oluthile, kwisikhongozeli esithile, nakwiimeko ezithile zokugcina.
Qala ngento echazwayo
I-methylene blue eyomileyo ne-methylene blue enyibilikisiweyo ziziphatha ngeendlela ezahlukeneyo. Ingxelo ye-PubChem nge-methylene blue ichaza ityuwa ye-chloride, enobunzima befomula obumalunga ne-319.9 g/mol kuhlobo olungenamanzi, eneekristale eziluhlaza okumnyama nezisombululo eziluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka ngokunzulu emanzini nasetywaleni. Izalathiso zembali eziqokelelweyo zichaza i-trihydrate njengezinzileyo emoyeni, yaye amaxwebhu okhuseleko angoku afuna isikhongozeli esivalwe ngokuqinileyo, esigcinwa somile, sipholile, kwindawo engenisa umoya, nesikhuselweyo ekukhanyeni.
Oku kwenza into eqinileyo izinze ngokuthelekisa phantsi kweemeko eziqhelekileyo zokugcina elabhoratri. Oku akusebenzi ngokuzenzekelayo kwizisombululo. Isicatshulwa sangoku sokujonga kwangaphambili se-USP sithi izisombululo eziqulethe i-methylene blue kufuneka zilungiselelwe zintsha ngaphambi kohlalutyo, nezikhongozeli zazo zigcinwe zivaliwe kakuhle, zikhuselwe ekukhanyeni, kwaye zigcinwe ngaphantsi kwe-30 C. Lo myalelo yindlela elumkileyo yokwenza uhlalutyo, hayi ubungqina bokuba zonke izisombululo ziphelelwa ngumbala ngeentsuku ezimbalwa. Uthetha ukuba uzinzo lwesisombululo se-methylene blue kufuneka luboniswe, lungathathwa njengoluqinisekileyo. Isicatshulwa sokujonga kwangaphambili se-monograph ye-USP ye-methylene blue sichaza isiseko sovavanyo lomxholo esisetyenziselwa eso sigqibo.
Ukukhanya: eyona lahleko inokuthintelwa
I-methylene blue ifunxa ukukhanya kuloo macandelo akhutshwa kukukhanya okuqhelekileyo. I-monomer ifunxa ngamandla kufutshane ne-658 ukuya kwi-665 nm, kukho igxalaba le-dimer kwispekthram kufutshane ne-605 ukuya kwi-610 nm, kunye neebhendi ze-ultraviolet kufutshane ne-292 nm nangaphantsi. Ngoko ukukhanya okubomvu kwibhentshi yelabhoratri kungqamana ngokuthe ngqo nendawo efunxa kuyo idayi. Ukukhanya kwe-fluorescent, ii-LED ezimhlophe, ne-UV-A nako kunokuphelisa umbala kwizisombululo ezixutywe kakhulu phantsi kweemeko zovavanyo. Akukho mbala mnye wokukhanya ukhuselekileyo; kukho kuphela ukunciphisa ukuvezwa kukukhanya.
Ikhemistri ebangelwa kukukhanya iqala ngemeko ye-triplet. Ukukhanya okufunxiweyo kufaka idayi kwimeko evuselelweyo, yaye i-triplet evelayo inokudlulisela amandla okanye ii-elektroni kwioksijini enyibilikileyo. I-monomer ekwisicombululo esixutywe kakhulu yenza ioksijini ye-singlet ngokufanelekileyo, yaye izivuno ze-quantum ezixeliweyo zimalunga ne-0.5 emanzini. Isalathiso esiqhelekileyo sale nkqubo luphononongo lwe-triplet ye-methylene blue neoksijini ye-singlet.
Ioksijini ye-singlet akufanele ichazwe njengokuphela kwesizathu sokuphela kombala kwibhotile nganye. Izisombululo ezivezwe kukukhanya ziqulethe iintlobo ze-leuco ezincitshisiweyo kunye needayi ezisuswe amaqela e-methyl, yaye ababhali bophononongo lokuvezwa kwe-methylene blue kukukhanya okubonakalayo bayishiya ngokucacileyo ingekagqitywa indlela inkqubo ehlukanayo ngayo ibe ziindlela ezahlukeneyo. Ukuncitshiswa kukukhanya okunokubuyiselwa umva, ukususwa kwamaqela e-methyl kwi-N nge-oxidation, ikhemistri yesibini yeoksijini esebenzayo, nokuqhekeka okulandelayo zinokwenzeka ngaxeshanye.
Kolunye uphononongo lwezinto, idayi esemanzini eyi-10 mg/L kwi-20 C yalahlekelwa malunga ne-37 yepesenti yokufunxwa kokukhanya emva kwe-120 yemizuzu phantsi kokukhanya okubonakalayo kwelabhoratri, yaza yalahlekelwa yi-53 yepesenti phantsi kokukhanya kwelanga, ngoxa isampulu yolawulo egcinwe ebumnyameni ingabonisanga lahleko ibonakalayo nakwi-80 C. La manani avela kuphononongo lobushushu nokukhanyiselwa kwe-methylene blue esemanzini yaye achaza kuphela eso sixhobo sovavanyo. Abonisa ukuba ukukhanya yeyona nto inempembelelo, hayi ixesha lokulahleka kwesiqingatha sedayi kwenye ibhotile.
Ioksijini idlala iindima ezimbini, nto leyo eyenza ukuba "ukuvezwa emoyeni" kube nentsingiselo engacacanga. Ioksijini ivumela ukwenziwa kweoksijini esebenzayo ngedayi evuselelweyo, kodwa ikwabuyisela i-leucomethylene blue engenambala kuhlobo oluluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka ngokuyenza i-oxidation kwakhona. Ngoko umoya unokuphelisa umbala kwesinye isisombululo uze ubuyisele umbala kwesinye. Umahluko phakathi kokwenziwa kohlobo lwe-leuco nokutshatyalaliswa kwedayi uchazwa ngakumbi kwikhemistri ye-redox ye-methylene blue ne-leucomethylene blue.
Ukudibana kweemolekyuli kutshintsha uvakalelo lwemolekyuli nganye ekukhanyeni. Ii-H-dimer ezijongene ngobuso zibuyela ngokukhawuleza kwimeko engavuselelwanga yaye zivelisa i-triplet neoksijini ye-singlet encinane kakhulu kune-monomer, njengoko kwalinganiswa kuphononongo lwefotofiziksi yee-dimer ze-methylene blue.
I-pH: uzinzo embindini, utshintsho lwekhemikhali emiphethweni
Kuluhlu olususela kwi-asidi ukuya kokungathathi cala, i-cation eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka ekwimeko ye-oxidation iyamelana neenguqu zealkali ezenzeka ngokwazo ngcono kunakwi-pH ephezulu. Isishwankathelo seendlela le nto eziphatha ngayo kwindalo esiqokelelwe kwi-PubChem asicingi ukuba i-hydrolysis inempembelelo enkulu malunga ne-pH 5 ukuya kwi-9, kodwa olo luqikelelo lwendalo, hayi ukuqinisekiswa kovavanyo lwamayeza.
Uphononongo lwakudala lwafumanisa ukuba idayi exutywe kakhulu kufutshane ne-25 C yayizinzile kakhulu ngaphantsi kwe-pH emalunga ne-9.5, ukususwa kwamaqela e-alkyl kuqalisa ukubonakala malunga ne-pH 9.5 ukuya kwi-9.8, kwaye utshintsho olukhawulezayo lwenzeka kwi-pH 12 kwiintsuku ezimbalwa. Esi siphumo sivela kuphononongo lwangaphambili lozinzo lwe-methylene blue kwisisombululo sealkali yaye kufuneka sifundwe njengobungqina bendlela inkqubo esebenza ngayo, hayi njengenkcazelo yeemfuno zomgangatho.
Ialkali enamandla nayo inokutshintsha indlela yekhemistri. Kwi-0.1 M yealkali esemanzini, eyona mveliso yahluliweyo yayiyi-Bernthsen methylene violet, imveliso ye-hydrolysis yealkali, njengoko ichongiwe kuphononongo lokuwohloka kweedayi ze-phenothiazine kwialkali. Oku kukuqhekeka, hayi ukutshintsha kwesalathisi se-pH.
Ukuncitshiswa kweekhemikhali kuvelisa i-leucomethylene blue, engenambala phantse ngokupheleleyo nenokuphinda yenziwe i-oxidation lula ngumoya; oku kwenzeka ngokukhawuleza kwi-pH ephezulu kwaye kucotha kwi-asidi. Ukuxhomekeka kwioksijini kwachazwa kuphononongo lokuncitshiswa kwe-methylene blue kukukhanya nokwenziwa kwayo i-oxidation kwakhona. Ukulahleka kombala oluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka ke kungqina kuphela ukuba inani leemolekyuli ezikwimeko ye-oxidation lehle, kungekhona ukuba oko kubangelwe kukuncitshiswa kweekhemikhali, kukudibana kweemolekyuli, okanye kukutshatyalaliswa.
Izinyibilikisi nokudibana kweemolekyuli: ispekthram sinokutshintsha ngaphandle kwelahleko
Amanzi ayinyibilikisa lula ityuwa ye-chloride. I-PubChem iqokelela ixabiso elimalunga ne-43.6 g/L emanzini kwi-25 C kunye neenkcazelo ezingamanani zokunyibilika kwi-ethanol nakwi-chloroform, ngoxa ulwimi lwe-pharmacopeia lusebenzisa amagama athi inyibilika kancinane okanye inyibilika ngokulinganiselweyo kwizinto ezichaziweyo. Uhlobo lwe-hydrate, ubunyulu, amandla ee-ion, nesigama zichaza inxalenye yaloo mahluko. Isikhokelo sokunyibilika kwe-methylene blue nokulungiselela izisombululo sichaza indlela yokuxela isiseko sento esilinganiswayo esixhasa inani elithile.
Ukukhetha isinyibilikisi kutshintsha ukusasazeka kweentlobo zeekhemikhali, hayi ukunyibilika kuphela. Kwimixube yamanzi ne-methanol, i-spectroscopy yahlula i-monomer, i-dimer, ne-trimer ezisemanzini kunye ne-monomer ekwi-methanol, njengoko kubonisiwe kuphononongo lokudibana kweemolekyuli ze-methylene blue kwizinyibilikisi ezixutyiweyo. Utywala abukuphelisi ukudibana kweemolekyuli: ii-dimer namaqela amakhulu eemolekyuli ahlala ekhona kwi-methanol, kwi-ethanol, kwi-propanol, nakwi-butanol, ngokutsho kophononongo lokudibana kweemolekyuli okuxhomekeke kwisinyibilikisi.
Kumsebenzi owenziwayo, isinyibilikisi, amandla ee-ion, ubushushu, noxinaniso zinokutshintsha indawo yencopho yespekthram nesakhono sokufunxa ukukhanya ngaphandle kokutshabalalisa idayi. Gcina isampulu nesisombululo somgangatho kwinkqubo enye yesinyibilikisi, uze uqinisekise ukuba ubudlelwane bemilinganiselo bunomgca othe ngqo. Inkcazelo ye-IUPAC yomthetho we-Beer-Lambert ichaza iimeko apho ukufunxwa kokukhanya kuhambelana noxinaniso.
Ukuphela kombala okunokubuyiselwa umva xa kuthelekiswa nokuwohloka okungenakubuyiselwa umva
Ukususwa kwamaqela e-methyl kwi-N ngokuthe ngcembe kuvelisa i-Azure B, kuze kuvelise iintlobo ze-Azure ezinamaqela e-methyl ambalwa ne-thionine. Ukufaka umoya ebhotileni akubuyiseli umva elo nyathelo, yaye indlela inkqubo ehlukanayo ngayo iyahluka, ngoko akufanele izotywe njengetsheyini enye engqongqo. Uthungelwano lwezi nkqubo luchazwa kuphononongo lweemveliso zokususwa kwamaqela e-methyl kwi-methylene blue.
I-leucomethylene blue ikwelinye icala. Luhlobo oluncitshiswe ngee-elektroni ezimbini, olungenambala phantse ngokupheleleyo, yaye ioksijini okanye enye into eyenza i-oxidation inokubuyisela idayi eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka. Ulawulo lwe-pharmacopeia lubonisa icala elingenakubuyiselwa umva: i-monograph yangoku ye-USP ilawula i-Azure B njengongcoliseko oluchaziweyo, nto leyo ehambelana nokususwa kwamaqela e-methyl njengendlela yokuvela kongcoliseko ekufuneka ibekwe esweni.
I-oxidation elandelayo ivelisa iimveliso ezinamakhonkco avuliweyo neziqhekeziweyo. Oko kukutshatyalaliswa. Ilabhoratri ayidingi ukuchonga isiqwenga ngasinye. Kufuneka ikuphephe ukubiza konke ukwehla kokufunxwa kokukhanya ngegama elinye.
Itheyibhile yobungqina bozinzo ngokwemeko
Le yeyona theyibhile yezalathiso yeli phepha. Umqolo ngamnye uchaza imeko, indlela yokuziphatha exhaswa kakhulu bubungqina, nendlela yolawulo ethintela isigqibo esingachanekanga.
| Imeko | Indlela yokuziphatha eboniweyo | Inokubuyiselwa umva okanye isisigxina | Ulawulo lwaselabhoratri |
|---|---|---|---|
| Umgubo owomileyo, uvalwe, usebumnyameni, upholile | Uzinzile ngokuthelekisa; uphathwa njengento eqinileyo enovakalelo ekukhanyeni | Ayikho kwezi; into yokuqala igciniwe | Gcina uvalwe ngokuqinileyo, womile, ukhuselekile ekukhanyeni ngaphantsi kwe-30 C |
| Isisombululo esixutywe kakhulu esisemanzini ekukhanyeni kwegumbi | Ukuwohloka okuqhubekayo kwe-methylene blue okubangelwa kukukhanya kunye nokuncitshiswa kweekhemikhali okunokubangelwa kukukhanya; umlinganiselo kwi-664 nm uyehla | Zixubene; inxalenye ye-leuco iyabuyela, esuswe amaqela e-methyl ayibuyeli | Iglasi embala we-amber okanye emdaka, ukugcina ebumnyameni, ukunciphisa ixesha lokukhanyiselwa |
| Isisombululo esifanayo esigcinwe ebumnyameni | Utshintsho olucotha kakhulu; iisampulu zolawulo ezipapashiweyo ezigcinwe ebumnyameni zibonisa ilahleko encinane kwiiyure ezininzi naxa zifudumele | Ubukhulu becala siyagcinwa ukuba i-pH neoksijini ziyalawulwa | Sebenzisa isampulu yolawulo esebumnyameni ecaleni koluhlu ngalunye lweesampulu ezivezwe kukukhanya |
| Kukho ioksijini enyibilikileyo | Ivumela ikhemistri yeoksijini esebenzayo evela kwidayi evuselelweyo; ikwabuyisela idayi ye-leuco kumbala oluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka | Zombini, kuxhomekeke kwindlela elawulayo | Chaza ukufakwa komoya; musa ukulinganisa ukuvezwa emoyeni nomonakalo kuphela |
| I-pH ye-asidi ukuya kwengathathi cala | I-cation ekwimeko ye-oxidation iyamelana noko nokuhlaselwa yialkali | Igciniwe phantsi kwezinye iimeko ezikhuselayo | Tshatisa i-pH, isithinteli sotshintsho lwe-pH, namandla ee-ion phakathi kwesampulu nesisombululo somgangatho |
| I-pH yealkali, malunga ne-9.5 nangaphezulu | Ukususwa kwamaqela e-alkyl okubonakalayo, kukhawuleza njengoko i-pH inyuka; iimveliso ze-hydrolysis kwialkali enamandla | Utshintsho lwekhemikhali olusisigxina | Kuphephe ukugcina izisombululo zomgangatho kwialkali; qinisekisa nayiphi na indlela yealkali ngokuyivavanya ngokwahlukeneyo |
| Amanzi xa ethelekiswa notywala okanye isinyibilikisi esixutyiweyo | Indawo yencopho, isakhono sokufunxa ukukhanya, nomlinganiselo we-monomer kumaqela eemolekyuli ziyatshintsha | Ukusasazeka kwakhona kwispekthram, hayi ubungqina belahleko | Inkqubo enye yesinyibilikisi kwiisampulu nakulungelelwaniso lomlinganiselo; hlola ispekthram esipheleleyo |
| Esixineneyo xa sithelekiswa nesixutywe kakhulu | Ii-dimer namaqela amakhulu eemolekyuli angakumbi; ukuvuselelwa kweekhemikhali kukukhanya kuncinane kwimolekyuli nganye | Utshintsho kwiintlobo zeekhemikhali, olunokubuyiselwa umva ngokuxutywa ukuba akukho nkqubo yekhemikhali yenzekileyo | Qinisekisa ubudlelwane bomgca othe ngqo be-Beer-Lambert kulo lonke uluhlu olusetyenziswayo |
| Isisombululo esifudumeleyo, esisebumnyameni xa sithelekiswa nesikhanyiselweyo | Ubushushu bodwa bubangela utshintsho oluncinane kwiisampulu zolawulo ezipapashiweyo; ubushushu nokukhanya zikhawulezisa ilahleko | Ubukhulu becala kuqhutywa kukukhanya phantsi kweemeko ezivavanyiweyo | Lawula ubushushu kumsebenzi wokulinganisa isantya seenkqubo nokulungelelanisa imilinganiselo |
| Ukwehla kumlinganiselo wobude obunye bamaza kwi-664 nm | Kuyahambelana nokuphela kombala, ukuncitshiswa kweekhemikhali, ukudibana kweemolekyuli, ukubambelela kumphezulu, okanye amaqela afunxa ukukhanya asuswe amaqela e-methyl | Akunakumiselwa kubude obunye bamaza | Skena ispekthram esipheleleyo uze usebenzise iisampulu zolawulo ezisebumnyameni nezisekukhanyeni |
Ulawulo lomsebenzi wokulinganisa ubungakanani
Lungiselela izisombululo zomgangatho zohlalutyo zintsha uze ugcine ixesha lokuvezwa likufutshane. Tshatisa ubushushu, i-pH, isinyibilikisi, amandla ee-ion, noluhlu loxinaniso phakathi kwezicombululo zomgangatho neesampulu. Faka isampulu yolawulo esebumnyameni xa kuphononongwa ukuwohloka, nesampulu yolawulo eveziwe kukukhanya engenasikhuthazi kwiimvavanyo zekhemistri yokukhanya. Xa ispekthram sibalulekile, rekhoda ispekthram esipheleleyo sokukhanya okubonakalayo endaweni yobude obunye bamaza, kuba iidayi ezisuswe amaqela e-methyl namaqela eemolekyuli zifunxa kufutshane, kodwa azifunxi ngokufanayo. Izpekthram ezixhomekeke kuxinaniso ezixhasa elo cebiso zibhaliwe kuphononongo lwe-spectroscopy yoxinaniso nokudibana kweemolekyuli.
Musa ukuguqula nasiphi na isiphumo esikweli phepha sibe lixesha lokugcinwa. Ixesha lokuhlala eliqinisekiswe ngovavanyo lelomxube ochaziweyo, isikhongozeli, uxinaniso, isithuba somoya esingasentla kolwelo, ulawulo lweentsholongwane, neemeko zokugcina. Olo qinisekiso luvavanyiweyo luxoxwa kwisikhokelo sexesha lokugcinwa sabathengi, esixhaswa leli phepha kodwa elingasithathi indawo.