Ukunyibilika kwe-methylene blue emanzini nendlela yokwenza isisombululo ngomgubo

Amagcisa amabini enza isisombululo se-methylene blue sepesenti eyi-1 ngomgubo, ngalinye lizenzela esalo. Elinye lilinganisa iigram eziyi-1.00 lize longeze amanzi kwiflaski ukuya kutsho kwi-100 mL. Elinye lilinganisa iigram eziyi-1.00, lizongeze kwi-100 mL yamanzi, lize lithi ligqibile. Igcisa lesithathu lilinganisa iigram eziyi-1.00 ezivela kwenye ibhetshi lize lifumane ugxininiso olwahluke ngendlela enokulinganiswa. Zontathu iibhotile zineeleyibhile ezifanayo. Akukho nanye equlethe kanye oko kuthethwa yileyibhile, kwaye umahluko uvela kwizinto ezintathu ekulula ukuzibhidanisa: ubungakanani obunokunyibilikiswa sisinyibilikisi, eyona nto uyiyo umgubo olinganisiweyo, noko ipesenti ibhekisela kuko.

Esi sikhokelo sithetha kuphela ngokulungiswa kwezinto zaselabhoratri: iidayi zokudyobha iisampulu, izalathisi, izisombululo ezingumthombo zohlalutyo, nezisombululo ezixutywe ngamanzi ukuze zisetyenziswe. Asiyondlela yokwenza iyeza eliselwayo okanye elitofwayo, kwaye ugxininiso oluchazwe apha alufanele luthathwe njengedosi.

Oko kumiselwa kukunyibilika, noko kungakumiseliyo

Ukunyibilika kwe-methylene blue emanzini kuphezulu xa kuthelekiswa nezinye iidayi. Ingxelo yekhompawundi ye-methylene blue kwi-PubChem ichaza malunga ne-43.6 yeegram kwilitha nganye kwi-25 C, nto leyo efanayo ne-4.36 yeegram kwi-100 mL, okanye ipesenti eyi-4.36 w/v. Uphononongo oluzimeleyo lokufikelela kulungelelwaniso kubushushu obufanayo lwalinganisa i-43.21 g/L lwaza lwaqinisekisa ixabiso elidala ngaphakathi komda wempazamo yovavanyo.

Elo nani ngumda ophezulu, hayi into ekujoliswe kuyo. Isisombululo esingumthombo sepesenti eyi-1 siyi-10 g/L, ngaphantsi kwekota yaloo mda. Isisombululo esingumthombo sepesenti eyi-0.1 siyi-1 g/L, malunga nenxalenye enye kwezingamashumi amane zalo mda. Ukuba isisombululo sepesenti eyi-1 sishiya amasuntswana aqinileyo anganyibilikiyo emva kokuxutywa kakuhle kubushushu begumbi, phantse akunakuze kube ngumda wokunyibilika oyinkinga. Ngokuqhelekileyo kubangelwa kukungamanzi ngokupheleleyo komgubo, amanzi abandayo, amaqhuma omgubo afuna ixesha elingakumbi, okanye into enyibilikiswayo echongwe ngendlela engachanekanga. Amanzi afudumeleyo nokuvuselela asombulula uninzi lwezi ngxaki. Ukuba kusetyenziswe ukufudumeza, vumela iflaski ibuyele kubushushu eyalinganiselwa kubo phambi kokuyizalisa ukuya kumthamo wokugqibela.

Ukunyibilika kwezinye izinyibilikisi kuphantsi kwaye amanani akuhambelani kakuhle kwimithombo eyahlukeneyo, ngokuyinxenye ngenxa yokwahluka kwemeko yehydrate yezinto ezivavanyiweyo. Amanzi ahlala esisinyibilikisi esisisalathiso kwizisombululo ezingumthombo ezisetyenziswa rhoqo elabhoratri. I-ethanol iyayinyibilikisa idayi kodwa inyibilikisa ubungakanani obungaphantsi kakhulu kobamanzi; i-chloroform nayo iyayinyibilikisa, i-pyridine iyinyibilikisa kancinane kuphela, kanti i-diethyl ether phantse ayiyinyibilikisi kwaphela. I-acetone ne-ethyl acetate zingaphantsi kakhulu kwamanzi kuthotho lwemilinganiselo eyenziweyo. Kumsebenzi ongasebenzisi manzi, naliphi na inani elikwincwadi yesikhokelo lithathe njengoqikelelo lokuqala uze uliqinisekise ngebhetshi oyisebenzisayo, kunokuba ulithathe njengomda wokulungiswa kwesisombululo. Ingongoma esebenzayo ilula: ukuba injongo lugxininiso oluchaziweyo emanzini lwepesenti eyi-1 okanye olungaphantsi kwayo, amanzi anika umda omkhulu ongekasetyenziswa wokunyibilikisa.

Umgubo awuyonto enye efanayo

Umgubo we-methylene blue othengiselwa ukusetyenziswa elabhoratri yityuwa ye-chloride ethwele amanzi kwisakhiwo sawo sekristale, kwaye ubungakanani baloo manzi buyahluka. Iyoni engenamanzi inobunzima bemolekyuli obuyi-319.85 g/mol. I-trihydrate edla ngokukhankanywa iyi-373.90 g/mol kwaye i-pentahydrate iyi-409.93 g/mol; la maxabiso akwitafile yedatha yemongrafu ye-USP eshwankathelwe ecaleni kwengxelo ye-PubChem.

Iibhotile ezithengiswayo zidla ngokubhalwa njenge-trihydrate, CAS 7220-79-3, kodwa uphando ngezinto ezikwimeko eqinileyo lufumanise ukuba eyona nto ikhoyo inokuba yi-pentahydrate, ihydrate engaphelelanga enamolekyuli zamanzi ezimalunga ne-2.2, i-dihydrate, okanye i-monohydrate, ngaphandle kwesigaba sekristale se-trihydrate esahlukileyo kolunye uhlalutyo. Idayi ikwafunxa ukufuma, ngoko umxholo wamanzi kwibhotile evuliweyo uyatshintsha ngokuhamba kwexesha. Ekudyobheni iisampulu ngenjongo yokujonga iimpawu, oku akubalulekanga kangako. Kumsebenzi wohlalutyo olinganisa ubungakanani, kubaluleke kakhulu; yiyo loo nto isikhokelo sokufunda isiphumo sovavanyo lomxholo nomxholo wamanzi kwisatifikethi sohlalutyo sithatha uxwebhu lwebhetshi njengolunegunya ngaphezu kwegama elithi trihydrate kwileyibhile engaphambili.

Oku kukhokelela kwiindlela ezimbini zokulungisa izibalo, kwaye kufuneka kusetyenziswe enye kuphela ngexesha. Ukuba isatifikethi sinika isiphumo sovavanyo lomxholo namanzi okanye ilahleko xa komiswa, sebenzisa loo manani ngokuthe ngqo. Ukuba akukho datha yesatifikethi kwaye ugxininiso kufuneka luchazwe ngokusekelwe kwisixa esilinganayo sento engenamanzi, sebenzisa isiphindaphindi sehydrate esibalwe ngokwethiyori: i-373.90 yahlulwe nge-319.85, okanye i-1.169, kwi-trihydrate ngokwegama, kunye ne-409.93 yahlulwe nge-319.85, okanye i-1.282, kwi-pentahydrate ngokwegama. Musa ukusebenzisa zombini iindlela zokulungisa ngaxeshanye. Oko kubala amanzi kabini.

Intsingiselo yepesenti

Ipesenti w/v ithetha iigram zento enyibilikiswayo echaziweyo kwi-100 mL nganye yesisombululo sokugqibela, hayi kwi-100 mL nganye yamanzi okuqala. Ngoko ipesenti eyi-1 w/v yi-1.000 g kwi-100 mL yokugqibela, ilingana ne-10 mg/mL okanye i-10 g/L. Isisombululo sepesenti eyi-0.1 siyi-0.100 g kwi-100 mL yokugqibela, silingana ne-1 mg/mL. Ukubhidanisa okuqhelekileyo kwepesenti eyi-1 ne-1 mg/mL yimpazamo ephindwe kalishumi, kwaye kufanelekile ukujonga yonke ileyibhile ukuze kungabikho loo mpazamo.

Isiqingatha sesibini senkcazelo kukuchazwa kwento enyibilikiswayo. Isisombululo sepesenti eyi-1 somgubo we-trihydrate njengoko ulinganisiwe nesisombululo sepesenti eyi-1 esichazwe njengesixa esilinganayo sento engenamanzi zizisombululo ezahlukileyo. Imizekelo yezibalo engezantsi ichaza umthamo wokugqibela nesiseko ngalo lonke ixesha; lowo ngumkhwa othintela ingxaki yamagcisa amathathu echazwe ngasentla.

Imizekelo yokulungisa izisombululo, kuchazwe oko kucingelwayo ngehydrate

Yonke imizekelo icingela umgubo ococekileyo wehydrate echaziweyo kunye namanzi njengesinyibilikisi kubushushu begumbi. Kweminye imithamo, tshintsha zonke izixa ngomlinganiselo ofanayo.

Umzekelo A: i-100.0 mL yepesenti eyi-1 w/v, ngokusekelwe kwi-trihydrate njengoko ilinganisiwe. Linganisa i-1.000 g ye-methylene blue trihydrate. Yongeza malunga ne-70 mL yamanzi acociweyo, vuselela okanye ujikelezise de inyibilike ngokupheleleyo, uyidlulisele yonke kwiflaski yomthamo ye-100.0 mL ngokuhlamba isikhongozeli uze wongeze naloo manzi okuhlamba, emva koko wongeze amanzi ukuya kuphawu. Into enyibilikiswayo yi-trihydrate ngokwayo, ngoko akukho lungiso lobunzima bemolekyuli lusetyenziswayo. Isiphumo: i-1.000 g kwi-100.0 mL yokugqibela, okanye i-10 mg/mL ngokomgubo njengoko ulinganisiwe.

Umzekelo B: i-100.0 mL ye-1 mg/mL, ngokusekelwe kwisixa esilinganayo sento engenamanzi, ukusuka kwi-trihydrate ngokwegama. Injongo yi-100.0 mg ye-methylene blue engenamanzi kwi-100.0 mL yokugqibela. Phindaphinda nge-1.169 ukulungiselela iimolekyuli zamanzi ezintathu: i-100.0 mg iphindaphindwe nge-1.169 ilingana ne-116.9 mg. Linganisa i-116.9 mg ye-trihydrate ngokwegama, uyinyibilikise malunga ne-70 mL yamanzi, uze uyizalise ukuya kwi-100.0 mL yokugqibela kwiflaski yomthamo. Xa kusetyenziswa i-pentahydrate ngokwegama isiphindaphindi siyi-1.282, ngoko injongo efanayo ifuna i-128.2 mg. Bhala kwileyibhile ukuba sisiphi isiphindaphindi esisetyenzisiweyo.

Umzekelo C: ukuxutywa kwe-methylene blue ngamanzi ukusuka kwisisombululo esingumthombo sepesenti eyi-1 ukuya kwipesenti eyi-0.1. Sebenzisa i-C1V1 ilingana ne-C2V2. Ukwenza i-100.0 mL yepesenti eyi-0.1 ukusuka kwisisombululo esingumthombo sepesenti eyi-1.0, umthamo wesisombululo esingumthombo ofunekayo yi-0.1 iphindaphindwe nge-100.0 yahlulwe nge-1.0, nto leyo eyi-10.0 mL. Sebenzisa ipipethi ukufaka i-10.0 mL yesisombululo esingumthombo sepesenti eyi-1 kwiflaski ye-100.0 mL uze wongeze amanzi ukuya kuphawu. Kubahlalutyi abakhetha iiyunithi zobunzima: ipesenti eyi-1 yi-10 mg/mL, ngoko i-10.0 mL ithwele i-100 mg, kwaye i-100 mg kwi-100.0 mL yokugqibela yi-1 mg/mL, nto leyo eyipesenti eyi-0.1.

Umzekelo D: i-1.000 L yesisombululo esisetyenziswayo se-10 mg/L ukusuka kwisisombululo esingumthombo se-1 mg/mL. Isisombululo esingumthombo se-1 mg/mL siyi-1000 mg/L. Umthamo ofunekayo yi-10 iphindaphindwe nge-1.000 yahlulwe nge-1000, nto leyo eyi-0.0100 L, okanye i-10.0 mL. Sebenzisa ipipethi ukuthatha i-10.0 mL yesisombululo esingumthombo uze uxube ngamanzi ukuya kwi-1.000 L yokugqibela. Ukusuka kwisisombululo esingumthombo sepesenti eyi-1 esiyi-10,000 mg/L, injongo efanayo ifuna kuphela i-1.00 mL ezaliswa ukuya kwi-1.000 L. Ukuxuba ngamanzi ngokulandelelana kumanyathelo amabini kunika ukuchaneka okungcono kunokudlulisa kanye umthamo wemikrolitha xa umlinganiselo ungaphezulu malunga nekhulu.

Nganye kwezi yinkcazelo epheleleyo kuphela ngenxa yokuba ineenkcukacha ezintathu: ubunzima obulinganisiweyo kunye noko kucingelwayo ngehydrate, umthamo wokugqibela wesisombululo, nesiseko sogxininiso oluchaziweyo. Ingxelo kwincwadi yamanqaku eswele nokuba yeyiphi kwezi zintathu ayinakuphindwa kanye njengoko yayinjalo.

Inkqubo ethintela iimpazamo eziqhelekileyo

Qala ngokunyibilikisa umgubo kumthamo ongaphantsi kowokugqibela, emva koko uzalise ukuya kumthamo ofunekayo. Ukongeza umgubo ngokuthe ngqo kumthamo opheleleyo wamanzi wokugqibela kuvelisa isisombululo esinomthamo opheleleyo ongaphezu kophawu olujoliswe kulo, kwaye ugxininiso luphuma luphantsi. Hlamba ibhika uze ugalele amanzi ayo okuhlamba kwiflaski ukuze kungabikho mbala ushiyekayo; umbala onzulu wenza ilahleko encinane ibonakale, nto leyo eluncedo ukuba ikhuthaza ukudluliselwa ngokupheleleyo.

Xuba de kungabikho masuntswana ashiyekayo ngaphambi kokuzalisa ukuya kumthamo, uze ukhangele ngokusibeka phambi kokukhanya. Hluza kuphela xa indlela yokusebenza ifuna oko. I-methylene blue ibambelela kumphezulu wezinye izinto ezenza iimembrane, ngoko ukuhluza kunokunciphisa ugxininiso lwesisombululo esingumthombo olusandul’ ukumiselwa ngokuchanekileyo. Le ngongoma ibhaliwe kuphononongo lokubambelela kwiimembrane kwaye ifanele ikhunjulwe nanini na xa ukuhluza okanye ukuqinisekisa ugxininiso kuyinxalenye yendlela yokusebenza. Ukuba isisombululo esingumthombo esihluziweyo kufuneka sibe nogxininiso oluqinisekisiweyo, qinisekisa ugxininiso emva kokuhluza kunokuba uluqinisekise ngaphambi koko.

Gcina izisombululo ezilungisiweyo zikhuselwe ekukhanyeni okunamandla, kwiibhotile ezinombala we-amber okanye ezingangenisi kukhanya, kubushushu begumbi. Zileyibhelishe ngento enyibilikiswayo, isiseko sehydrate, ugxininiso, isinyibilikisi, umhla, nomntu osilungisileyo. Ukuphela kombala okubangelwa kukukhanya okuqhubekayo yindlela eyaziwayo yokonakala, ngoko iindawo ezisezantsi kweefestile nezikhenkcisi ezikhanyisiweyo azifanelekanga ukugcina ezi zisombululo nangona idayi ibonakala izinzile. Okulindelekileyo ngokuzinza namaxesha okuphinda kuvavanywe kuchazwa kwisikhokelo sokugcinwa nokuzinza kwezisombululo ezilungisiweyo, kodwa njengomgaqo womsebenzi, izisombululo ezingumthombo zohlalutyo zifanele zilungiswe ngokutsha okanye ziqinisekiswe kwakhona kunokuba zithembeke ixesha elingenasiphelo.

Phatha umgubo nezisombululo ezingumthombo ezinogxininiso oluphezulu usebenzisa iiglavu, ukhuseleko lwamehlo, idyasi yelabhoratri, nesigqubuthelo setafile yokusebenza, uze ubeke iibhotile kwisikhongozeli sesibini sokubamba okuchithekayo. Idayi idyobha ulusu, impahla, iitafile zokusebenza, neeplastiki ngokukhawuleza, kwaye amaphepha edatha yokhuseleko ababoneleli ahlela umgubo njengoyingozi xa uginyiwe nonokucaphukisa amehlo nolusu ngokuxhomekeke kwibanga lawo. Izilumkiso ezipheleleyo zichazwe kwiindlela zokuphatha nokugcina ngokukhuselekileyo, kodwa ukulawula ukudyobha nako kungumlinganiselo womgangatho: idayi engafanelekanga kwizixhobo zeglasi nakwiipipethi ingumthombo wokungcoliseka okudluliselwa phakathi kweesampulu kuhlalutyo lwezixa ezincinane kakhulu.

Inqaku ngebanga

Kwizikhongozeli zokudyobha iisampulu nakwimiboniso, naliphi na ibanga lelabhoratri elicocekileyo elilungiswe kugxininiso oluchanekileyo liyasebenza. Kumsebenzi wokulinganisa ubungakanani okanye wokuthelekisa, ibanga libalulekile kuba izinto ezingcolisayo ziyahluka: i-Azure B eseleyo neethiazine ezinxulumene nayo, iintsimbi ezinzima, izinyibilikisi eziseleyo, nomthamo weentsholongwane. Yiyo loo nto ukukhetha ibanga elixhaswa sisatifikethi esipheleleyo sohlalutyo kuyinxalenye yokulungiswa kwesisombululo kunokuba ibe yinto ecingwa emva koko. Uxwebhu lwebhetshi olupheleleyo lunika isazisi sento, isiphumo sovavanyo lomxholo kunye nesiseko saso, umxholo wamanzi, noluhlu lwezinto ezingcolisayo ezivavanywe ngokwenene, ukuze ulungiso lwehydrate kwimizekelo engasentla lusebenzise amaxabiso alinganisiweyo endaweni yokucinga ukuba yi-trihydrate ngokwegama. Xa iibhetshi ezimbini zinika ugxininiso olwahlukileyo kubunzima obufanayo obulinganisiweyo, isatifikethi sidla ngokuchaza isizathu.