Inqaku
I-methylene blue nomhlaza: iziphumo zaselabhoratri xa zithelekiswa nobungqina kwizigulana
Ngaba i-methylene blue ibulala iiseli zomhlaza? Esityeni saselabhoratri, idla ngokwenza njalo. Loo mpendulo iyabamangalisa abantu, ngoko isasazeka kakhulu. Ingxaki kukuba kufakwa omnye umbuzo kuyo ngaphandle kokuqaphela: ngaba i-methylene blue inyanga umhlaza kwizigulana? Kuloo mbuzo, uncwadi lophando lunika impendulo eyahlukileyo, yaye ukudideka okuninzi kwi-intanethi kuvela ekuxutyweni kweenkqubo ezintathu zophando ezisebenzisa idayi enye kodwa zivavanya iindlela ezahlukeneyo zokungenelela.
Yicinge njengeengcamango ezintathu ezinegama elinye. Ingcamango yokuqala lichiza elityhefa amathumba ngokwalo. Eyesibini yinto eyenza izicwili zisabele ekukhanyeni, ethi ibe yityhefu kuphela apho ukukhanya kufika khona. Eyesithathu yidayi eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka enceda ugqirha wotyando abone. Isiphumo senye asidluliselwa kwezinye. Wakuwuqonda lo mahluko, kulula ukwahlula ubungqina.
Oko kuthethwa ngokwenene linqaku lesichazi-magama somhlaza
Inqaku lesichazi-magama leNational Cancer Institute nge-methylene blue lichaza idayi eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka eyenziweyo ebophelela kwiindawo zeseli ezinombane othabathayo, njengeeasidi zenukliya. Kwicandelo lomhlaza, lichaza ukutofelwa kwayo kwizicwili zenkqubo yelymph ngexesha lotyando ukuze kufakwe umbala kwiindawo zelymph ezamkela ulwelo olusuka kuloo ndawo, ukuze ugqirha wotyando azifumane. Ngokwahlukileyo, likhankanya ukusetyenziswa kwayo emthanjeni kwiinkqubo ze-redox xa kukho i-methemoglobinemia.
Elo nqaku aliyidwelisi i-methylene blue njengechiza elisekiweyo lokulwa umhlaza. Ikhonkco lokukhangela izilingo elikwelo phepha yinxalenye eqhelekileyo yesichazi-magama, ayisosigqibo sokusebenza kwechiza. Ukuba umntu ucaphula iphepha leNCI njengobungqina bokuba i-methylene blue yamkelwe njengonyango lomhlaza, akaqondanga uhlobo lwengxelo eyenziwa sisichazi-magama.
Ukubulala ngokuthe ngqo ebumnyameni: kwiiseli ewe, kwizigulana hayi
Eyona ngcaciso yendlela esebenza ngayo ecaphulwa kakhulu luphononongo lwe-methylene blue njengomthwali wee-elektroni ongomnye kwimitochondria. Ingcamango yalo imfutshane. I-methylene blue yamkela ii-elektroni ezisuka kwiNADH kufutshane ne-complex I ize izidlulisele ngase-cytochrome c, idlula kumacandelo awonakeleyo ekhonkco lokuphefumla kweseli. Kwiiseli ezikhuliswe elabhoratri, olo tshintsho lwandisa ukusetyenziswa kweoksijini, lunciphisa i-glycolysis nokuveliswa kwe-lactate, luze lutyhale imetabolism ibuyele kwi-oxidative phosphorylation.
Kwi-glioblastoma, uvavanyo olwalusisiseko lwalusebenzisa imigca yeeseli zethumba ezikhuliswe elabhoratri. Iiseli ezanyangwayo zabonisa ukujikwa kotshintsho lweWarburg, ukucotha kokwanda kweeseli, ukuvuselelwa kwemiqondiso yoxinzelelo lwamandla nge-AMPK, nokuma kwinqanaba le-S lomjikelo weseli. Kulapho livela khona ibango lokuba i-methylene blue ijika isiphumo seWarburg. Eso siphumo siyinyani, kodwa siphelela kwizitya zaselabhoratri.
Uvavanyo olulandelayo olubalulekileyo alufane lucatshulwe. Xa elo qela lafudukela kwiimpuku ezifakelwe izicwili zeglioblastoma yomntu laza lanika i-methylene blue ukuba isebenze emzimbeni wonke, indlela ecetywayo ayizange ivuseleleke, yaye amathumba awazange ahlehle. Kukho neziphumo ezindala ezivela kwizilwanyana, kuquka ingxelo yango-1989 ngeempuku kwiimodeli ze-ascites neleukemia ezabonisa ukukhula okucothayo kwamathumba, kodwa ingxelo efakwe kwizalathiso ayinazo iinkcukacha zendlela yophando ezifunwa ngumfundi wanamhlanje. Akukho nto kweli candelo eye yakhula yaba sisilingo esilawulwayo ebantwini se-methylene blue esebenza emzimbeni wonke njengombulali wamathumba. Ikhemistri echaza indlela i-methylene blue ehambisa ngayo ii-elektroni icacisa ukuba kutheni isiphumo sixhomekeke kwiimeko ezithile, hayi ukuba kutheni isigulana sifanele silindele eso siphumo.
Kukwakho nobungqina obuchasene noku obuvela kuphando lweetyhefu. Uphononongo lweNational Toxicology Program lweminyaka emibini lwanika iimpuku ezinkulu nezincinane into evavanywayo ngombhobho oya esiswini, lwaza lwafumanisa i-anemia enxulumene nedosi, kunye nokwanda kwamathumba eziqithi zepancreas nawethumbu elincinane kwizilwanyana. Uphando lwaselabhoratri ngomonakalo weDNA obangelwa ziintsimbi ebumnyameni lukwalatha kwakwicala elifanayo lokulumka. Akukho nanye kwezi zinto engqina umngcipheko ebantwini kulo naliphi na inqanaba elithile lokuchanabeka, kodwa ziyakuthintela ukutsibela kwisigqibo sokuba idayi esebenzayo kwi-redox imele ingabi nabungozi kuba kudala ikho. Umfanekiso opheleleyo ufanele ujongwe kunye nerekhodi yokhuseleko lwe-methylene blue.
Unyango lwe-photodynamic: idayi enye, indlela eyahlukileyo yokungenelela
Unyango lwe-photodynamic nge-methylene blue asilulo unyango olusebenza emzimbeni wonke olongezelelwa nje ukukhanya. Yinkqubo eyenziwa kwindawo ethile: idayi ifakwa ngaphakathi okanye phezu kwesilonda, emva koko kukhanyiswe kusetyenziswa ubude bamaza obufunxwa yidayi, kuveliswe ioksijini ekwimo ye-singlet neeradikali ezitshabalalisa izicwili ezikufutshane kumgama wee-micrometer. Amanani obutyhefu ebumnyameni nalawo aphantsi kokukhanya anokwahluka ngokuphindwe kalishumi, ngoko ukucaphula ukubulawa kweeseli esityeni ngaphandle kokuchaza idosi yokukhanya akunantsingiselo.
Ubungqina obusebantwini apha buncinci yaye bujolise kwindawo ethile. Olona phawu luncinane lunamandla lukwi-nodular basal cell carcinoma, apho uphononongo olwalulandela izigulana ukuya phambili lwanyanga izigulana ezingama-20 ngedayi eqatywayo, idayi etofelwa ngaphakathi kwizilonda ezikhulu, kwaze kwalandela ukukhanya. Lwachaza impendulo epheleleyo eyabonwa ekuhlolweni kwizigulana ezili-11 kwezili-17 ezalugqibayo uphononongo kwiinyanga ezintandathu, kwathathwa nesampulu yesicwili apho kwakuyimfuneko. Kwakungekho qela lothelekiso elabelwe ngokungakhethiyo. Ngaphaya koko kukho iingxelo zeemeko ezimbalwa, njengokubuya komhlaza kummizo kwiimeko ezintathu ezalandelwayo kujongwa ukufa kwezicwili kwindawo ethile, kunye nemeko enye yeKaposi sarcoma ekwasetyenziswa kuyo i-toluidine blue, ngoko isiphumo asinakubalelwa kwi-methylene blue yodwa.
Yonke enye into edla ngokucatshulwa yeyophando olungekafikeleli kwizilingo ebantwini. Uphononongo olucwangcisiweyo lwango-2023 lophando lwe-photodynamic nge-methylene blue lwafumana izifundo zezilwanyana ezilishumi kuphela ezazifanelekile, ezaziquka iimodeli zomhlaza wekholoni nomngxuma wokukhupha ilindle, imelanoma, nowebele, phakathi kwezinye, lwaza lwaluchaza olu candelo njengolungekafikeleli kwizilingo ebantwini. Izicwili zomhlaza wekholoni nomngxuma wokukhupha ilindle ezifakelwe kwiimpuku, zatofelwa kwindawo ethile zaza zakhanyiswa, zabonisa amazinga aphezulu okutshatyalaliswa kuloo ndawo. Uphando lwesinyi, lomlomo nolwemelanoma luchaza ukulahleka kokukwazi ukuphila kweeseli, ukufa kweeseli okucwangcisiweyo, okanye ukuncipha kokumila kwamathumba kwimigca yeeseli nakwizilwanyana, hayi ukuphendula kwamathumba okanye ukusinda kwizigulana. Unyango lokukhanya kwindawo ethile yesilonda solusu alutsho nto malunga nokuginya isisombululo xa umhlaza usasazekile. Ziyahluka ngendlela yokufakwa, idosi efika kwindawo ekujoliswe kuyo, ukukhanya, uhlobo lwethumba nesiphumo esilinganisiweyo.
Idayi eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka kutyando: uncedo olungqiniweyo, isiphumo esilinganisiweyo esingaphenduli umbuzo wonyango
Icandelo elinenani elikhulu ngokwenene labantu livavanya ukunceda ukubona, hayi ukubulala. Kutyando lwebele, uthelekiso olwabelwe ngokungakhethiyo lwe-methylene blue ne-patent blue kwizigulana ezili-142 lwalinganisa ukuchongwa kweendawo zelymph zokuqala ezifumana ulwelo olusuka kwithumba, hayi ukuncipha kwethumba. Lwafumana amazinga okuchongwa amalunga nama-61 ekhulwini xa kuthelekiswa nama-68 ekhulwini, ngaphandle komahluko obalulekileyo ngokwezibalo. Uvavanyo oluncinane kwizigulana ezingama-60 ezabelwe ngokungakhethiyo lwathelekisa idayi yodwa nedayi edityaniswe ne-radiocolloid, lujonga ukuchaneka kokuchonga nezinga leziphumo ezingezizo ezibonisa ukuba akukho nto ikhoyo. Kwakhona, isiphumo esilinganisiweyo yayikukufumana iindawo zelymph, hayi ukunyanga umhlaza.
Ukuhlolwa nge-endoscopy kubonisa into efanayo. Uvavanyo lwezigulana ezili-165 ezine-ulcerative colitis, ezabelwe ngokungakhethiyo, lwathelekisa i-chromoendoscopy esebenzisa i-methylene blue eqatywayo nokuhlolwa kwekholoni okuqhelekileyo ekufumaniseni izilonda ezandulela umhlaza, lwaza lwafumanisa ukuba kufunyenwe izilonda ezininzi ngakumbi. Uphononongo lokuhlola lwesigaba III kwizigulana eziyi-1,205, olusebenzisa idayi ethathwa ngomlomo nejoliswe kwikholoni, lwalinganisa izinga lokufunyanwa kwe-adenoma, elanyuka ukusuka malunga nama-48 ukuya kuma-56 ekhulwini, ngaphandle kwebango lonyango. Uphononongo lokuvavanya ukuba inkqubo inokwenziwa na kwizigulana ezilishumi elinesibini lwasebenzisa idayi etofelwa emthanjeni kunye nokufota kusetyenziswa ukukhanya okukufutshane ne-infrared ukuze kubonwe imibhobho yomchamo esuka kwizintso ukuya esinyini ngexesha lotyando lomhlaza wesinqe. Lwachaza ukuba yomibini imibhobho yabonwa kuzo zonke iimeko. Luncedo kutyando, kodwa ayibobungqina bokuba idayi yanciphisa naliphi na ithumba. Isikhokelo sendlela yokufunda uphononongo lwe-methylene blue sikhona kanye ngenxa yokuba iziphumo zokufumanisa zicatshulwa ngokungathi ziziphumo zonyango.
Itheyibhile yezifundo: ithumba, imodeli, indlela yokufakwa, nesiphumo esalinganiswa ngokwenene
| Ithumba | Imodeli | Indlela yokufakwa | Oko kwalinganiswa | Isiphumo ngokufutshane |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Glioblastoma | Imigca yeeseli | Iiseli ezikhuliswe elabhoratri, akukho ndlela yokufakwa emzimbeni | Ukusetyenziswa kweoksijini, i-lactate, ukwanda kweeseli, umjikelo weseli | Ukujikwa kwesiphumo seWarburg, ukuma kwinqanaba le-S |
| Glioblastoma | Izicwili zomntu ezifakelwe kwiimpuku | Ngomlomo ukuze isebenze emzimbeni wonke | Ukuvuselelwa kwendlela yokusebenza, ukuhlehla kwethumba | Akukho kuvuselelwa kwendlela yokusebenza, akukho kuhlehla |
| Leukemia, ithumba le-ascites | Iimpuku, 1989 | Ayichazwanga kwisishwankathelo | Ukukhula, ukusinda | Uphawu lokukhula okucothayo, iinkcukacha ezimbalwa |
| Basal cell carcinoma | Izigulana ezingama-20, ezili-17 ezagqibayo | Ukuqatywa kunye nokutofelwa ngaphakathi kwesilonda, kulandele ukukhanya | Impendulo epheleleyo, ukubuya, inkangeleko kwiinyanga ezi-6 | Impendulo epheleleyo kwabali-11 kwabali-17, kungekho qela lolawulo |
| Umhlaza wekholoni nomngxuma wokukhupha ilindle | Izicwili ezifakelwe kwiimpuku | Ukutofelwa ngaphakathi kwethumba, kulandele ukukhanya | Ukutshatyalaliswa kwindawo ethile | Ukuya kuma-79 ekhulwini okutshatyalaliswa okupheleleyo phantsi kwemeko enye, kwizilwanyana kuphela |
| Isinyi | Imigca yeeseli kunye nezilwanyana | Ukuntywiliselwa kwidayi, kulandele ukukhanya | Ukukwazi ukuphila, ukumila kwamathumba, ukusinda kwezilwanyana | Ukubulala kwiimodeli, akukho qela labantu |
| Umhlaza weeseli ezithe tyaba zomlomo | Iiseli ezikhuliswe elabhoratri | Ukuntywiliselwa kwidayi, kulandele ukukhanya | Ukukwazi ukuphila, iziphawuli zokufa kweeseli okucwangcisiweyo | Ukubulala ezityeni, akukho siphumo kwizigulana |
| Melanoma | Iiseli zemelanoma zeempuku | Ukuntywiliselwa kwidayi, kulandele ukukhanya okubomvu | Ukukwazi ukuphila, iindlela zokufa kweeseli | Ukubulala ezityeni, akukho silingo ebantwini |
| Ibele | Izilingo ezilawulwayo zokwabiwa ngokungakhethiyo kwizigulana ezili-142 nezingama-60 | Ukutofelwa kujikeleze ithumba ngexesha lotyando | Ukuchongwa kweendawo zelymph, ukuchaneka | Ukwenza imephu kuyasebenza, akukho siphumo sokuphendula kwethumba esilinganisiweyo |
| Ukuhlolwa komhlaza wekholoni nomngxuma wokukhupha ilindle | Izilingo ezilawulwayo zokwabiwa ngokungakhethiyo kwizigulana ezili-165 neziyi-1,205 | Idayi eqatywayo okanye ethathwa ngomlomo nejoliswe kwindawo ethile | Izinga lokufunyanwa kwezilonda | Ukufumanisa kuphucukile, akukho siphumo sonyango esilinganisiweyo |
| Utyando lwesinqe | Uvavanyo lokuba inkqubo inokwenziwa na kwizigulana ezili-12 | Ukutofelwa emthanjeni kunye nokufota | Ukubonwa kwemibhobho yomchamo esuka kwizintso ukuya esinyini | Yonke imibhobho ibonwe, akukho siphumo somhlaza esilinganisiweyo |
Funda ikholam yeziphumo ezilinganisiweyo ukusuka phezulu ukuya ezantsi ngaphambi kokufunda nasiphi na isihloko. Ukuba isiphumo esilinganisiweyo yi-lactate okanye kukukwazi ukuphila kweeseli, uphononongo alunakuxhasa ibango lokusinda. Ukuba isiphumo esilinganisiweyo kukufumanisa, alunakuxhasa ibango lonyango.
Iindlela ezisasazwa kwi-intanethi: qinisekisa indibaniselwano, umhlaza, nesiphumo
Iindlela ezinikwe amagama kwi-intanethi zidla ngokudibanisa i-methylene blue nechiza lokulwa izifunxi-gazi elifana ne-fenbendazole okanye i-ivermectin, maxa wambi kongezwe ukuzila ukutya, zize zihambisane namabali ezigulana. Into nganye ifuna ukuhlolwa ngezinto ezintathu ezifanayo: ngaba le ndibaniselwano kanye yaphononongwa, kowuphi umhlaza, yaye sesiphi isiphumo esalinganiswa?
Akukho silingo silawulwayo esifunyenweyo sendibaniselwano edumileyo ye-methylene blue, i-fenbendazole ne-ivermectin, nokuba kukho ukuzila ukutya okanye akukho. Eyona ngxelo yakutshanje isondeleyo kuyo iyalichasa elo bali. Ingxelo yemeko yango-2026 yemelanoma esasazekileyo yachaza umntu oneminyaka engama-74 owazisebenzisela i-ivermectin, i-fenbendazole, i-methylene blue nezinye izongezelelo ezininzi emva kokwala unyango olusebenza emzimbeni wonke. Imifanekiso yezonyango neDNA yethumba ejikeleza egazini zaphucuka ekuqaleni, emva koko zaba mbi de isifo saqhubela phambili. Ababhali bathi ukuhlehla kwethumba okuzenzekelayo okubangelwa ngamajoni omzimba kwakunokwenzeka ubuncinane ngokulinganayo, ngenxa yenani eliphezulu kakhulu lotshintsho lwemfuza. Isigulana esinye esingenalo iqela lothelekiso, sisebenzisa izinto ezininzi ngaxeshanye yaye kungaqinisekanga ukuba sizilandele kangakanani, asisosiphumo sendlela yonyango.
Amabango anxulumene noko nawo awaniki nkxaso ingcono. Ingxelo yeemeko zezigulana ezintathu ezazisebenzisa i-fenbendazole, eyasasazwa kakhulu, yarhoxiswa ngoJanuwari 2026 ngenxa yongquzulwano lwemidla olwalungachazwanga, elathi iphephancwadi lwalunokuchaphazela ukutolikwa kweziphumo. Uphononongo lwe-ivermectin kunye nechiza elithintela iindawo zokulawula impendulo yamajoni omzimba kumhlaza webele ongenazo iziphawuli ezintathu luneqela elinye kuphela, lusabhalisa abathathi-nxaxheba yaye alukapapashi ziphumo. Alunayo i-methylene blue, i-fenbendazole okanye ukuzila ukutya. Ukuzila ukutya kona kufanele kujongwe ngokwahlukileyo: uvavanyo lwezigulana ezili-131 ezabelwe ngokungakhethiyo, lokutya okulinganisa ukuzila ukutya ngexesha elijikeleze unyango lwamachiza lomhlaza olunikwa ngaphambi kotyando kumhlaza webele ongenayo iHER2, lwalinganisa ubutyhefu neempawu zokuphendula. Kwakukho nesilingo esincinane kwizigulana zomhlaza webele ezingama-44 kummandla ofanayo. Ezo zizifundo zento eyongezwa kunyango lwamachiza lomhlaza, zilinganisa ukuphendula; azibobungqina bokusinda ngenxa yendlela edibanisa idayi nechiza lokulwa izifunxi-gazi. Isilingo esikhulu sokuzila ukutya kumhlaza wekholoni nomngxuma wokukhupha ilindle sipapashe kuphela isicwangciso saso ukuza kuthi ga ngoku. Iinkcukacha zoko kwavavanywa ngokwenene luphando lokuzila ukutya zigcina la macandelo ahlukene.
Amabali ezigulana afanelwe kukuvelwa, kodwa aselona nqanaba libuthathaka lobungqina. Amabali akhetha abo basindileyo nababhala kwi-intanethi, ashiya ngaphandle unyango oluqhelekileyo olusetyenziswa ngaxeshanye, yaye awachazi inani elipheleleyo labantu ekufanele kuthelekiswe nalo. Ibali linokukhuthaza isilingo. Alinakuthatha indawo yaso.
Inqaku lokugqibela elisebenzayo kwizigulana esele zifumana ukhathalelo lomhlaza. I-methylene blue ayisosongezelelo esingachaphazeliyo ezinye izinto. Ukusetyenziswa kwayo okuvunyiweyo kukwi-methemoglobinemia efunyenwe kamva, phantsi kweliso lezonyango, yaye ithintela i-monoamine oxidase yohlobo A kumanqanaba e-nanomolar. Oku kudala ukusebenzisana okubhaliweyo namachiza okulwa ukudakumba asebenza kwi-serotonin. Nabani na ocinga ukuyisebenzisa kunye nonyango lomhlaza ufanele aqale athathe imveliso kanye, idosi ayicingayo noluhlu olupheleleyo lwamayeza aye kwiqela lakhe lonyango lomhlaza, kuba irekhodi yezilingo engentla ayiniki sizathu sokusinda esinokuthethelela ukwamkela umngcipheko owongezelelweyo.
Indlela yokusebenzisa obu bungqina
Nabani na ojongene nomhlaza nofunda nge-methylene blue ufanele abuze imibuzo emine ngomthombo ngamnye ocaphulwayo. Ngaba kwakukho ukukhanya okanye ubumnyama, kuba ukubulala nge-photodynamic akuxeli kwangaphambili ukubulala ngokusebenza emzimbeni wonke. Ngaba imodeli yayisisitya saselabhoratri, isilwanyana, okanye izigulana ezabelwe ngokungakhethiyo, kuba yeyokugqibela kuphela enokubonisa inzuzo kwizigulana. Ngaba isiphumo esilinganisiweyo yayikukufumanisa, ukufa kwezicwili kwindawo ethile, okanye ukusinda, kuba sesokugqibela kuphela esiphendula umbuzo wonyango. Yaye ngaba indibaniselwano evavanyiweyo yile ithengiswayo, kumhlaza ofanayo, kuba ukuboleka isiphumo sokuzila ukutya ukuze kuxhaswe indlela esebenzisa idayi yimpazamo yokuxuba amacandelo ahlukeneyo.
Ngokobungqina obukhoyo ngoku, i-methylene blue sisixhobo esithembekileyo saselabhoratri sokuphanda imetabolism, yinto esaphandwayo eyenza izicwili kwindawo ethile zisabele ekukhanyeni, enemiqondiso emincinci evela kwizifundo zolusu ezingenamaqela olawulo, yaye yidayi yotyando engqiniweyo. Ayilonyango lomhlaza olungqiniweyo olusebenza emzimbeni wonke, yaye ezi zifundo zingentla azixhasi nayiphi na imveliso ethengiswa eluntwini njengonyango olunjalo.