Inqaku
Isibali sogxininiso lwemoli yemethylene eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka: uhlobo lwehayidreyithi nesiseko sovavanyo lwesiqulatho
Ubunzima obufanayo bemethylene eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka bunokuvelisa ugxininiso lwemoli olwahlukileyo, kuxhomekeke kuhlobo lwayo lwemolekyuli nakwindlela ekuxelwa ngayo uvavanyo lwesiqulatho sayo. Ubalo olusebenzisa ubunzima beklorayidi engenamanzi lwahlukile kolusebenzisa ubunzima behayidreyithi. Uvavanyo lwesiqulatho olusekelwe kwimathiriyeli eyomisiweyo luzisa omnye umahluko: ipesenti exeliweyo ayiyichazi ngokuthe ngqo imathiriyeli njengoko ilinganisiwe.
Vula isibali sogxininiso lwemoli yemethylene eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka ukuze ufake ubunzima, umthamo wokugqibela wesisombululo, uhlobo lwemolekyuli, nesiseko sobalo. Sisebenza kwisikhangeli sakho, sibonisa inxaki efakwe amaxabiso, size sixele iziphumo nge-mol/L, mmol/L, ne-µmol/L. Imizekelo engezantsi lubalo lwelabhoratri, hayi ukukhethwa kweedosi zabantu okanye zezilwanyana.
Oko kulinganiswa sisiphumo
Ugxininiso lwemoli ligama eliqhelekileyo logxininiso lobungakanani bento. Inkcazelo ye-IUPAC yogxininiso lobungakanani bento yahlula ubungakanani becandelo ngomthamo womxube:
c = n / V
Apha, n bubungakanani bemethylene eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka ngeemoli, yaye V ngumthamo wokugqibela wesisombululo ngeelitha. Kwimathiriyeli esulungekileyo yohlobo oluchaziweyo, n = m / M, apho m bubunzima ngeegram yaye M bubunzima bemoli nge-g/mol. Olu lwalamano lulandela iinkcazelo ze-NIST zobunzima bemoli nogxininiso.
Idinomineyitha ngumthamo emva kokunyibilika. “100 mL yesisombululo sokugqibela” no-“100 mL yesinyibilikisi esongeziweyo” ziirekhodi ezahlukileyo zokulungiselela. Ubalo alunakukucacisa oko kungaqondakaliyo emva kokuba kwenzekile.
Khetha imathiriyeli ngaphambi kokukhetha ubunzima bayo bemoli
Kubalo lweklorayidi engenamanzi, esi sixhobo sisebenzisa 319.85 g/mol. Kwitrihayidreyithi ebhalwe ngokucacileyo, sisebenzisa 373.90 g/mol. Inkcazelo yeenkcukacha zetrihayidreyithi ye-Thermo Fisher ichaza ifomula eneemolekyuli ezintathu zamanzi nobunzima bemoli obukhankanywe mva. Amanzi anegalelo kubunzima obulinganisiweyo ngaphandle kokongeza enye iyunithi yemethylene eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka.
Qwalasela amalungiselelo amabini asekelwe kwiingqikelelo, ngalinye liqulethe 100 mg yemathiriyeli esulungekileyo kwi-100 mL yesisombululo sokugqibela:
| Imathiriyeli ecingelwayo | Ubalo | Ugxininiso |
|---|---|---|
| Iklorayidi engenamanzi | 0.100 / (319.85 × 0.100) | 3.126 mmol/L |
| Itrihayidreyithi | 0.100 / (373.90 × 0.100) | 2.675 mmol/L |
Le yimizekelo ebaliweyo, hayi imilinganiselo. Ukusebenzisa idinomineyitha yohlobo olungenamanzi kwitrihayidreyithi esulungekileyo kungalwenza ugxininiso lubonakale luphezulu malunga ne-16.9%. Ukongeza amanani emva kwesiphumlisi sedesimali akunakuyilungisa ingqikelelo engachananga yemathiriyeli.
Ibhotile echazwe nje njenge-“hayidreyithi” ayiqinisekisi inani elimiselweyo leemolekyuli zamanzi. Ngoko ke isibali siyala ukwenza ubalo olusekelwe kwingqikelelo xa ubungakanani bamanzi kwihayidreyithi bungachazwanga. Ukuze ufunde ngekhemistri esisiseko soku, jonga iintlobo zemolekyuli zemethylene eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka nokubotshwa kwamanzi.
Dibanisa uvavanyo lwesiqulatho nobunzima elibuchazayo
Umbuzo obalulekileyo awupheleli nje ku-“Yeyiphi ipesenti ekwisatifikethi?” Uthi “Yipesenti yantoni, echazwe njengayiphi ikhompawundi?” Isibali sahlula iintsingiselo ezine:
| Isiseko sobalo | Oko kufuneka ukwazi | Inxaki |
|---|---|---|
| Uhlobo oluthathwa njengolusulungekileyo | Uhlobo lwemolekyuli oluchanekileyo; ingqikelelo ecacileyo yokusulungeka kwe-100% | c = m / (M × V) |
| Uhlobo olukhethiweyo njengoko lunjalo | Iqhezu lobunzima bolo hlobo lunye kwimathiriyeli njengoko ilinganisiwe | c = m × a / (M × V) |
| Isilinganiselo esilingana nohlobo olungenamanzi, njengoko imathiriyeli injalo | Isilinganiselo esilingana neklorayidi engenamanzi ngobunzima bemathiriyeli njengoko ilinganisiwe | c = m × a / (319.85 × V) |
| Uvavanyo lwesiqulatho sohlobo olungenamanzi olusekelwe kwimathiriyeli eyomisiweyo | Uvavanyo lwesiqulatho seklorayidi engenamanzi olusekelwe kwimathiriyeli eyomisiweyo kunye nelahleko elinganisiweyo xa yomiswa, ehambelana nolo vavanyo | c = m × (1 − d) × a / (319.85 × V) |
Kwezi nxaki, a yipesenti yovavanyo lwesiqulatho eyahlulwe ngo-100; d yipesenti ehambelanayo yelahleko xa yomiswa eyahlulwe ngo-100. Inxaki yokugqibela luguqulo olusebenzisa ulungelelwaniso lobunzima phakathi kweziseko zokuxela ezichazwe ngokucacileyo. Ifanelekile kuphela xa ulungiso lokomisa luhambelana nenkcazelo yovavanyo lwesiqulatho.
Umboniso wangaphambili wemonografi ye-USP uchaza uvavanyo lwesiqulatho sayo njengemethylene eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka engenamanzi, ngokusekelwe kwimathiriyeli eyomisiweyo, kwaye unika uluhlu lokwamkeleka lwe-97.0–103.0%. Isiphumo sohlalutyo esingaphezulu kwe-100% asithethi ngokoqobo ukuba isampuli iqulethe ubunzima bekhompawundi esulungekileyo obungaphezu kobunzima bayo. Isixhobo sivumela uqikelelo lovavanyo lwesiqulatho olusekelwe kwimathiriyeli eyomisiweyo ukuya kutsho kwi-103%, size siphawule eso siphumo njengoqikelelo lohlalutyo.
Umzekelo obalwe ngokupheleleyo: isiphumo esisekelwe kwimathiriyeli eyomisiweyo
Masithi irekhodi yelabhoratri ibhala 100.0 mg yemathiriyeli, uvavanyo lwesiqulatho oluyi-99.0% lwesilinganiselo esilingana nohlobo olungenamanzi ngokusekelwe kwimathiriyeli eyomisiweyo, ilahleko elinganisiweyo ehambelana nalo xa yomiswa eyi-14.0%, kunye ne-100.0 mL yesisombululo sokugqibela. La maxabiso ngawomzekelo nje.
- Guqula ubunzima obulinganisiweyo: 100.0 mg = 0.1000 g.
- Sebenzisa iqhezu lobunzima obomileyo: 0.1000 × 0.860 = 0.0860 g.
- Sebenzisa uvavanyo lwesiqulatho: 0.0860 × 0.990 = 0.08514 g yesilinganiselo esilingana neklorayidi engenamanzi.
- Guqula ube bubungakanani bento uze wahlule ngomthamo: 0.08514 / (319.85 × 0.1000) = 2.662 mmol/L.
Musa ukuphinda wahlule ngobunzima bemoli yetrihayidreyithi. Inyumereyitha sele ichazwe njengesilinganiselo esilingana neklorayidi engenamanzi. Ukongeza ulungiso lwehayidreyithi kungabala ulungiso lwamanzi kabini.
Ukuba kwaloo rekhodi endaweni yoko ibichaza ngokuthe ngqo isilinganiselo esilingana nohlobo olungenamanzi esiyi-85.14% njengoko ifunyenwe, indlela yokubala yemathiriyeli njengoko injalo ibiya kuvelisa impendulo efanayo ngaphandle kokufaka iinkcukacha ezahlukileyo zokomisa. Ukuvumelana kwezi ndlela zimbini kuluncedo ekujongeni ukuchaneka kwezibalo.
Xa iinkcukacha ezikhoyo zinganelanga
Iinkcukacha ezimiselweyo azisoloko ziyimilinganiselo yebhetshi. Umzekelo, uluhlu lwemveliso ye-Merck yehayidreyithi yemethylene eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka lunika ubuncinane bovavanyo lwesiqulatho obubalwe kwimathiriyeli eyomisiweyo, ubuninzi belahleko xa yomiswa, nobunzima bemolekyuli obusekelwe kuhlobo olungenamanzi nangona luchaza ihayidreyithi. Ukufaka loo mida ngokungathi ngamaxabiso alinganisiweyo kungavelisa uqikelelo lwexabiso elinye olungaxhaswanga lolo luhlu.
Ngokufanayo, ipesenti yovavanyo lwesiqulatho engachazwanga okanye ipesenti yendawo yekhromatografi ayiqinisekisi ngokuzenzekelayo iqhezu lobunzima elifunekayo apha. Fumana indlela yokuxela kwisatifikethi okanye kumboneleli. Isikhokelo sokufunda isatifikethi sohlalutyo semethylene eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka sichaza izinto ekufuneka zihlolwe kuxwebhu.
Iindawo ezishiywe zingenanto, ubunzima okanye umthamo onguziro okanye ongaphantsi kweziro, iiyunithi ezingaxhaswanga, neziseko zovavanyo lwesiqulatho ezingekhoyo zivelisa impazamo endaweni yesiphumo. Ukutshintsha ixabiso elifakiweyo kususa isiphumo sangaphambili, kwanaxa ixabiso elitsha lingavumelekanga. Amanani agqitha kumda wokubala ayaliwa. Isixhobo asihloli ukuba into inokunyibilika kolo gxininiso, ukuba ukunyibilika kugqityiwe, okanye ukuba isisombululo esilungiselelweyo sihleli sizinzile.
Gcina ubalo lukwazi ukuphindwa
Bhala ibhetshi, uhlobo lwemolekyuli, isiphumo nesiseko sovavanyo lwesiqulatho, naluphi na ulungiso lokomisa, ubunzima obulinganisiweyo, umthamo wokugqibela, neemeko zokulungiselela. Xela kuphela ukuchaneka okuxhaswa yimilinganiselo yakho; amanani aboniswa sisibali enzelwe ukukunceda nje.
Kwisisombululo esisisiseko esele sineenkcukacha ezibhaliweyo, sebenzisa ubalo olwahlukileyo lokungxenga imethylene eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka. Kwiileyibhile ezineepesenti, qala ujonge uguqulo logxininiso lwemethylene eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka. Ugxininiso lwemoli oluchanekileyo okanye ipesenti eguqulwe ngokuchanekileyo ayimiseli indlela into efanele inikwe ngayo.