Inqaku
Indlela eyenziwa necocwa ngayo imethylene blue
Imethylene blue yenziwa ngokudityaniswa kwemichiza. Abavelisi bakha imolekyuli yedayi, bayahlule kwiintsalela zeentsabelwano zemichiza, bahlule into efunekayo, baze bavavanye umgangatho wayo. Le yimisebenzi eyahlukileyo: ukwenza ikhompawundi eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka akuqinisekisi ukuba ibhetshi iyayifezekisa imiqathango ethile.
Ulwazi lwekhemistri olufumaneka esidlangalaleni luchaza indlela okunokwenziwa ngayo oku. Aluchongi indlela esetyenziselwe ibhotile ethile. Ipatenti ichaza into eyilwe ngokutsha nemizekelo yayo; irekhodi lebhetshi lichaza okwenzekileyo ngexesha lemveliso yokwenene.
Yenziwa ngantoni imethylene blue?
Inkcazelo ye-IARC ngemveliso yorhwebo ichaza indlela esebenzisa ii-amine ezineeringi ezinevumba elikhethekileyo, ezifakwe amanye amaqela emichiza, kuquka i-N,N-dimethyl-p-phenylenediamine ne-N,N-dimethylaniline, kunye ne-sodium thiosulfate nezixhobo zemichiza ezibangela ioksideshini. Iintsabelwano zakha inkqubo yeeringi zemethylene blue equlethe isalfure. Into egqityiweyo idla ngokunikezelwa njengetyuwa yeklorayidi enamanzi anxulumene nento eqinileyo.
Oku kukuguqulwa kwemichiza yokuqala ibe yinto entsha. Isithako esisetyenziswa ngexesha lokwenziwa asibi sisithako sebhotile egqityiweyo ngokuzenzekelayo. Kwelinye icala, ukusibiza ngokuba yinto yokuqala akuqinisekisi ukuba iintsalela zaso zisusiwe. Imibuzo malunga nobungakanani beentsalela ifuna ubungqina bohlalutyo.
Kweso sahluko se-IARC, imethylene blue eyomileyo ichazwa njengeekristale eziluhlaza bumnyama okanye umgubo weekristale onokubengezela okufana nobhedu, nangona izinyibiliko zayo ziluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka ngokunzulu. Akukho nanye kwezi nkangeleko eqinisekisa ubunyulu.
Iindlela ezipapashiweyo ziyahluka kwizinto ezizingenisayo
Indlela yesiqhelo idibanisa izakhi zemichiza ezineeringi ezinevumba elikhethekileyo ize ivale iringi ephakathi ngolandelelwano lweentsabelwano zeoksideshini. Iinguqulelo zayo ezisetyenziswa kwimizi-mveliso ziyahluka kwizinto ezibangela ioksideshini, kwindlela ekuphathwa ngayo izinto eziphakathi, nasekwahluleni into evelisiweyo.
Umzekelo, i-US4212971A ichaza indlela ye-manganese dioxide eyenzelwe ukuphepha i-dichromate kulandelelwano lweoksideshini. I-copper sulfate nayo ithatha inxaxheba kwinkqubo echaziweyo. Lo mahluko ubalulekile ekucwangciseni umgangatho: ukuphepha isixhobo semichiza esinekhromiyam kutshintsha omnye umthombo onokubangela ungcoliseko, ngoxa imanganizi nobhedu zisafuna ukuqwalaselwa. “Inkqubo engena-dichromate” kunye “nokungabikho kokungcola okuvela kwii-elementi” ngamabango ahlukeneyo.
Ezinye izindululo ezitsha ziqala ngesakhiwo seeringi esele sikhona. I-WO2018167185A1 ichaza ukulungiselela okusekelwe kwi-phenothiazine, kusetyenziswa ukufakwa kweehalojeni kulandelwe yintsabelwano ne-dimethylamine ukufumana idayi efakwe amanye amaqela emichiza. Oku kubonisa icebo elahlukileyo lokwenziwa, kungekhona ubungqina bokuba le ndlela ithathe indawo yendlela yesiqhelo yokwenza kuyo yonke indawo.
Umthengi ngokuqhelekileyo akanako ukuhlela ezi ndlela ngokomgangatho esebenzisa amagama azo kuphela. Uthelekiso oluluncedo kukuba ingaba inkqubo nganye elawulwayo isoloko ivelisa into ehlangabezana nemiqathango ekujoliswe kuyo, kuquka ukungcola okunxulumene nendlela ethile.
Ukucoca kujongana neentlobo ezahlukeneyo zeentsalela
Iidayi ezizalanayo ngomnye umngeni. I-Azure A, i-Azure B ne-Azure C zinezakhiwo ezisondele kwimethylene blue. Ngoko ukuzahlula kunokuba nzima ngakumbi kunokususa isuntswana elingazalaniyo nazo nelinganyibilikiyo. Isihluzi esinemingxuma emincinane sinokubamba amasuntswana ngoxa ukungcola kweedayi okunyibilikileyo kudlula.
Umngeni wesibini ziintsalela ezineentsimbi. Owesithathu sisinyibilikisi senkqubo esishiyekileyo emva kokwahlulwa kwento evelisiweyo. Inyathelo lokucoca elinciphisa olunye udidi linokushiya olunye phantse lungatshintshanga.
Iindlela ezimbini ezipapashiweyo zibonisa lo mahluko:
- Ukwenza intlenga, ukukhupha nokwenza iikristale. I-US12215234B2 ichaza ukususwa kweentsimbi ngokwenza intlenga ngexesha lokukhupha kusetyenziswa isinyibilikisi, kulandelwe kukucoca ngakumbi nokwahlula into evelisiweyo. Olu xwebhu lukwanxulumanisa iimeko ze-alkali nokuvela kokungcola kweedayi, kwaye luxoxa ngokulawulwa kwe-pH nendlela eyahlukileyo yokwenza iikristale ukuze kujongwane nokungcola okuyikhompawundi yekhabhoni. Oku kubonisa ulungelelwaniso olufunekayo kwinkqubo: iimeko eziluncedo ekwahluleni kufuneka nazo zivavanyelwe utshintsho lwemichiza olungafunekiyo. Ukusebenza okuchaziweyo kule ndlela kubhekisa kwimizekelo ebhengeziweyo, kungekhona kuyo yonke imethylene blue ethengiswa kurhwebo.
- Ukucoca isimo esincitshiswe okwethutyana. I-US20160200696A1 ichaza ikhompleksi ezinzisiweyo ye-leucomethylene blue efakwe iiprotoni. Inkqubo inciphisa imethylene blue ngokwemichiza, icoce loo nto iphakathi, ize iyibuyisele ngeoksideshini. Inzuzo ecetywayo kukuba ukutshintsha isimo semichiza kwenza kube lula ukuyahlula kwiidayi ze-azure nakwizinto ezingcolisayo ezineentsimbi. “Leuco” ichonga isimo esincitshisiweyo; yona ngokwayo ayithethi “ukuba nyulu.”
Ezi ndlela zisebenzisa iimpawu ezahlukeneyo zemichiza ukuze zifezekise ukwahlula. Ubukho bazo buchaza ukuba kutheni inkcazelo eyaneleyo yenkqubo inolwazi ngakumbi kunegama elithi “ihluziwe,” kodwa akukho nanye ethatha indawo yeziphumo zebhetshi yokwenene.
Umzobo wenkqubo: apho kuvela khona imibuzo yomgangatho
Isishwankathelo esibonisa ingcamango yeenkqubo ezipapashiweyo nemigaqo yomgangatho exoxwe apha. Iintolo ezinemigca eqinileyo zibonisa ukuhamba kwezinto; iintolo ezinemigca eqhawukileyo zinxulumanisa amanqanaba nemibuzo yohlalutyo. La asingomaxesha amiselweyo okuthatha iisampulu, kwaye iimvavanyo zinokusetyenziswa kumanqanaba aliqela. Izinto ezisusiweyo ziphuma ngexesha lokucoca; iimvavanyo zaselabhoratri zilinganisa okushiyekileyo.
Itheyibhile inxulumanisa loo mibuzo nobungqina obuluncedo. I-HPLC ithetha ikromatografi yolwelo esebenza ngomgangatho ophezulu; i-IR ithetha ukuhlolwa ngemitha ye-infrared; i-GC ithetha ikromatografi yegesi; i-ICP-MS ithetha ukuhlolwa kobunzima kusetyenziswa iplasma edityaniswe ngokungenisa umbane ngemagnethi.
| Inqanaba okanye inkxalabo | Okunokufuna ukulawulwa | Ubungqina obujongana noko |
|---|---|---|
| Imichiza engenayo | Into engachanekanga, umgangatho oguquguqukayo okanye izinto ezingcolisayo ezingena kunye nezinto zokuqala | Imiqathango yezinto ezingenayo, ukuqinisekiswa kobunjani bazo nokuvunywa komnikezeli |
| Ukwenziwa ngokudityaniswa kwemichiza | Iidayi ezizalanayo, izinto zokuqala ezishiyekileyo nezinto eziphakathi | Iindlela ezifanelekileyo zekromatografi ezinezinto ekujoliswe kuzo ezichongiweyo, ubuntununtunu nemida yokwamkelwa |
| Izixhobo zemichiza ezineentsimbi | Iintsalela zee-elementi ezidlula kwinkqubo | Uhlalutyo olujolise kwii-elementi ezithile, olufana ne-ICP-MS, oluquka iqela lee-elementi elinezizathu ezixhasayo zokulivavanya |
| Ukwahlula kusetyenziswa izinyibilikisi nokomisa | Iintsalela zezinyibilikisi zenkqubo | Uvavanyo lwezinyibilikisi nokuvavanywa okufanelekileyo kweentsalela zezinyibilikisi, ngokuqhelekileyo nge-GC |
| Isithako esahluliweyo | Ubunjani obungachanekanga, umxholo ongachanekanga okanye isiseko samanzi esingachanekanga | Ukuchongwa okuxhasanayo, umlinganiselo wesiqulatho novavanyo olufanelekileyo lwamanzi okanye lwelahleko ngexesha lokomisa |
Ezi ndlela ziphendula imibuzo eyahlukileyo. Inkcazelo ye-USP ngovavanyo lweentsalela zezinyibilikisi ixoxa ngexesha apho ikromatografi yegesi ifuneka khona; ayithathi indawo yohlalutyo lweedayi ezizalanayo. Ngokunjalo, imilinganiselo yee-elementi ayikwazi ukuchonga iidayi ze-azure. Indlela kufuneka ilungele into evavanywayo. Isikhokelo sokungcola kwimethylene blue neendlela zokuvavanya sichaza le mahluko yohlalutyo ngokweenkcukacha ezingakumbi.
Kutheni ipesenti yokugqibela ifuna umxholo
Uvavanyo lwesiqulatho lulinganisa ubungakanani bento echaziweyo phantsi kwendlela nesiseko sokunika ingxelo ezimiselweyo. Indlela yokuvavanya ukungcola ilinganisa iqela elichaziweyo lezinye iikhompawundi. Ezo ziphumo ziyazalana, kodwa azinakusetyenziswa endaweni yezinye.
Isikhokelo semiqathango ye-ICH Q6A sahlula phakathi kokuchonga ubunjani, ukuvavanya isiqulatho nokuvavanya ukungcola. Sikwajongana nokuvavanywa kwamanzi kwizinto ezifunxa ukufuma nakwii-hydrate. Kwinto enamanzi kwisakhiwo sayo, isiphumo esixelwe kwisiseko esomisiweyo asinakufundwa njengepesenti yomgubo njengoko ufunyenwe ngaphandle kokuthathela ingqalelo eso siseko.
Imbali yenkqubo yongeza omnye umaleko. Isikhokelo se-ICH Q7 ngezithako ezisebenzayo zamayeza sifuna inkcazelo yokungcola enxulunyaniswe nenkqubo elawulwayo yemveliso, kunye nothelekiso olunokubonisa utshintsho kwizinto ezingenayo okanye kwimveliso. Sikwachaza ukuba izazisi zebhetshi, imida yovavanyo neziphumo ezingamanani kufuneka zibekho kwizatifikethi zohlalutyo. La maxwebhu esikhokelo samayeza achaza imigaqo yomgangatho; awaniki imveliso ethengiswa ezivenkileni iwonga lokuba yimveliso yamayeza.
Oku kuqinisekisa ntoni ngeBlupreme
Ulwazi lomgangatho olupapashwe yiBlupreme luchaza iirekhodi ezinxulumanisa ibhetshi yemveliso yebhotile nebhetshi yesithako semethylene blue nesatifikethi sayo sohlalutyo. Elo libango lokulandeleka. Aluchazi indlela umvelisi wesithako asenza ngayo ngokudityaniswa kwemichiza, ulandelelwano lokucoca okanye iimeko zokusebenza kumzi-mveliso.
Ngoko ke, akukho nanye kwezi ndlela zepatenti zingentla ekufuneka ichazwe ngokuthi “yindlela iBlupreme eyenza ngayo imethylene blue” ngaphandle kwamaxwebhu ongezelelekileyo emveliso. I-COA yesithako nayo ayinako, iyodwa, ukuqinisekisa uxinaniso lwesinyibiliko esigqityiweyo, ukusebenza kokupakishwa okanye ukungabikho kweentsholongwane. Lo mahluko uchazwe kwi-COA yesithako xa ithelekiswa novavanyo lwemveliso egqityiweyo.
Xa usenza isigqibo sokuthenga, qala ngebhetshi yokwenene nokusetyenziswa okufunekayo. Cela ingxelo ehambelana nayo, uhlolisise iindlela nemida, uze ubuze indlela okulawulwa ngayo ukungcola okunxulumene nenkqubo. Uluhlu lokuthelekisa lomthengi wemethylene blue luguqula loo mibuzo ibe yindlela engaguquguqukiyo yokuthelekisa ababoneleli.