I-methylene blue ye-ich, ukubola kwamaphiko, nezifo zokungunda: ukuthelekisa ubungqina

Intlanzi ibonisa amachokoza amhlophe. Amanzi ajika abe luhlaza okwesibhakabhaka. Amachokoza aba nzima ukuwabona, aze umnini agqibe kwelokuba unyango lusebenzile. Kwiintsuku kamva intlanzi iba mandundu. Akukho nto ngedayi itshintshe isifunxi-gazi. Yinto ebonakalayo kuphela etshintshileyo.

Loo mpazamo iyaphindaphindeka kuba izifo ezininzi zineempawu ezifanayo ezibonakalayo: amachokoza amhlophe, amabala aluthuthu, amaphiko akrazukileyo, namaqhuma afana nomqhaphu. Iziphumo zokukhangela zisayibonisa idayi njengesisombululo sayo yonke into eyonakeleyo eluswini. Izinto eziphilayo ezibangela ezi ngxaki azivumelani noko. Iprotozoa enezilhiya, ukungunda kwamanzi, ibhaktiriya eyi-Gram-negative, i-dinoflagellate, nentshulube ecaba azifani kangako ngaphandle kokonakalisa ulusu, amaphiko, okanye iigili. Idayi eneziphumo zokwenene kodwa ezilinganiselweyo ayinakuzilawula zonke ezi ntlanu. Ulandelelwano oluluncedo luqala ngoxilongo, lulandelwe yintsholongwane okanye isifunxi-gazi esibangela isifo nenqanaba lobomi laso, kuze kulandele iyeza, ekugqibeleni ibe yileyibhile yemveliso. Konke okulandelayo kulandela olo landelelwano.

Apho ubungqina bunamandla khona: amaqanda nokungunda kwamanzi

Ukusetyenziswa kwe-methylene blue kwiakwariyam okuxhaswa kakhulu bubungqina kukukhusela amaqanda eentlanzi ekungundeni kwamanzi, ikakhulu i-Saprolegnia ne-Achlya. Ezi zii-oomycetes, oko kukuthi ukungunda kwamanzi kungekhona ukungunda kokwenene, kwaye zihlala kumaqanda afileyo okanye onakeleyo nakumanxeba ngaphambi kokusasazeka kwezikufutshane. Uphando olulawulwayo lwafumanisa ukuba i-3 mg/L yaphucula ukuqandusela kwi-angelfish nakwi-black-skirt tetra, kodwa i-zebrafish ayizange izuze, ngoko impendulo kwisixa esisetyenzisiweyo ixhomekeke kuhlobo lwentlanzi kunokuba ifane kuzo zonke. Umxholo obanzi ushwankathelwe kuphononongo lwamva nje lonyango lwezifo zeentlanzi zokuhombisa.

Izilonda ezingaphezulu ezikhangeleka njengomqhaphu kwiintlanzi ezikhulileyo zinenqanaba lobungqina elingaphantsi kancinci. I-methylene blue inesenzo sokwenene sokulwa nokungunda kwamanzi kwiindawo ezingaphezulu eziveziweyo, yaye isikhokelo ngokubanzi seakwariyam nge-methylene blue yeentlanzi zeakwariyam sigxininisa ukusetyenziswa kumaqanda nakumphezulu. Iindlela ezisetyenziswa kwiindawo zokuqandusela zilandela kwaloo ngqiqo, njengoko kuchazwe kwi-methylene blue yamaqanda eentlanzi nokusetyenziswa kwiindawo zokuqandusela. Kodwa iqhuma elifana nomqhaphu lidla ngokuba yingxaki elandela enye. Likhula apho inxeba, ukulunywa sisifunxi-gazi, umgangatho ombi wamanzi, okanye isilonda esibangelwa ziibhaktiriya kuqale kwavula umphezulu. Ukunyanga iqhuma uze ungawuhoyi umonakalo ongaphantsi kubangela ukuba libuye.

I-ich yamanzi angenatyuwa: uncedo oluyinxenye, oluxhomekeke kwinqanaba lobomi

Isifo samachokoza amhlophe samanzi angenatyuwa sibangelwa yi-Ichthyophthirius multifiliis, into ephilayo enezilhiya ezigrumba kulusu, kumaphiko nakwiigili. Amanqanaba avuthiweyo azondlayo makhulu, malunga nesiqingatha semilimitha ukuya kwimilimitha, ngoko uphawu oluqhelekileyo lubonakala njengeenkozo zetyuwa ezahlukeneyo. Izixhobo zokwazisa uluntu zaseyunivesithi ngebhayoloji ye-ich yamanzi angenatyuwa nemigaqo yonyango zichaza umjikelo wobomi zize zigxininise ukuhlolwa kweesampulu zolusu okanye zeegili ngemikroskopu endaweni yokuqikelela ngamachokoza kuphela.

I-methylene blue inomsebenzi othile wokulwa neeprotozoa apha, kwaye iileyibhile zabavelisi zibandakanya i-Ichthyophthirius phakathi kwezinto ezinokusetyenziselwa zona njengenjongo yesibini. Uphononongo lwamva nje luphawula impumelelo eyinxenye xa i-methylene blue yadityaniswa netyuwa kwi-catfish eyayinosulelo olunzima, kodwa uphando lokungena kwizicwili lwafumanisa ukuba idayi ayikwazanga ukubulala ii-trophont ezizondlayo ezivalelwe ngaphakathi eluswini. Ezo ziphumo zimbini zichaza umda wayo: isenzo esinokwenzeka kumanqanaba akhululekileyo aveziweyo, kodwa isenzo esibuthathaka kwinqanaba elizondlayo elikhuselweyo ngaphakathi kwi-epithelium. Ngoko unyango kufuneka lugubungele umjikelo wobomi kunokuba luphele xa amachokoza engasabonakali. Izikhokelo eziqhelekileyo zokwazisa uluntu zithembela kwiindlela ezisekelwe kwi-formalin, kubhedu nakwizinga letyuwa, endaweni yokunyanga nge-methylene blue kuphela.

Amachokoza amhlophe eentlanzi zaselwandle abangelwa yinto ephilayo eyahlukileyo, i-Cryptocaryon irritans, kwaye ubungqina buba buncinane ngakumbi. Uluhlu oludala lweekhemikhali lukhankanya i-methylene blue ngempumelelo eyahlukahlukeneyo, kodwa izikhokelo zangoku zoxilongo nonyango lwamachokoza amhlophe aselwandle zigxininisa iinkqubo zobhedu, ukunciphisa izinga letyuwa, i-chloroquine ne-formalin, kugcinwe ubhedu kumlinganiselo wee-ion ezikhululekileyo obekwe esweni kangangeeveki. Ukuhlamba nge-methylene blue akufani nokususa i-Cryptocaryon kwinkqubo yonke.

Ukubola kwamaphiko: iphiko elikrazukileyo alithethi ngokuzenzekelayo ukuba kukho usulelo

Ukubola kwamaphiko yindibaniselwano yeempawu, kungekhona intsholongwane enye ebangela isifo. Iibhaktiriya eziyi-Gram-negative ezisebenzisa ithuba, kuquka iintlobo ze-Pseudomonas ne-Aeromonas, zingena kumaphiko asele onakaliswe ngumgangatho ombi wamanzi, kukuhlaselana, okanye kukuphathwa. Isikhokelo sezilwanyana ngezifo zebhaktiriya kwiintlanzi sidwelisa kanye ezi meko zibeka intlanzi emngciphekweni kwaye sicebisa ukukhulisa iibhaktiriya elebhu kunye nokuvavanya ukuba ngawaphi amayeza ezichaphazeleka kuwo xa kufuneka unyango lokulwa neentsholongwane.

Akukho luvavanyo lukholisayo olubonisa i-methylene blue njenge-antibiotic yokubola kwamaphiko esele kuqhubekile. Olunye uphando nge-goldfish olusoloko lutolikwa gwenxa lwabeka iintlanzi kwi-methylene blue kangangeeveki ngaphambi kokuzichanaba kwiibhaktiriya, lwaza lwafumanisa utshintsho kwindlela yokuzikhusela komzimba nasekusindeni kamva. Leyo yibhayoloji yokulungiselela umzimba kwangaphambili, hayi uvavanyo lonyango lwamaphiko abolayo. Ukukrazuka okutsha nokucocekileyo okuzinza emva kokulungiswa kwamanzi nokususwa kwentlanzi etankini eluma amaphiko ibingumonakalo womzimba. Ukuhlehla okuqhubekayo kwephiko okuhamba nokutshintsha kombala, ukudumba, izilonda, okanye ukulahleka kwezicwili kubonisa usulelo kwaye kufuna uxilongo nonyango olujoliswe kunobangela.

Itheyibhile yokuthelekisa

Ukuzahlula ngaphambi kokunika amayeza

Iintlobo ezine zeempawu zihlala zibhidaniswa kakhulu. Ubukhulu buyanceda. Amachokoza e-ich ziinkozo eziphakameyo ezahlukileyo nezibonakala nganye nganye. I-velvet ifana nothuli olucolekileyo okanye ukubengezela okumdaka okwegolide, isuntswana ngalinye lincinane kakhulu, kwaye ii-trophont ze-velvet yaselwandle ngokomyinge zincinane kakhulu kuneze-ich. Ukungunda kwamanzi kuphuma ngaphezu komphezulu: yimicu efana nomqhaphu ephakame ukusuka kumphezulu. I-columnaris yenza amabala amhlophe athanda ukuba tyheli, anemisonto okanye anobutyibilizi, akhangeleka ngathi kukungunda kodwa athi xa ethe saa abe ziingqokelela zeebhaktiriya kwisampulu emanzi ehlolwa ngemikroskopu.

Indawo ezikuyo nokuziphatha kwentlanzi kongeza ulwazi. I-ich ithanda ulusu, amaphiko neegili, kwaye i-ich yaselwandle inokuzifihla kwiigili kungabikho machokoza abonakalayo kwaphela. I-velvet ichaphazela kakhulu iigili, ngoko ukuphefumla ngokukhawuleza kunye nokukhuhla umzimba kwizinto kubeka i-velvet phezulu kuluhlu lwezinto ezinokuba ngunobangela. Ukungunda kwamanzi kuqala kukhethe amanxeba namaqanda afileyo, ngoko ubukho bako bufuna kuhlolwe ukuba yintoni eyonakalise umphezulu. I-columnaris ihlasela ulusu, iigili namaphiko kwaye inokukhukulisa izicwili ngokukhawuleza.

Eyona ndlela yokwahlula ephelisa uninzi lweempikiswano kukuhlola ngemikroskopu: isampulu emanzi yolusu, yephiko, okanye yeegili ebonisa izinto ezinezilhiya, ii-trophont ze-dinoflagellate, izakhiwo ezinamasebe zokungunda kwamanzi, okanye iingqokelela zebhaktiriya ezinemisonto ze-columnaris. Ngaphambi kwayo yonke loo nto, hlola i-ammonia, i-nitrite, ubushushu, i-pH, neoksijini enyibilikileyo, kwakunye neqondo letyuwa kwiinkqubo zamanzi aselwandle. Umgangatho ombi wamanzi ulinganisa iimpawu zesifo kwaye uvulela ithuba usulelo olulandelayo, oluthi emva koko idayi ityholwe ngokusilela ukulunyanga.

Iimeko ezintlanu apho idayi iyimpendulo engafanelekanga

I-velvet ifuna ubhedu, hayi amanzi aluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka. Kukho iingxelo zakudala zokuntywilisela kwi-velvet yamanzi angenatyuwa, kodwa ubungqina budala kwaye buncinane, yaye ubhedu luxhaswa kakhulu ngakumbi. Kwi-velvet yaselwandle, izikhokelo zangoku zeengcali zixoxa nge-formalin, i-peroxide, ukuntywilisela, ubhedu, ne-chloroquine, kuphindwe unyango ngenxa yokuba inqanaba elivalelwe kwisingxobo liyaxhathisa.

Iintshulube ze-fluke zifuna iyeza lokubulala iintshulube. Ii-monogenean ziintshulube ezicaba ezineeseli ezininzi, kwaye akukho nto kwisenzo se-methylene blue sokulwa neeprotozoa esebenza nakuzo. Izikhokelo zokwazisa uluntu zichaza i-praziquantel, edla ngokusetyenziswa ekuhlambeni ixesha elide kumlinganiselo osezantsi we-mg/L onenani elinomvo omnye phantsi kweemeko ezifanelekileyo zonyango lwezilwanyana nezolawulo, njengonyango olukhethwayo lweentlanzi zokuhombisa.

I-columnaris ifuna ukufundwa kweebhaktiriya, hayi idayi. I-Flavobacterium columnare yibhaktiriya eyi-Gram-negative ekwaziyo ukutshabalalisa izicwili ngokukhawuleza, ingakumbi kwiigili. Isenzo sokubulala iintsholongwane kumphezulu asilingani nokunyanga usulelo lwebhaktiriya oluqhubekayo, kwaye ukusetyenziswa kwamayeza okulwa neentsholongwane okusekiweyo kwi-columnaris ekukhulisweni kwezilwanyana zasemanzini kufuna amayeza akhethwe ngokuxilonga nangokuvavanya ukuba iibhaktiriya zichaphazeleka ngawaphi amayeza, kunokuwanika nje ekhaya ngaphandle kwesiseko.

I-dropsy ayisosifo esinokuthelekiswa neyeza elithile. Inkangeleko efana nekhowuni yompayini ichaza ukuqokelelana kolwelo okunoonobangela abaninzi: ukusilela kwamalungu omzimba, usulelo oluchaphazela umzimba wonke, isifo sentliziyo, umonakalo omkhulu kwizicwili ezigqume umzimba. Ingcaciso yezilwanyana yokuba kutheni i-dropsy ingenanyango lunye iyicacisa ngqo le ngongoma. Ukunyanga ukudumba ngaphandle kokuchonga inkqubo engasebenziyo kuchitha ixesha elifumanekayo lokuthatha amanyathelo asebenzayo.

Iimpawu zesinyi sokudada zikwayimpazamo efanayo yokuhlela ingxaki, kodwa kukho imeko enye eyahlukileyo esifundisa okuthile. Ukudada okungaqhelekanga kunokubangelwa kukwakheka komzimba, ukutya, ukuqhina, ukwenzakala, usulelo, ukucinezelwa kwamalungu omzimba, okanye imeko yekhemikhali yamanzi. I-methylene blue ayinyangi nanye kwezi ngokuthe ngqo. Imeko eyahlukileyo yityhefu ye-nitrite: i-nitrite itshintsha i-hemoglobin nge-oxidation ibe yi-methemoglobin, engakwaziyo ukuthwala ioksijini, kwaye iintlanzi ezichaphazelekayo zinokudada ngendlela engaqhelekanga. Uphando ngeeseli ezibomvu zegazi ze-trout lubonisa indlela encediswa yi-methylene blue yokunciphisa i-methemoglobin egazini leentlanzi, kwaye uvavanyo kwi-steelhead lwafumanisa ukuba imilinganiselo ephantsi ye-methylene blue yanciphisa ityhefu ye-nitrite eqatha. Oko kunyanga ityhefu, njengoko kuchazwe kwi-methylene blue netyhefu ye-nitrite kwiintlanzi, kungekhona isinyi sokudada esonakeleyo.

Oko iileyibhile zikubangayo ngokwenene

Iileyibhile zeemveliso zahluka ngakumbi kunokuba izishwankathelo zentengiso zibonisa, kwaye eyona leyibhile ingqongqo inika olona lwazi luluncedo. Ileyibhile ye-Kordon methylene blue ikhankanya usulelo lokungunda olungaphezulu, ukungunda kwamaqanda, ukusetyenziswa njengenjongo yesibini ngokuchasene neeprotozoa ezithile zangaphandle kuquka i-Ichthyophthirius, kunye nenkxaso kwityhefu ye-cyanide ne-nitrite, ize icacise ukuba imveliso ayenzelwanga i-Oodinium, usulelo lwebhaktiriya, iintshulube ze-fluke, okanye usulelo lokungunda oluphakathi ukuya kolunzima. Ezo zinto zingabandakanywanga zithintela kanye ukusetyenziswa okugqithisileyo eli nqaku lilumkisa ngako.

Iphepha lolwazi le-Fritz methylene blue nalo lilinganiselwe ngokufanayo: ukuthintela nokukhusela kusulelo lokungunda olungaphezulu, ukukhusela amaqanda, ukusetyenziswa njengenjongo yesibini kwiiprotozoa kuquka i-ich yamanzi angenatyuwa, kunye nenkqubo yomlinganiselo ophantsi ixesha elide neyokuntywilisela ngokufutshane kumlinganiselo ophezulu. Iphepha le-NT Labs methylene blue libanga ukusetyenziswa okubanzi ngakumbi, kuquka iimpawu ezibangelwa ziibhaktiriya ezifana namaphiko abolayo nezilonda. Loo mabango abanzi ngamabango abavelisi, kwaye ubungqina obuzimeleyo abuseki i-methylene blue njengonyango oluthembekileyo lokubola kwamaphiko okubangelwa ziibhaktiriya okanye lwe-columnaris, ngoko iileyibhile ezilinganiselweyo zihambelana bhetele noncwadi lophando.

Iimveliso ezidibanisa izinto zongeza omnye umgibe. Imixube edwelisa i-methylene blue kunye ne-acriflavine, i-ethacridine, i-methyl orange, okanye amanye amayeza okulwa nezifunxi-gazi isenokuchaza ukuba yenzelwe amachokoza amhlophe okanye i-velvet, kodwa oko kusebenza kumxube, kungekhona kwi-methylene blue iyodwa. Ukufunda uluhlu lwezithako ezisebenzayo kuthintela ukuncoma idayi ngomsebenzi owenziwe zezinye izithako ezihamba nayo.

Ukuyisebenzisa ngaphandle kokonakalisa itanki

I-methylene blue ifanele ibe kwitanki engenazihombiso yokugcinela iintlanzi ezigulayo okanye yokunyanga, hayi kwitanki yokubonisa esele inenkqubo esekwe kakuhle. Ileyibhile ye-Kordon ilumkisa ukuba iphazamisa iibhaktiriya zesihluzo eziguqula i-ammonia zibe yi-nitrite ne-nitrate kunye nokukhula kwezityalo, iyangena ematyeni, kwikorale nasemthini, ishiya amabala kwi-silicone, kwaye isuswa yikhabhoni eyenziwe yasebenza. Abanye abavelisi banika izilumkiso ezifanayo: susa ikhabhoni ngexesha lonyango, lindela ukuba izityalo nezilwanyana ezingenamqolo zichaphazeleke lula, kwaye ukhethe ukuyisebenzisa ekuhlambeni kwitanki yokwahlula. Iindlela ezipapashiweyo zemilinganiselo yimizekelo yeeleyibhile, hayi imiyalelo efanayo kuzo zonke iimeko, kwaye imilinganiselo yeemveliso ezingekaxutywa iyahluka ngokohlobo lwemveliso: ukubekwa ixesha elide kumlinganiselo ophantsi omalunga ne-3 mg/L kangangeentsuku ezininzi, unyango lwamaqanda malunga ne-3 mg/L de aqandusele, nokuntywilisela okufutshane kakhulu kumlinganiselo ophezulu omalunga ne-50 mg/L kangangemizuzwana. Ukubekwa ixesha elide akukhuselekanga ngokupheleleyo; ukubekwa kwi-2 mg/L kangangeeveki ezininzi kwabangela iziphumo ezimbi ekukhuleni nasegazini le-goldfish.

Umgaqo wesigqibo osebenzayo kuyo yonke le nto mfutshane. Chonga into ephilayo engunobangela okanye uvume ukuba unobangela wophawu akakahlukaniswa. Thelekisa iyeza naloo nto iphila ibangela ingxaki: idayi kumaqanda nasekungundeni kwamanzi okuveziweyo, iinkqubo ezithathela ingqalelo umjikelo wobomi kwi-ich, ubhedu kwi-velvet, i-praziquantel kwiintshulube ze-fluke, amayeza okulwa neentsholongwane akhethwe ngokuxilonga kwi-columnaris, nokuhlolwa kwenkqubo esilelayo kwi-dropsy nakwiingxaki zokudada. Sebenzisa i-methylene blue apho ubungqina bayo buyixhasa khona, kwitanki yeentlanzi ezigulayo, ngokweleyibhile, kuqale kulungiswe umgangatho wamanzi.