Inqaku
I-methylene blue trihydrate xa ithelekiswa nento engenamanzi: ifomula, ubunzima, nokuleyibhelisha
Iibhotile ezimbini zinokubhalwa zombini ukuthi methylene blue, kodwa zifune ubunzima obahlukileyo obulinganisiweyo kuvavanyo olunye. Enye ibhalwe ukuthi methylene blue trihydrate. Enye ithi methylene blue kuphela. Umphandi ulinganisa i-100 mg kwibhotile nganye, alungise umthamo ofanayo, aze afumane imixube enoxinaniso lwedayi olwahlukileyo. Akukho nto ingcolisekileyo, yaye akukho mpazamo ekusebenziseni ipayipethi. Le migubo mibini iqulethe nje izixa ezahlukileyo zamanzi ngeyunithi nganye yedayi.
Leyo yingcamango engundoqo ekuthelekiseni i-methylene blue trihydrate ne-methylene blue. Kuzo zombini, into yekhemikhali yi-methylthioninium chloride. Into elinganisiweyo yahlukile kuba amanzi okwakheka kweekristale ongeza ubunzima ngaphandle kokongeza idayi. Ukuze usebenze nale nto ngokuchanekileyo, gcina ezi ngcamango zintathu zahlukene: ubunjani be-hydrate, ukucoceka kweekhemikhali, nesiseko somlinganiselo. Isalathiso sekhemistri sesakhiwo neempawu ze-methylene blue sahlula ngokweenkcukacha i-cation yedayi kwityuwa ye-chloride. Eli phepha lahlula ityuwa kwiintlobo zayo ze-hydrate.
Amagama athi engenamanzi, hydrate, netrihydrate abhekisela kwiintlobo ezahlukileyo ezilinganisiweyo
I-methylene blue chloride engenamanzi inefomula ethi C16H18ClN3S nobunzima befomula obuyi-319.85 g/mol kumboniso wokuqala wemonografi ye-USP ye-methylene blue. Le fomula ichaza ityuwa engenawo amanzi okwakheka kweekristale ahambelana nayo.
I-methylene blue hydrate yile tyuwa inye ehambelana namanzi kwinto eqinileyo, ebhalwa ngokuthi C16H18ClN3S.xH2O. Ixabiso lika-x lichaza ukuba zingaphi iimolekyuli zamanzi ezihambelana neyunithi enye yefomula yetyuwa ngokwakheka okuchaziweyo. Alichazi amanzi agalelwe kumxube onyibilikisiweyo.
I-methylene blue trihydrate luhlobo apho u-x elingana no-3, olubhalwa ngokuthi C16H18ClN3S.3H2O okanye C16H24ClN3O3S, olunobunzima befomula obuyi-373.90 g/mol. Irekhodi le-PubChem le-methylene blue trihydrate lidwelisa le fomula nobunzima phantsi kwe-CID 104827, ngoxa irekhodi le-PubChem le-methylene blue lidwelisa ifomula engenamanzi ethi C16H18ClN3S nobunzima obuyi-319.9 g/mol phantsi kwe-CID 6099. Kuzo zombini iirekhodi, i-ion yedayi ayitshintshi: yi-cation enye ye-methylthioninium ngeyunithi nganye yefomula. Ngamanzi ahambelana nayo kuphela ahlukileyo.
Itheyibhile yesalathiso ye-hydrate nobunzima
Le theyibhile ingezantsi isisixhobo sesalathiso seli phepha. Ubunzima beefomula zeentlobo zetyuwa bulandela i-USP. Umqolo we-cation uqukiwe ukuze izibalo zemixube enyibilikisiweyo zibe nendawo ecacileyo yokuqalisa.
| Into elinganisiweyo | Ifomula echaziweyo | Ubunzima befomula | Isabelo samanzi kubunzima |
|---|---|---|---|
| I-cation ye-methylthioninium yodwa | C16H18N3S+ | Malunga ne-284.41 g/mol | Ayisebenzi; i-ion ephikisayo namanzi azibandakanywanga |
| Ityuwa ye-chloride engenamanzi | C16H18ClN3S | 319.85 g/mol | 0% ngokwenkcazelo |
| I-monohydrate | C16H18ClN3S.H2O | 337.90 g/mol | Malunga ne-5.3% |
| I-trihydrate | C16H18ClN3S.3H2O | 373.90 g/mol | Malunga ne-14.5% |
| I-pentahydrate | C16H18ClN3S.5H2O | 409.93 g/mol | Malunga ne-22.0% |
Umahluko ekusebenzeni mkhulu. Kwisixa esifanayo sedayi, i-trihydrate egqibeleleyo inobunzima obumalunga ne-16.9% ngaphezulu kwetyuwa engenamanzi egqibeleleyo, kuba i-373.90 yahlulwe nge-319.85 ilingana ne-1.169. Ukubhidanisa ezi ntlobo zimbini ke ngoko kuvelisa impazamo yoxinaniso emalunga ne-17% ngaphambi kokuba kuqwalaselwe nawuphi na omnye umthombo wempazamo.
Imizekelo yokutolika enezibalo ezibonisiweyo
Umzekelo 1 uqala ngomgubo. Masithi isikali sibonisa i-100.0 mg ye-methylene blue trihydrate ekuthiwa icocekile ngokwakheka kwayo okuchaziweyo. Ubunzima betyuwa obulingana nobohlobo olungenamanzi yi-100.0 mg ephindaphindwe nge-319.85 yaza yahlulwa nge-373.90, elingana ne-85.5 mg. Isixa sedayi yi-0.1000 g yahlulwe nge-373.90 g/mol, elingana ne-267.5 micromol ye-cation ye-methylthioninium. I-14.5 mg eseleyo ngokwakheka okuchaziweyo ngamanzi okwakheka kweekristale, hayi ukungcola.
Umzekelo 2 uqala ngoxinaniso ekujoliswe kulo. Ukulungiselela i-1.000 liter yomxube wedayi onyibilikisiweyo onoxinaniso oluyi-1.000 mM ngetyuwa engenamanzi egqibeleleyo, linganisa i-319.85 mg. Ukulungiselela umxube ofanayo nge-trihydrate egqibeleleyo, linganisa i-373.90 mg. Isibalo ngasinye sicingela into eluhlobo lwe-hydrate oluchaziweyo kanye, enomxholo opheleleyo. Kumgubo wokwenene, yenza uhlengahlengiso usebenzisa isatifikethi sohlalutyo, uze uqinisekise ukuba uvavanyo lomxholo luchazwe ngokwento njengoko ifunyenwe, ngokwento eyomisiweyo, okanye ngokwento engenamanzi. Isibali soxinaniso lwe-methylene blue ngeemole sigcina uhlobo lwe-hydrate nesiseko sovavanyo lomxholo zicacile ukuze ulungiso lungalahleki ekuguquleni iiyunithi.
Oko ileyibheli ikuthembisayo noko ingakuthembisiyo
Ukuthi methylene blue trihydrate libango elicacileyo: ifomula echaziweyo yi-C16H18ClN3S.3H2O, edla ngokubalwa ngobunzima obuyi-373.90 g/mol ngaphandle kokuba iimfuno ezichaziweyo zitsho ngenye indlela. Ukuthi methylene blue hydrate akucaci kangako. Kubonisa ukuba kulindeleke uhlobo olunamanzi, kodwa ngaphandle kwenani, ifomula, inombolo ye-CAS, okanye iimfuno ezichaziweyo, akuqinisekisi ukuba mangakanani amanzi ayinxalenye yefomula.
Ukuthi methylene blue kuphela akuqinisekisi ukuba into ayinamanzi. Inqaku elikwincwadi esemgangathweni elinesihloko esithi Methylene Blue ngokwalo libhalwe njenge-C16H18ClN3S.xH2O, apho u-x engachazwanga kwinqanaba lesihloko. Amagama asetyenziswa koovimba beenkcukacha nawo anokulahlekisa. I-PubChem ibiza irekhodi layo lohlobo olungenamanzi, i-CID 6099, ngokuthi methylene blue, kodwa loo ndlela yokunika amagama ayenzi zonke iibhotile ezithengiswayo ezinegama elifutshane elifanayo zibe nezinto ezingenamanzi. Funda ifomula, inombolo ye-CAS, inkcazelo yohlobo lwe-hydrate, ilahleko ekomiseni okanye iimfuno zamanzi, nesiseko sovavanyo lomxholo kunye.
Iinombolo ze-CAS ziyanceda xa ziphelele. I-methylene blue chloride engenamanzi idla ngokuba yi-61-73-4, yaye i-trihydrate yi-7220-79-3. I-USP ikwadwelisa iirekhodi ze-monohydrate, i-pentahydrate, ne-hydrate engachazwanga ngokuthe ngqo. Kuba iirekhodi ezidityanisiweyo zoovimba beenkcukacha ngamanye amaxesha ziphinda inombolo ye-CAS kwiintlobo ezahlukeneyo, yithathe i-CAS njengobungqina obuxhasayo, hayi njengento ethatha indawo yefomula echaziweyo.
Isiseko somlinganiselo: uvavanyo lomxholo ngokwesiseko esomisiweyo, umxholo wamanzi, nokucoceka ziimvavanyo ezahlukileyo
I-USP ichaza umxholo we-methylene blue njenge-97.0% ukuya kwi-103.0% ye-C16H18ClN3S, ebalwa ngokwesiseko esomisiweyo. Eli binzana libalulekile. Isiphumo ngokwesiseko esomisiweyo sisusa ilahleko yokomisa ngokwezibalo ngaphambi kokuchaza umxholo wedayi. I-trihydrate ecocekileyo ne-pentahydrate ecocekileyo ke ngoko zinokusondela zombini kwi-100% ngokwesiseko esomisiweyo, nangona ubunzima bazo ngemole nganye njengoko zifunyenwe buhluke kakhulu.
Amanzi alawulwa ngokwahlukeneyo kusetyenziswa ilahleko ekomiseni. Imonografi yangoku yomisa isampuli kwi-105 degrees C kangangeeyure ezi-5, ngomda wokwamkeleka osusela kwi-8.0% ukuya kwi-24.0%. Ilahleko ekomiseni ilinganisa izinto eziguquka zibe ngumphunga ezisuswayo phantsi kwezo meko. Asiyondlela ejolise emanzini kuphela ngendlela efanayo novavanyo lwamanzi lwe-Karl Fischer, yaye ayichongi uhlobo lwekristale. Ngoko ke, umlinganiselo ophakathi osondele kwiimolekyuli zamanzi ezintathu ngeyunithi nganye yedayi awungqineli ngokwawo ukuba kukho uhlobo olunye oluthile lwekristale ye-trihydrate. Uphando lwe-methylene blue ekwimo eqinileyo luxele iintlobo ezininzi ze-hydrate nemixube yazo, ngoko ubunjani bohlobo lwekristale bufuna uhlalutyo lwe-diffraction okanye lobushushu xa uhlobo ngokwalo lubalulekile, kungekhona nje umlinganiselo ophakathi wamanzi.
Oku kwahlulwa kukwachaza ukuba kutheni isiphumo sovavanyo lomxholo esingaphezu kwe-100% singeyompazamo yaselabhoratri ngokuzenzekelayo. Isibalo ngokwesiseko esomisiweyo, ulungiso lwamanzi aseleyo, ixabiso elinikwe umgangatho wesalathiso, okanye ukungahambelani kwe-hydrate kunokutshintsha inani. Uhlalutyo oluneenkcukacha lokuba kutheni uvavanyo lomxholo we-methylene blue lunokubonisa ngaphezu kwe-100% lubonisa indlela iimpazamo zesiseko ezibonakala ngayo njengeempazamo zokucoceka.
Ekuthengeni nasekuhloleni umgangatho, isiphumo soku sicacile. Ukuthobela i-USP yindlela umthengi afikelela ngayo kwelona nqanaba liphezulu lokucoceka elifumanekayo kwimarike, kuba iimfuno zayo ziquka ubunjani, umxholo wedayi, ukungcola okuvela kwiikhompawundi ze-organic, izinyibilikisi eziseleyo, ukungcola kweziqalelo, intsalela emva kokutshiswa, imida yeentsholongwane, nee-endotoxin zebhaktiriya. Uninzi lwabathengisi abathi bathobela i-USP bavavanya kuphela inxalenye encinane yolo luhlu. I-Blupreme ivavanya zonke iimfuno ezichaziweyo ze-USP kunye neqabane lokuvelisa amayeza, ize ipapashe isatifikethi sohlalutyo esipheleleyo, ukuze uhlobo lwe-hydrate, isiphumo samanzi, novavanyo lomxholo ngokwesiseko esomisiweyo zifundwe kunye endaweni yokuqikelelwa kwileyibheli engaphambili. Xa uthelekisa ababoneleli, cela zontathu: ifomula ye-hydrate echaziweyo, isiphumo samanzi okanye selahleko ekomiseni, novavanyo lomxholo olunesiseko salo esichaziweyo.
Indlela yokufunda ileyibheli ye-methylene blue ngesihlandlo esinye
Okokuqala, fumana inkcazelo yohlobo lwe-hydrate nefomula. Ukuba ileyibheli ithi methylene blue kuphela, musa ukucinga ukuba yi-319.85 g/mol. Okwesibini, funda isiseko sovavanyo lomxholo. Ipesenti engenamagama athi njengoko ifunyenwe, eyomisiweyo, okanye engenamanzi ayinakusetyenziswa ngokuthe ngqo ukubala uxinaniso ngeemole. Okwesithathu, funda amanzi okanye ilahleko ekomiseni ngokwahlukileyo kukungcola. Amanzi achaza umahluko wobunzima phakathi kweentlobo ze-hydrate. Izinto ezinxulumeneyo, i-Azure B, iintsimbi, izinyibilikisi, neemvavanyo zeentsholongwane zichaza ukucoceka kweekhemikhali nokwebhayoloji. Gcina la maqela mabini zahlukene, zize iziphikiso eziqhelekileyo kwiikhathalogu zicace: elinye irekhodi lixela i-cation, elinye lixela ityuwa, lize elesithathu lixele i-trihydrate, zonke zichanekile, kuba inani ngalinye lichaza into eyahlukileyo.