Inqaku
Imethylene blue kunye netyhefu yenitrite kwiintlanzi
Imethylene blue inendima exhomekeke kwimveliso ethile njengoncedo kwityhefu yenitrite kwiintlanzi zeakwariyam. Ayithathi indawo yokulungisa amanzi angcolileyo, kwaye intlanzi ekhefuzela phezu kwamanzi ayithethi ukuba inetyhefu yenitrite. Qala ngemilinganiselo yamanzi nangembali yakutshanje yetanki ngaphambi kokukhetha unyango.
Umahluko obalulekileyo uphakathi kweoksijini ekhoyo emanzini kunye neoksijini igazi elinokuyithutha. Initrite inokuphazamisa le yesibini nangona eyokuqala ibonakala yanele. Ukongeza ukufakwa komoya emanzini kuyazixhasa iintlanzi, kodwa akukuphelisi ukuchanabeka kwinitrite.
Into eyenziwa yinitrite egazini leentlanzi
Iintlanzi zifunxa initrite ngeegili zazo. Egazini, initrite iguqula ihemoglobin ibe yimethemoglobin ngenkqubo yeoksideshini; imethemoglobin ayikwazi ukubopha ioksijini ngendlela eqhelekileyo. Imeko ebangelwa koku, imethemoglobinemia, idla ngokubizwa ngokuba sisifo segazi elimdaka kuba igazi elichaphazelekayo linokuba mdaka.
Ingxelo ye-USDA yokuchanabeka kwinitrite kulingo lweentlanzi zohlobo lwechannel catfish ichaza le nkqubo yokuthuthwa kweoksijini. Iseli ebomvu yegazi isenokuqhubeka ijikeleza ngoxa inxalenye yehemoglobin yayo ingasakwazi ukwenza umsebenzi wayo oqhelekileyo. Umlinganiselo weoksijini ulinganisa amanzi ajikeleze intlanzi; awulinganisi ubungakanani behemoglobin esasebenzayo ngaphakathi kwintlanzi.
Umfanekiso ongentla wahlula ezo ndawo zimbini: initrite ingena kwiigili, ngoxa ukulahleka komsebenzi wokuthwala ioksijini kwenzeka egazini. Ubonisa inkqubo, kungekhona uvavanyo lwegazi okanye ukuxilongwa kwentlanzi ethile ngokuyijonga.
Initrite idla ngokuba yingxaki xa inkqubo yokuhluza kwebhayoloji ingekakhuli ngokupheleleyo, ithwele umthwalo ongaphezu kwamandla ayo, okanye iphazamisekile. Inkcazelo kaPurdue yoxilongo lwezilwanyana malunga nesifo segazi elimdaka idibanisa ezi meko nokuqokelelana kwenkunkuma enenitrogen, ize ichaze ukutshintshwa kwamanzi njengenye indlela yokunciphisa ukuchanabeka ngokuxuba ngamanzi amatsha. Ukulungisa uxinaniso olukhoyo ngelo xesha nokubuyisela amandla enkqubo okucubungula inkunkuma yimisebenzi eyahlukileyo.
Indima yemethylene blue
Amaxwebhu emveliso yemethylene blue kaKordon achaza umxube wayo wamanzi we-2.303% njengoncedo ekubuyiseleni umva ityhefu yenitrite kwiintlanzi zeakwariyam zamanzi angenatyuwa nezamanzi olwandle. Umenzi unxulumanisa olo setyenziso nokuguqulwa kwemethemoglobin ibuye ibe yihemoglobin. Eli libango malunga nemveliso ethile yeakwariyam, hayi ubungqina bokuba nasiphi na isisombululo esiluhlaza singasetyenziswa endaweni yesinye njengonyango.
La maxwebhu akwalumkisa ngokusetyenziswa kwayo kwiinkqubo ezijikelezisa amanzi ngokuphindaphindiweyo ezinokuhluza kwebhayoloji, kuba imveliso iphazamisa iibhaktheriya ezenza initrification. Oku kubaluleke ngakumbi xa ukuhluzwa okungasebenzi kakuhle kubangele ukuchanabeka. Akwakuvumeli ukusetyenziswa kwayo njengeyeza kwiintlanzi ezilungiselelwe ukutyiwa. Ngoko ke, indawo yonyango eyahlukileyo, ukufaneleka kwayo kuhlobo lwentlanzi, kunye nemiyalelo epheleleyo esebhotileni kufuneka ziqwalaselwe ngaphambi kokuyisebenzisa.
Funda isikhokelo esibanzi malunga nokusetyenziswa kwemethylene blue kunye nemida yayo kwiakwariyam ukuze uqonde umxholo obanzi wonyango. Musa ukusebenzisa inkqubo yonyango lwemethemoglobinemia ebantwini ekuhlambiseni intlanzi kunyango: indlela yokunikwa konyango, umxube wemveliso, kunye nesigulana zahlukile.
Funda ilebhile njengomyalelo opheleleyo
Sebenzisa olu luhlu lokuhlola kunye nebhotile oyisebenzisayo nemiyalelo yangoku yomenzi wayo. Bhala iimpendulo ngaphambi kokwenza umxube oxutywe ngamanzi; uxinaniso lodwa alusosicwangciso sonyango.
| Into yokuhlola | Ulwazi lokubhala | Impazamo ethintelwa koku |
|---|---|---|
| Isazisi semveliso | Umenzi, isithako esisebenzayo, amandla omxube, kunye nomhla wokuphelelwa | Ukuthatha igama lekhompawundi njengenkcazelo epheleleyo yemveliso |
| Ukusetyenziswa okujoliswe kuko | Ukuba ityhefu yenitrite kunye neemeko ezifanelekileyo zeakwariyam zibandakanyiwe | Ukuboleka umyalelo wonyango lwamaqanda okanye wolunye usetyenziso |
| Izilwanyana nendawo | Uhlobo, inqanaba lobomi, iimeko zamanzi angenatyuwa okanye olwandle, ukuhombisa okanye imveliso yokutya | Ukusebenzisa ilebhile ngaphaya kweemeko ezichazwe kuyo |
| Imiyalelo yokuchanabeka | Umthamo wokwenene wamanzi, ubungakanani, ixesha, kunye nemiyalelo yokulandela | Ukukopa umthamo wonyango kodwa ushiye iimeko zokuchanabeka ezihamba nawo |
| Ukuhambelana nenkqubo | Ukuhluza kwebhayoloji, olunye unyango, izityalo, kunye neemfuno zokususa imveliso | Ukudala ingxaki yesibini yomgangatho wamanzi ngexesha lonyango |
Ingxoxo eyahlukileyo malunga nemithamo yonyango lweakwariyam noxinaniso lwemveliso ichaza ukuba kutheni ubungakanani obugalelwa ebhotileni noxinaniso olufumaneka emanzini ziyimilinganiselo eyahlukileyo. Jonga imiba yokuhambelana nokhuseleko kwiakwariyam ngaphambi kokudibanisa iindlela zonyango.
Initrite, initrate, iammonia, nechlorine ziingxaki ezahlukileyo
Amagama afanayo awathethi unyango olufanayo. Uthelekiso lweengozi zokusingqongileyo olukwi-MSD Veterinary Manual lwahlula ezi ntlobo zokuchanabeka kwaye lugxininisa umahluko omkhulu kubuntununtunu kwinitrite phakathi kweentlobo zeentlanzi neemeko zamanzi.
| Ingxaki ekrokrelwayo | Into ekufuneka ihlolwe | Into engaqinisekiswayo yilebhile yokusetyenziswa kwinitrite |
|---|---|---|
| Initrite, NO₂⁻ | Isiphumo senitrite, iiyunithi ezisetyenzisiweyo, uhlobo lwentlanzi, kunye nekhemistri yamanzi | Ukuba sonke isiganeko sokuphefumla ngokukhawuleza sisifo segazi elimdaka |
| Initrate, NO₃⁻ | Umlinganiselo owahlukileyo wenitrate kunye nokuqokelelana kwexesha elide | Ukuba imethylene blue isusa initrate |
| Iammonia | Initrogen yeammonia iyonke, ipH, kunye nobushushu | Ukuba imethylene blue ilungisa ukuchanabeka kwiammonia |
| Ichlorine okanye ichloramine | Ukulungiswa kwamanzi aphuma kumthombo kunye novavanyo olufanelekileyo lwechlorine | Ukuba idayi isisusi sechlorine esisetyenziswa ngokubanzi |
| Ioksijini encinci enyibilikileyo emanzini | Umlinganiselo weoksijini kunye nokusebenza kokufakwa komoya emanzini | Ukuba iyeza libonelela amanzi ngeoksijini eyaneleyo |
Hlola iiyunithi ngaphambi kokuthelekisa isiphumo sovavanyo nexabiso lesalathiso. Isiphumo esichazwe njengenitrite-nitrogen, NO₂-N, sichaza kuphela ubunzima benitrogen. Ukuphindaphinda malunga no-3.3 kusiguqulela kuxinaniso lobunzima beayoni yenitrite epheleleyo. Ngoko ke 0.30 mg/L NO₂-N imalunga no-0.99 mg/L NO₂⁻, hayi 0.30 mg/L NO₂⁻. Lo mzekelo wezibalo awungomda wokhuseleko.
Isizathu sokuba ichloride nembali yothutho zibaluleke
Ichloride ikhuphisana nenitrite ekungeneni ngeegili zeentlanzi zamanzi angenatyuwa. Isikhokelo seYunivesithi yaseFlorida malunga netyuwa ekufuyeni izilwanyana zasemanzini sichaza ukuba ukwandisa ichloride emanzini kunokunciphisa ukufunxwa kwenitrite. Ichloride ayiyiyo ichlorine esetyenziselwa ukubulala iintsholongwane. Le nkqubo yokukhusela ikwahlukile ekusebenzeni kwimethemoglobin esele isegazini.
Ulingo lwe-96-hour kwiintlanzi ezisencinci zohlobo lweNile tilapia lwavavanya amaxabiso amabini oxinaniso lwechloride emanzini ajikeleze iintlanzi. Ichloride ephezulu yanciphisa ubuthi benitrite kunye nokwakheka kwemethemoglobin phantsi kwezo meko zophando. Oku akuqinisekisi ubungakanani betyuwa obunokongezwa kuzo zonke iiakwariyam ezineentlobo ezixubeneyo: uhlobo lwentlanzi, ichloride esele ikhona, ukuchanabeka, kunye nezinye izinto eziphilayo ezikuloo akwarium zisabalulekile. Olu lingo aluzange luvavanye imethylene blue.
Uthutho longeza ezinye izinto ezinokubangela iingxaki. Kulingo lweYunivesithi yaseFlorida lothutho olwenziwa kwiifama, imethylene blue eyavavanywa njengesongezo sokuthintela iintsholongwane ayizange iphucule iziphumo ezixeliweyo zenkangeleko nokuziphatha. Eso siphumo sibhekisa kwiimeko zothutho ezavavanywayo, hayi kunyango lwetyhefu yenitrite eqinisekisiweyo. Kwaeso sikhokelo sichaza indlela ukuqokelelana kweammonia, ukutshintsha kwepH, ubushushu, kunye neoksijini ezichaphazela ngayo uxinzelelo lothutho. IpH ephezulu nobushushu obuphezulu zandisa umlinganiselo weammonia enetyhefu engekho kwimo yeeayoni. Amanzi othutho aluhlaza akanakubonisa ukuba ezi zinto zilawulwa.
Yahlula impendulo ekhawulezileyo kwisicwangciso sokuchacha
Kwiintlanzi ezibonisa ubunzima, xhasa ukufakwa komoya emanzini uze uhlolisise iintlanzi namanzi ngokukhawuleza. Ugqirha wezilwanyana zasemanzini okanye inkonzo yezempilo yeentlanzi kufuneka ihlole ubunzima obukhulu bokuphefumla, ukulahleka kolungelelwano, okanye ukufa okuqhubekayo. Yiba nolwazi olufumanekayo malunga nohlobo lwentlanzi, umthamo wetanki, iziphumo zovavanyo ezineeyunithi, ulondolozo lwakutshanje, kunye nazo zonke iimveliso ezisetyenzisiweyo.
Sebenzisa amanzi amatsha alungiswe ngokufanelekileyo nahambelanayo xa unciphisa uxinaniso lwengxaki yomgangatho wamanzi eqinisekisiweyo. Phinda uhlole iimeko kunokuba ucinge ukuba inyathelo elinye likuphelisile ukuchanabeka. Hlola ukondla, inani leentlanzi ezigcinwayo, kunye namandla enkqubo yokuhluza ukuze ufumane isizathu sokuqokelelana kwenkunkuma. Isikhokelo seYunivesithi yaseFlorida seenkqubo ezijikelezisa amanzi ngokuphindaphindiweyo sichaza ezi njengezinto eziphambili ezimisela umgangatho wamanzi.
Intlanzi ephefumla ngendlela eqheleke ngakumbi inika ubungqina obukhuthazayo malunga nemeko yayo. Uvavanyo lwamanzi oluphindiweyo luphendula umbuzo owahlukileyo: ingaba imeko eyingqongileyo ikhuselekile ngokwaneleyo ukuze ukuchacha kuqhubeke.