Inqaku
Imethylene blue kunye nonyango ngokukhanya okubomvu: ifotokhemistri nobungqina beklinikhi
Abafundi ababini bachwetheza imethylene blue nonyango ngokukhanya okubomvu kwibhokisi yokukhangela, kodwa bathetha izinto ezichaseneyo. Omnye ucinga ngephaneli ebomvu enceda imitochondria isebenze ngcono, kuze kongezwe idayi eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka ukuze kwandiswe isiphumo. Omnye ucinga ngenkqubo yonyango lolusu apho ukukhanya kuvuselela idayi ukuze itshabalalise into engafunekiyo. Bobabini basebenzisa amagama afanayo. Bachaza iingcamango ezahlukeneyo, yaye oku kubhideka kubalulekile kuba ukukhanya kunye nedayi kunokuthumela umqondiso kwiseli okanye kuyenzakalise.
Lo mahluko ngumxholo wolu phononongo. Ifotobiomodulation, edla ngokubizwa ngokuba yi-PBM, isebenzisa ukukhanya okubomvu okanye okukufuphi ne-infrared ukuguqula ukuthunyelwa kwemiqondiso evela ngaphakathi emzimbeni ngaphandle kokongeza into ebangela uvakalelo ekukhanyeni. Unyango lwefotodynamic, oludla ngokubizwa ngokuba yi-PDT, lusebenzisa izinto ezintathu kunye: ukukhanya okunobude bamaza obufunxwa yinto ebangela uvakalelo, into ebangela uvakalelo ekukhanyeni efana nemethylene blue, kunye neoksijini ukuze kudalwe ngesiquphe iintlobo zeekhemikhali ezisebenzayo ezonakalisa into ekujoliswe kuyo. Kwiingxoxo ze-intanethi, unyango lwemethylene blue ngokukhanya okubomvu lubekwa kuwo omabini la maqela. Ifotokhemistri yiyo egqiba ukuba indibaniselwano ethile ikweliphi iqela.
Ukufunxwa kokukhanya kugqiba ukuba ukukhanya nedayi ziyasebenzisana na
Imethylene blue ekwimo yeemonomer emanzini ifunxa kakhulu ukukhanya okubomvu, incopho yokufunxa ikufuphi ne-664 ukuya kwi-665 nm, yaye kukho igxalaba kwigophe lokufunxa elikubude bamaza obufutshane obukufuphi ne-610 nm, elikhulayo xa idayi iqokelelana. Ukucinywa kokukhanya ngokomlinganiselo wemolar kufuphi nencopho kumalunga ne-65,000 ukuya kwi-85,000 M-1 cm-1, nto leyo ebangela ukuba izinyibiliko ezinomlinganiselo we-micromolar zibe nombala oluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka oqaqambileyo. Le asiyonkcukacha nje engenamsebenzi. Yimeko eyimfuneko kuyo nayiphi na intsebenziswano yeekhemikhali evuselelwa kukukhanya.
Ukufunxwa kokukhanya kubeka idayi kwimo ye-singlet ehlala ixesha elifutshane, kulandele ukuwela kwimo ye-triplet ehlala ixesha elide, yaye izivuno ze-triplet ezixeliweyo zikufuphi ne-0.5. Kwisinyibiliko esisuswe ioksijini, loo mo ye-triplet ihlala amashumi eemicrosecond. Kwisinyibiliko esifakwe umoya, elo xesha lehla liye malunga ne-2 microseconds kuba ioksijini iyayicima. Koku kucinywa kulapho iindlela ezimbini zefotokhemistri zahlukana khona.
Kwikhemistri yoHlobo II, idayi ekwimo ye-triplet idlulisela amandla kwioksijini ekwimo yayo esisiseko, ize ivelise ioksijini ye-singlet, ngesivuno esidla ngokucatshulwa esikufuphi ne-0.52. Kwikhemistri yoHlobo I, endaweni yoko idayi ye-triplet idlulisela i-electron okanye ihydrogen kwinto esabela nayo, nto leyo ekhokelela kwiiradical eziquka i-superoxide neentlobo ze-hydroxyl. Zombini ezi ndlela zinokwenzeka ngaxeshanye. Ngokwenkcazelo yayo, indlela yoHlobo II ifuna ioksijini yemolekyuli, yaye i-PDT eqhelekileyo, njengesiphumo sebhayoloji, ihlala ixhomekeke kakhulu kwioksijini naxa indlela yoHlobo I inegalelo.
Isiphumo esisebenzayo saloo nto ngumgaqo wobude bamaza. Ukukhanya okubomvu ukusuka malunga ne-630 ukuya kwi-680 nm kugqithana kakuhle nebhanti yokufunxa yedayi, yaye i-660 ukuya kwi-665 nm ikufuphi nencopho yemonomer, ngoko kunokuqhuba ikhemistri ebangelwa luvakalelo ekukhanyeni kwizicubu ezinedayi ekumlinganiselo obonakalayo. Ukukhanya okukufuphi ne-infrared ku-810 nm kungaphandle kakhulu kwaloo bhanti yemo esisiseko, ngoko obo bude bamaza abufanelekanga ukuvuselela imethylene blue ngokuthe ngqo. Ukuvezwa kwi-810 nm kunye nemethylene blue akufanele kuchazwe njengokuvuselelwa kwedayi kukukhanya. Kungcono kuchazwe njengeendlela ezimbini zongenelelo kwimitochondria ezisetyenziswa ngaxeshanye. Loo mahluko usisiseko sayo yonke into engezantsi, yaye ukwaxoxwa ngawo kwicala lekhemistri kwireferensi yekhemistri yemethylene blue.
Iingcamango ezimbini ezabelana ngemitochondria kodwa zahlukile kwindlela ezisebenza ngayo
Uphononongo lwemitochondria njengento ekujoliswe kuyo ekukhuseleni iiseli zemithambo-luvo, olucatshulwa ngokubanzi, ludibanisa ezi ndlela zimbini kuba zombini zifikelela ekuphefumleni kweeseli nangona ziqala kwiindawo ezahlukeneyo. Kwimodeli eqhelekileyo ye-PBM, ikromofore ecetywayo yi-cytochrome c oxidase kwi-Complex IV. Ingcamango ephambili ithi iifoton zikhuthaza ukwahlukana kwenitric oxide ethintelayo kwi-enzayim, nto leyo eyandisa ukuhamba kwee-electron nokwenziwa kwe-ATP. Loo modeli ifanele ihlale ichazwa njengengcamango engekangqinwa. Ubungqina obuthe ngqo busanqongophele, ngoko ukuzithemba kule ngcamango kufanele kuhlale kunomlinganiselo.
Imethylene blue isebenza ngendlela eyahlukileyo ebumnyameni. Kwidosi ephantsi, isebenza njengento ephinda-phinda umjikelo we-redox ngokwekatalisisi nanjengomthwali wee-electron ongomnye. Iinucleotide zepyridine ezikwimo encitshisiweyo ziyinciphisa ibe yi-leucomethylene blue, enokudlulisela ii-electron phambili ize iphinde ijikeleze, ngaloo ndlela ixhase ukuhamba okujikeleza iindawo ezingasebenzi kakuhle phakathi kwe-Complex I ne-Complex III ngoxa inciphisa ukuvuza kwee-electron. Ukufunxwa kweefoton yidayi akunandima kule nkcazelo. Yikhemistri, hayi ifotokhemistri, yaye le ndlela ibanzi yokudlulisa ichazwa kwinqaku elithi indlela imethylene blue esebenza ngayo njengomdluliseli wee-electron.
I-PDT ibuyisela inxalenye yesithathu. Ukukhanya kuvuselela into ebangela uvakalelo, loo nto isebenzisana neoksijini nezinto esabela nazo, yaye injongo kukwenzakala okubangelwa yi-oxidation kwindawo ethile. I-PBM isebenzisa ukukhanya okubomvu okanye okukufuphi ne-infrared ngendlela engabangeli bushushu ukuze iguqule iinkqubo zamandla ebhayoloji ngaphandle kokongeza ngabom into evela ngaphandle ebangela uvakalelo, ukuze idale ukuvela ngesiquphe kwezinto eziyityhefu kwiiseli. Intetho ethi i-PDT yenza ioksijini esebenzayo ngoxa i-PBM ingenzi njalo ayiyonyani. Umahluko wokwenene uphakathi kwekhemistri eyityhefu kwiiseli evuselelwa kukukhanya kunye nokuthunyelwa kwemiqondiso eguqula ukusebenza. Ithamo lodwa alizahluli. I-PDT yabantu yokulwa iintsholongwane isebenzisa imethylene blue yasebenzisa i-6 ukuya kwi-18 J per square cm, nto leyo egqithana namaxabiso e-PBM. Ubukho bento ebangela uvakalelo, ubude bamaza obufunxwayo, ixesha, indawo, ukubakho kweoksijini nenjongo zizo ezigqiba uhlobo lwenkqubo. Ingqokelela epheleleyo yezifundo zonyango lwefotodynamic igcina ezo meko zicacile kwimeko nganye esetyenziselwa yona.
Oko kuboniswa ngokwenene zizifundo zeempuku ezidibanisa i-810 nm nemethylene blue
Amaphepha amabini adla ngokucatshulwa kakhulu ngale ndibaniselwano omabini asebenzisa ukukhanya kwe-810 nm nemethylene blue kwidosi ephantsi kwiimpuku. Anika ulwazi kanye ngenxa yokuba i-810 nm ayiyivuseleli kakuhle idayi ngokuthe ngqo. Avavanya indibaniselwano yeendlela ezahlukeneyo zokusebenza, hayi i-PDT yemethylene blue.
Kwisifundo sonyango lwangaphambi kokuvinjwa ubuthongo kwiimpuku, iimpuku ezingamaduna eziyi-60 zohlobo lwe-BALB/c zafumana imethylene blue yonke imihla nge-0.5 mg per kg kangangeentsuku ezilishumi, ilaser ekhupha ukukhanya ngeempulse ku-810 nm ngosuku ngalunye lwesibini, okanye zombini ngaphambi kokuvinjwa ubuthongo. Ukuvinjwa ubuthongo kwaphazamisa indlela ezaziqhuba ngayo kwimaze emile njenge-T, ekusebenzisaneni nezinye iimpuku nakwibhokisi ye-shuttle, kwaza kwanciphisa i-GAP-43, i-PSD-95 nesynaptophysin kwihippocampus. Unyango ngalunye lodwa aluzange luphumelele ubukhulu becala ekuziphatheni, ngoxa unyango oludibeneyo lwangaphambili lwabonisa umahluko obalulekileyo ngokwezibalo xa luthelekiswa neqela elalivinjwe ubuthongo. Oku kukuthintela kwimodeli yokuvinjwa ubuthongo okunyanzelisiweyo, hayi ukunyanga ukuphazamiseka ebantwini.
Kwisifundo soxinzelelo olungapheliyo esasisebenzisa unyango ngaxeshanye, iimpuku zabekwa phantsi koxinzelelo olungephi olungapheliyo ngoxa zazifumana i-PBM ye-810 nm nge-8 J per square cm kathathu ngeveki, imethylene blue yonke imihla nge-0.5 mg per kg, okanye zombini kangangeeveki ezine. Kwiqela lendibaniselwano, kwaqala kwasetyenziswa ilaser kwaza kwatofwa idayi kwiiyure ezimbini kamva, ngenjongo ethile yokuphepha ukukhanyisa izicubu esele zinedayi. Omathathu amaqela aguqula ukuphazamiseka kokufunda. Indibaniselwano yayingengcono ngokubanzi. Inzuzo eyongezelelekileyo yavela ikakhulu kwi-cortisol yaserum nakwiintlobo zeoksijini ezisebenzayo engqondweni.
Akukho nalinye kula maphepha limisela idosi yabantu ethathwa ngomlomo, useto lwesixhobo somthengi, isithuba sexesha phakathi kwechiza nokukhanya, okanye ishedyuli yasekhaya. Elinye lusebenzisa unyango lwangaphambili ngokuchasene nomonakalo olindelekileyo. Elinye linyanga ngexesha lokubangela uxinzelelo. Ukusebenzisa iziphumo zalo naliphi na kula maphepha ukuxhasa ukuthatha idayi phantsi kwephaneli ebomvu kutsiba zonke izinto eziguquguqukayo ezagqiba isiphumo.
Ubungqina bolusu ubukhulu becala bobe-PDT, hayi i-PBM ephuculweyo
Idatha yolusu lwabantu esebenzisa imethylene blue kunye nokukhanya ubukhulu becala ikwicala le-PDT. Imizekelo iquka ulingo lwamaqhakuva lwezigulana eziyi-15 olwahlula ubuso baba ngamacala amabini, kusetyenziswa i-nanoemulgel yemethylene blue ethanjiswa eluswini kunye nelaser yediode ye-665 nm; izifundo ezincinci zehidradenitis ezisebenzisa ukukhanya okunamandla okukhutshwa ngeempulse ku-630 nm okanye i-LED ye-635 nm kunye nemethylene blue; ulingo lwamanxeba olwahlula abathathi-nxaxheba ngokungenamkhethe ngo-2025, luthelekisa i-PDT enokusetyenziswa kweenaliti ezincinci nedayi eyi-0.1 percent okanye eyi-1 percent; kunye neprothokholi yango-2026 yezilonda zonyawo ezinxulumene nesifo seswekile esebenzisa ilaser ye-660 nm kunye nedayi eyi-1 percent. Ubude bamaza buqokelelana kwindawo apho idayi ifunxa khona. Injongo kukutshabalalisa kwindawo ethile okanye ukwakha ngokutsha izicubu. Imixube ithanjiswa kwindawo ethile okanye ifakwa ngaphakathi kwindawo echaphazelekayo, hayi emzimbeni uphela.
Le ndlela yokubeka umba ibalulekile kubafundi abanomdla kukhathalelo lolusu. Kukho uncwadi olwahlukileyo lwefibroblast ngedayi yodwa kwidosi ephantsi, yaye kukho uncwadi olwahlukileyo lwamanxeba ngokukhanya okubomvu kuphela. Kodwa ukuya kutsho ekupheleni kuka-2026, akukho lingo lwabantu oluphononongwe ziingcali oluvavanya idayi ethathwa ngomlomo isebenze emzimbeni uphela kunye ne-PBM ebomvu njengongenelelo olunye oludibeneyo lolusu okanye lokucinga. Ubungqina benxalenye nganye yodwa abukho bungqina bendibaniselwano.
Kutheni ubude bamaza obuhambelanayo bungeyoprothokholi
Ibinzana elithi indlela yokusebenzisa imethylene blue nonyango ngokukhanya okubomvu lifuna impendulo eqwalaselweyo endaweni yomyalelo wokwenza. Ukufunxwa kokukhanya kukuxelela kuphela ukuba ukusebenzisana kunokwenzeka. Isiphumo sikwaxhomekeke kubuninzi bedayi, kumxube wayo, kumandla okukhanya afika kumphezulu nakumandla ewonke afunyenweyo ngomlinganiselo wendawo, kwisithuba sexesha phakathi kwechiza nokukhanya, ekubakhweni kweoksijini, nakubunzulu. Ku-660 nm, ukongeza idayi kunokuguqula ukuvezwa okunokuba kufana ne-PBM kube yifotokhemistri eqhutywa yinto ebangela uvakalelo ekukhanyeni. Yiyo loo nto iziphumo zeempuku ze-810 nm zingangqini ukusetyenziswa ngabathengi kwe-630 ukuya kwi-680 nm kukho idayi emzimbeni.
Ukhuseleko luyawuqinisa lo mda. Idayi emiselweyo ngugqirha inesilumkiso esibiyelwe kwibhokisi malunga netyhefu yeserotonin xa isetyenziswa namachiza asebenza kwiserotonin nezinye iiopioid. Ayivumelekanga kubantu abanokusilela kwe-glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase. Ubungozi obubangelwa kukukhanya sisiphumo esibi esaziwayo sedayi esebenza emzimbeni uphela, ingakumbi xa izicubu zikhanyiselwa kufuphi nencopho yokufunxa yayo. Ukhuseleko lwamehlo luxhomekeke kubude bamaza, kumandla okukhanya afika kumphezulu, nakuhlobo lomthombo. Iindondo zelanga eziqhelekileyo azithathi ndawo yokhuseleko oluchazwe kwisixhobo. Ezi ngongoma zichazwe ngokweenkcukacha kwisikhokelo sokhuseleko nentsebenziswano, yaye zimele ziphathwe ziingcali zeklinikhi kunokuba zibe ziiprothokholi zasekhaya.
Chaza ingcamango ngaphambi kokuchaza isixhobo. Ukungabikho kwento ebangela uvakalelo kunye nenjongo ephathelele amandla ebhayoloji kuthetha i-PBM. Idayi ekubuninzi obunentsingiselo kunye nobude bamaza obufunxwayo, ioksijini nenjongo yokutshabalalisa kuthetha i-PDT. Imethylene blue kunye ne-810 nm kumsebenzi opapashiweyo weempuku yimeko yesithathu: iindlela ezimbini ezijolise kwimitochondria ngaphandle kokuvuselelwa ngokuthe ngqo kukukhanya. Ukugcina ezi meko zintathu zahlukene kuthintela eyona mpazamo ixhaphakileyo apha: ukucaphula ukucocwa kolusu nge-PDT njengobungqina bokuba idayi iphucula i-PBM, okanye ukucaphula ukubuyiselwa kokusebenza kwiimpuku nge-810 nm njengobungqina bokuba ipaneli ye-660 nm kunye nedayi yiprothokholi yokuphucula ukucinga.