Inqaku
I-methylene blue, i-malachite green netyuwa yeaquarium: yeyiphi efanele ingxaki?
Kuvela amachokoza amhlophe kwintlanzi yohlobo lwe-tetra, kuze kufike iingcebiso ezintathu ngemizuzu nje: i-methylene blue, i-malachite green, netyuwa. Zontathu zitshintsha umbala wamanzi. Zontathu zinabasebenzisi abazithembileyo. Akukho nanye kuzo elunyango olusebenzela yonke into, kwaye ukubuza ukuba yeyiphi eyona ilungileyo kutsiba inyathelo elimisela impendulo: yintoni engalunganga ngentlanzi, kwaye yintoni kanye kanye egutyungelwa yileyibhile yemveliso nganye.
Ezi zizinto ezintathu ezahlukeneyo ezineepakethe ezifanayo. I-methylene blue yidayi enokusetyenziswa kwi-aquarium okuchazwe kwileyibhile, okuquka ukungunda kwamaqanda, ukungunda okungephi kumphezulu womzimba, ii-protozoa ezithile zangaphandle, nokuncedisa xa kukho ityhefu ye-nitrite okanye ye-cyanide. I-malachite green, edla ngokuthengiswa idityaniswe ne-formalin, ngokuyintloko lunyango lwezifunxi-gazi zangaphandle olujoliswe kwi-Ich nakwizinto eziphilayo ezinxulumene nayo. Ityuwa yeaquarium ayililo iyeza ngokwemigaqo yolawulo; ixhasa ukulawulwa kwamanzi neetyuwa emzimbeni kwaye ingumthombo we-chloride okhusela kwi-nitrite, ibe ikwasetyenziswa ngokuchasene nezinye izifunxi-gazi zangaphandle kumaqondo etyuwa angenakunyanyezelwa ziitanki ezininzi ezineentlobo ezixubeneyo. Ukukhetha phakathi kwazo ngokombala okanye ngokwesiqhelo yindlela iintlanzi ezingenamaxolo, iishrimps, izityalo nezihluzi zebhayoloji ezenzakala ngayo zingajoliswanga.
Ukuthelekisa ezi zinto zintathu
Itheyibhile engezantsi isekelwe kwiileyibhile zabavelisi nakwizikhokelo zeenkonzo zeeyunivesithi zokufikelela eluntwini. Uxinaniso nemiyalelo ziyahluka ngokwendlela imveliso eyenziwe ngayo, ngoko ke yithathe ileyibhile ekwibhotile yakho njengomthombo ogunyazisiweyo, uze le theyibhile uyithathe njengesikhokelo esibanzi.
| I-methylene blue (umz. Kordon, 2.303%) | Imixube ye-malachite green (umz. Kordon Rid-Ich Plus, API Super Ick Cure) | Ityuwa yeaquarium (sodium chloride) | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Ukusetyenziswa okujoliswe kuko | Ukungunda kumaqanda eentlanzi, usulelo lokungunda kumphezulu womzimba, ii-protozoa zangaphandle ezidwelisiweyo (Ichthyophthirius, Chilodonella, Costia), nokuncedisa kwityhefu ye-nitrite okanye ye-cyanide. Imiyalelo yemveliso yakwaKordon idwelisa ezi meko zokuyisebenzisa kwaye icacisa ukuba ayisetyenziselwa i-Oodinium, usulelo lweebhaktheriya, iintshulube ezifunxayo ze-fluke, okanye isifo esiqatha sokungunda. | Izifunxi-gazi zangaphandle, ikakhulu i-Ich yamanzi acocekileyo kunye ne-Costia, i-Trichodina ne-Chilodonella, kuxhomekeka kwimveliso; ileyibhile ye-Rid-Ich Plus yakwaKordon yongeza i-Cryptocaryon ne-Amyloodinium zaselwandle kunye nolunye usulelo lokungunda, kodwa ayiquki iibhaktheriya, iintshulube ze-fluke, ii-copepod nezinye iintshulube. | Ukuxhasa ukulawulwa kwamanzi neetyuwa emzimbeni ngexesha lokuphathwa kweentlanzi, ukukhusela kwi-nitrite ngokhuphiswano lwe-chloride kwiigill, kunye nee-protozoa ezithile zangaphandle kumanzi anetyuwa eninzi. Isikhokelo senkonzo yokufikelela eluntwini ye-UF/IFAS sichaza ityuwa njengento esetyenziswa ekufuyweni kwezilwanyana zasemanzini engabekwa phambili kulawulo, hayi iyeza leentlanzi elivunyiweyo. |
| Ukusetyenziswa kumaqanda | Ileyibhile ithi ikhuselekile kumaqanda eentlanzi nakwiintlanzi ezisandul' ukuqandusela xa isetyenziselwa ukuthintela ukungunda, ibe inenkqubo emiselweyo yamaqanda. Isikhokelo sendawo yokuqandusela namaqanda sichaza olu setyenziso ngokweenkcukacha. | Imveliso yakwaKordon ye-malachite green yodwa nayo inemiyalelo ekwileyibhile yokuthintela nokunyanga ukungunda kwamaqanda, enemiyalelo yayo yokuwafaka emanzini onyango nokuwadipha; ubutyhefu buxhomekeke kuxinaniso, ixesha lokuvezwa nohlobo lwentlanzi. Iimveliso ezixutyiweyo ze-Ich azinayo loo nkcazelo, ngoko jonga ibhotile ethile. | Ayilonyango lokungunda kwamaqanda. |
| Iintlobo ezibuthathaka kwezi zinto | Jonga ukuba uhlobo nenqanaba lobomi ziyahambelana na neleyibhile; isikhokelo esibanzi seentlanzi zeaquarium sigubungela ukuvavanywa kokuhambelana. | Kuyahluka ngokwendlela imveliso eyenziwe ngayo: ileyibhile yangoku yakwaAPI inciphisa idosi ibe sisiqingatha kwiintlanzi ezingenamaxolo, ngoxa uKordon evumela i-Rid-Ich Plus kwiintlanzi ze-loach ne-catfish kodwa elumkisa ngokuyisebenzisa kwii-mormyrid nakwiintlanzi ze-stingray zamanzi acocekileyo. | Ukunyamezela kuxhomekeke kuhlobo, akumiselwa ngamaxolo. I-UF/IFAS ilumkisa ngokukhethekileyo ukuba ezinye ii-tetra aziyinyamezeli kakuhle ityuwa kwaye ii-tetra neentlanzi ezinempumlo efana neyendlovu akufanele zigcinwe rhoqo emanzini anetyuwa. |
| Izilwanyana ezingenamqolo nezityalo | Ngokweleyibhile, iphazamisa ukukhula kwezityalo; ukuhambelana nezilwanyana ezingenamqolo kufuneka kujongwe kwimveliso nganye. | Ayifanele ii-aquarium zeengqaqa zekorale okanye zezilwanyana ezingenamqolo ngaphandle kokuba ugqirha wezilwanyana zasemanzini uyalele ngenye indlela; ezinye izityalo eziphilayo zibuthathaka kuyo. | Izityalo zisenokunganyamezeli amaqondo etyuwa onyango lwe-Ich ayi-4 ukuya kwi-5 ppt, kwaye ukunyamezela kwezilwanyana ezingenamqolo kuyahluka ngokohlobo nangoxinaniso. |
| Isihluzi sebhayoloji | Musa ukuyisebenzisa kwiinkqubo ezixhomekeke ekuhluzeni ngebhayoloji; iphazamisa iibhaktheriya eziguqula i-ammonia ibe yi-nitrite ne-nitrate. Unyango kufuneka lwenziwe kwitanki engenanto yonyango okanye yokuqandusela; funda isikhokelo sokuhambelana neetanki nezilwanyana zasemanzini ngaphambi kokunyanga itanki yomboniso enezilwanyana. | UKordon uthi i-Rid-Ich Plus ayiyi kuphazamisa ukuhluzwa ngebhayoloji xa isetyenziswa ngokwemiyalelo. Susa ikhabhoni evuselelweyo ngexesha lonyango ngayo nayiphi na kwezi dayi. | Ayibulali zonke iintsholongwane kwisihluzi sebhayoloji, kodwa ityuwa eninzi ixinzelela iinkqubo zamanzi acocekileyo; ukulungisa isihluzi sebhayoloji esingasebenziyo kusafuna ukutshintshwa kwamanzi nokulungiswa kwesihluzi, njengoko isikhokelo sonyango lwezilwanyana sakwaMerck sigxininisa. |
| Imeko ngokuphathelele abantu neentlanzi zokutya | Yenzelwe ukusetyenziswa kwiintlanzi zokuhombisa; hayi kwiintlanzi zokutya. | Ayivunyelwanga kwiintlanzi zokutya eUnited States; ulawulo lwe-FDA lweemveliso ezingeniswa elizweni luthatha iintsalela ze-malachite green njengongcoliseko lokutya, kwaye i-EU ibeka umda wokuthatha amanyathelo oyi-0.5 µg/kg kwi-malachite green kunye nentsalela yayo. Phatha iidayi ngononophelo uze uzigcine kude nabantwana neendawo zokulungiselela ukutya. | Izilumkiso eziqhelekileyo zokuphatha ityuwa; umngcipheko ukwizilwanyana, ngenxa yeqondo letyuwa emanzini, hayi kwimithetho yeentsalela. |
Ukusebenzisa itheyibhile ukwenza izigqibo
Iimeko ezine eziqhelekileyo zibonisa indlela imiqolo edibana ngayo.
Ukungunda kumaqanda. Le yeyona ndawo ifanele i-methylene blue, enenkqubo yamaqanda echazwe kwileyibhile kunye nenkcazelo ecacileyo yokuba ikhuselekile kumaqanda nakwiintlanzi ezisandul' ukuqandusela. Ityuwa ayinayo imeko efanayo echazwe njengosetyenziso lwayo. I-malachite green yodwa (imveliso yakwaKordon enesithako esinye esisebenzayo) nayo inemiyalelo ekwileyibhile yokungunda kwamaqanda, kodwa unyango oluxutyiweyo lwe-Ich alunayo, ngoko ibhotile onayo yiyo emisela isigqibo. Qinisekisa kuqala ukuba amaqanda achunyisiwe; akukho dayi ihlangula amaqanda angachunyiswanga.
Isifo samachokoza amhlophe (Ich). Imixube ye-malachite green lunyango oluchazwe kwileyibhile kule meko, kwaye ityuwa isenokusetyenziswa njengento encedisayo nge-4 ukuya kwi-5 grams per liter kangange-7 ukuya kwi-10 yeentsuku, kodwa kuphela kwiintlobo ezinyamezela elo qondo letyuwa nakumaqondo obushushu achazwe sisikhokelo se-UF/IFAS se-Ich. I-methylene blue idwelisa i-Ichthyophthirius phakathi kweemeko zayo zosetyenziso ezizezinye, kodwa iimpawu zayo zizonke (ukonakalisa isihluzi sebhayoloji, nokujolisa kuluhlu oluncinane lwezifunxi-gazi) ziyenza ingabi lolona khetho lunamandla xa kuqhambuka i-Ich kwitanki yomboniso. Tshatisa ingxaki efunyanisiweyo nemveliso eyikhankanya njengosetyenziso oluphambili kwileyibhile.
Igazi elimdaka netyhefu ye-nitrite. I-methylene blue ichazwe kwileyibhile njengento enceda ukuguqula i-methemoglobin ibuyele kwi-hemoglobin ethwala ioksijini, ngoxa i-chloride evela kwityuwa ikhuphisana ne-nitrite ekungeneni ngeegill. Ezi ndlela ziyancedisana, kodwa akukho nanye esusa i-nitrite emanzini. Ityhefu ye-nitrite ifuna ingxoxo yayo eyahlukileyo, eyahlula ukuncedisa egazini nokulungiswa kwamanzi (ukutshintshwa kwamanzi, ukulungiswa kwesihluzi) okuphelisa ngokwenene ukuvezwa kuyo.
Amachokoza angaziwayo unobangela, ukuzikhuhla, okanye ukudakumba. Yima. Isikhokelo se-UF/IFAS solawulo lwempilo yeentlanzi sibeka ukuvavanywa kwamanzi (ioksijini enyibilikileyo, i-ammonia, i-nitrite, i-pH) ngaphambi kwamayeza, kuba amanzi akumgangatho ophantsi abonakala njengesifo sezifunxi-gazi. Idayi egalelwa xa ingxaki iyi-ammonia inyanga ixhala lomgcini, hayi intlanzi.
Kutheni i-malachite green ineengxaki ezinzima ngakumbi
Abagcini bee-aquarium ngamanye amaxesha bayabuza ukuba kutheni enye idayi isetyenziswa rhoqo kunyango lwamaqanda ngoxa enye ibangela ukuvavanywa kweentsalela kumazibuko. Impendulo yindlela umzimba oyiguqula ngayo. Iintlanzi ziguqula i-malachite green ibe yi-leucomalachite green, uhlobo olunyibilika kumafutha oluhlala kwizicubu ezityiwayo kangangeeveki ukuya kwiinyanga, kwaye izifundo ze-FDA zeentsalela zibhala ngobukho bayo obuqhubekayo kwi-trout nakwi-salmon. Loo ndlela yokuhlala kweentsalela sesona sizathu sokuba i-malachite green ingazange ivunyelwe kwiintlanzi zokutya nesokuba i-EU iyithintele kwizilwanyana ezivelisa ukutya.
Iinkcazelo zomhlaza kufuneka zichaneke. Amaxwebhu amadala ee-arhente athi i-malachite green isenokubangela umhlaza okanye kurhanelwa ukuba itshintsha imathiriyeli yemfuza; uvavanyo lwangoku lwe-IARC lubeka i-malachite green ngokwayo kwiQela 3 (ayinakuhlelwa) luze lubeke intsalela yayo, i-leucomalachite green, kwiQela 2B (isenokubangela umhlaza), ngokusekelwe kubungqina obuvela kwizilwanyana. Akukho nanye kwezi ndidi ethetha ukuba unyango lwe-Ich kwiintlanzi zokuhombisa luveza abantu kwinto ebangela umhlaza, kodwa zombini zichaza ukuba kutheni ukusetyenziswa kwiintlanzi zokutya kungavumelekanga, nokuba kutheni izilumkiso zokuphatha ezikwileyibhile kufuneka zihlonitshwe kunokuba zingahoywa.
Ngaba zinokudityaniswa?
Kulapho iingcebiso ezikumaqonga eengxoxo zidlula khona okuthethwa ziileyibhile. Ubungqina bohlulahlulwa bube ngamaqela amathathu.
Okokuqala, i-malachite green kunye netyuwa zinenkxaso yokwenene. Imiyalelo yetyuwa yeaquarium yakwaAPI icebisa ukusebenzisa ityuwa yayo kunye nonyango lwayo lwe-Ich, kwaye i-UF/IFAS iqaphela ukuba ityuwa idla ngokongezwa kwiinkqubo ezinyangwa nge-formalin ukuphucula impendulo kunyango. Oko kuxhasa le ndlela kwiimveliso ezihambelanayo, hayi kuyo yonke ibhotile eseshelufini. I-Ich-X yakwaHikari, umxube we-formalin ne-malachite green, ithatha icala elichaseneyo: imiyalelo ekwileyibhile yayo ithi mayingadityaniswa netyuwa okanye nolunye unyango. Ngoko ke ukuhambelana netyuwa kuxhomekeke kwimveliso ethile, akusoze kube ngumgaqo osebenza kuzo zonke.
Okwesibini, ukudibanisa i-methylene blue netyuwa akunayo ileyibhile okanye inkqubo yeyunivesithi ekuxhasayo kolu phononongo. Akukho myalelo wakwaKordon, okanye inkqubo ye-UF/IFAS okanye yakwaMerck ecebisa unyango lwe-methylene blue netyuwa ngaxeshanye. Ukungabikho kwenkqubo akubobungqina bokwenzakala, kodwa kuthetha ukuba nabani na odibanisa ezi zimbini uyazilingela ngaphandle kwenkqubo evavanyiweyo, kwaye akafanele abonise lo mxube njengendlela esele yamkelwe.
Okwesithathu, ezinye iileyibhile zikuthintela ngokucacileyo ukudibanisa unyango. UKordon uyalela abasebenzisi ukuba bangayidibanisi i-Rid-Ich Plus nalo naliphi na elinye iyeza. Eso sivakalisi sinye siphendula imibuzo emininzi ethi “ndingongeza na” ngokuphathelele loo mveliso: hayi.
Umgaqo obanzi ugubungela okuseleyo. Ingxaki enye, ileyibhile enye, umjikelo omnye wonyango. Iidayi zinciphisa umda wokhuseleko weoksijini enyibilikileyo (i-formalin ikwenza oko ngokucacileyo), ityuwa yongeza umthwalo ekulawulweni kwamanzi neetyuwa emzimbeni, kwaye iintlanzi ezigulayo sele ziphefumla nzima. Ukudibanisa unyango kwandisa uxinzelelo ngoxa kusenza kungakwazeki ukwazi ukuba yeyiphi into ebangele ukusabela okubi. Gqibezela okanye uwuyeke ngokusesikweni umjikelo omnye, ulungise amanzi phakathi kwamalinge, ngaphambi kokuqalisa omnye.
Inkqubo yokukhetha
Landela la manyathelo ngokulandelelana xa kurhanelwa nasiphi na isifo sangaphandle okanye ingxaki yamaqanda.
- Vavanya amanzi (ioksijini, i-ammonia, i-nitrite, i-pH) uze ulungise kuqala izixhobo ezingasebenziyo, ngokwesikhokelo sokwenza izigqibo zeaquarium.
- Chaza ingxaki ngokuchaneka kangangoko: ukungunda kwamaqanda, amachokoza amhlophe, igazi elimdaka emva kokunyuka ngequbuliso kwe-nitrite, okanye engaziwayo. Engaziwayo ithetha ukuba kufuneka kufunyaniswe unobangela ngaphambi kokusebenzisa iyeza, ngoncedo logqirha wezilwanyana zasemanzini okanye ingcali yempilo yeentlanzi xa imeko iqhubeka okanye iqatha.
- Khetha into enosetyenziso oluphambili oluchazwe kwileyibhile oluyikhankanyayo loo ngxaki, uze ufunde yonke into ekwibhotile: uxinaniso, izilumkiso ngeentlobo, iinkcazelo ngezilwanyana ezingenamqolo nezityalo, iinkcazelo ngezihluzi zebhayoloji, nokuthintelwa kokudibanisa.
- Nyanga kwindawo elindelwe yileyibhile. I-methylene blue kufuneka isetyenziswe kwitanki engenanto yonyango okanye yokuqandusela ekude nokuhluzwa ngebhayoloji; unyango lwe-Ich lufuna kususwe ikhabhoni, kuqinisekiswe ukungeniswa komoya, kwaye izigqibo zobushushu zenziwe kucingwa ngeoksijini.
- Bhala imveliso, uxinaniso, umthamo wamanzi olinganisiweyo, ixesha, noko ukubonileyo. Ukuba umjikelo wonyango awuphumeleli, loo ngxelo yinto efunwa yingcali, kwaye ikwayinto ethintela ilinge elilandelayo ekuphindeni impazamo efanayo ngedosi ephezulu.
Iibhotile ezintathu eziseshelufini azingomlinganiselo wamandla amathathu eyeza elinye. Ziimpendulo kwimibuzo eyahlukeneyo. Buza umbuzo ofanelekileyo kuqala, kwaye ukukhetha kudla ngokuba lula.