Chinyorwa
Sei methylene blue ichiita seyegirini, isina kujeka, kana inenge nhema?
Mushonga wemethylene blue wakanyungudutswa unogona kuita seunenge nhema nokuti chiedza chiduku zvikuru chinopfuura mauri. Kuva negirini kunogona kubva pamamiriro ekuutarisa kana kusiyana kwemisanganiswa. Kusajeka kunomutsa mumwe mubvunzo wakasiyana: chiedza chiri kuparadzirwa nechimwe chinhu chiri mumvura yacho here? Zvinoonekwa izvi hazviratidzi chikonzero zvoga, uye hapana pazviri chinoratidza kusava netsvina, kuchengeteka, kana nguva yasara chigadzirwa chichigona kuchengetwa.
Tanga nemashoko ari pachiratidzo chechigadzirwa chacho chaicho. Dhayi inoshandiswa murabhoritari, mushonga wakanyungudutswa mumvura unotengeswa muzvitoro, uye mushonga wejekiseni unopiwa netsamba yachiremba zvinogona kuva nedhayi ine zita rimwe chete asi zviine misanganiswa, zvinodiwa pamhando, uye mashandisirwo akasiyana. Mubvunzo unobatsira ndewokuti zviri mubhodhoro iri zvinoenderana here nemaonekero nemitemo yekuchengetwa zvakanyorwa zvechigadzirwa chacho.
Sei ruvara rwebhuruu ruchigona kuita serunenge nhema
Chinhambwe chinofambwa nechiedza chichipfuura mumvura ndicho urefu hwenzira yechiedza. Kutarisa nepakati pebhodhoro pakafara kunoita kuti chiedza chifambe nzira yakareba kupfuura kana uchitarisa nepamupendero pakatetepa. Chiedza chakawanda chinogona kutorwa munzira iyoyo yakareba, zvichiita kuti pakati paonekwe pakasviba zvikuru kunyange zvazvo musanganiswa wemvura wakafanana kwese.
Kuwanda kwedhayi mumvura kunokoshawo. Mumamiriro akakodzera ekuyera, ukama hweBeer–Lambert hunobatanidza kutorwa kwechiedza nekuwanda kwedhayi uye urefu hwenzira yechiedza. Ongororo yemethylene blue yakanyungudutswa mumvura pachishandiswa mwenje inotsanangura ukama ihwohwo ichifungawo nezvemhando dzakasiyana dzemamorekuru dzinotora chiedza. Saka kuona kusviba kwakanyanya hakugoni kukuudza kana paine dhayi yakawanda, mvura yakawanda munzira yechiedza, kana zvose zviri zviviri.
Pane chimwe chinoomesa nyaya yacho: mamorekuru emethylene blue yakanyungudutswa anogona kubatana ari maviri kana kuita mapoka makuru. Uku kubatana kwemamorekuru, kwete kuti zvinenge zvava zvimedu zvinooneka. Ongororo ya2020 yekubatana kwemamorekuru mumvura yakaongorora kutorwa kwechiedza pakuwanda kwakasiyana kwedhayi, kuwanda kwakasiyana kwemunyu, uye tembiricha dzakasiyana. Mapoka aya aiva nemaitiro akasiyana ekutora chiedza, zvichiita kuti ruvara rusavimbike sechiyero chekuwanda kwedhayi. Tsananguro yedu yekutorwa kwechiedza kunoenderana nekuwanda kwedhayi inotsanangura musiyano iwoyo zvakadzama.
Kusviba uye kujeka zvinhu zvakasiyana. Mvura inogona kuva neruvara rwakasimba isina kusajeka. Somuenzaniso, chiratidzo chemushonga wejekiseni weHikma unopiwa netsamba yachiremba chinotsanangura musanganiswa wayo chaiwo we5 mg/mL sewakajeka uye webhuruu rakasviba. Tsananguro iyoyo hairatidzi mamiriro kana kukodzera kwechimwe chigadzirwa.
Sei mushonga wakanyungudutswa uchigona kuita sewakasvibira
Zvaunoona zvinosanganisira panobva chiedza, mvura, mudziyo, zviri kumashure, uye kona yaunotarisira nayo. Tsananguro yeNIST pamusoro peruvara nemaonekero inotsanangura kuti nei chiedza nemamiriro ekuona zvichikosha pakuyera ruvara. Bhodhoro rine ruvara kana zviri kumashure zvakaita yero zvinogona kuchinja ruvara runooneka. Mufananidzo unowedzera chimwe chinhu chinoda kududzirwa pane kupa chiyero chemakemikari.
Girini inoshanduka kana zviri kumashure kana chiedza zvachinja inoenderana nekuti mamiriro echiedza anogona kunge achikonzera zvimwe zvaunoona. Izvozvo hazviratidzi kuti musanganiswa wakarurama. Musiyano unoramba uripo kubva pane zvakatarwa nemugadziri unoda imwe ongororo: runyorwa rwezvinoumba chigadzirwa, kuwanda kwedhayi, zvinonyungudutsa zvinoshandiswa, zvinyorwa zveboka rakagadzirwa pamwe chete, uye chero mhedzisiro yekuongorora yakakodzera.
Usakurumidza kupedza nyaya uchiti “girini inoreva kuti yaita oxidation” kana kuti “girini inoreva kuti yasvibiswa.” Hapana pazviri chinoratidza chakaitika. Chigadzirwa chinogona kuva nezvimwe zvinoumba zvine ruvara; dhayi yemurabhoritari inogona kunge iri musanganiswa nemaune. Kuchinja kwemakemikari kunogonawo kukanganisa kutorwa kwechiedza, asi kudoma rudzi rwemakemikari rwuripo kunoda humbowo hunopfuura ruvara. Maitiro ekutorwa kwemavara echiedza uye mamiriro ekuyera zvinotsanangura zvinowedzerwa nechiyero chinoitwa mumamiriro anodzorwa.
Kusajeka chinhu chinofanira kucherechedzwa choga
Kusajeka, kuita semhute, zvinhu zvinoyangarara, uye marara akagadzika pasi zvinofanira kunyorwa zvakasiyana neruvara. Tsananguro yeUSGS yekuyera kusajeka kwemvura inotsanangura kuparadzirwa kwechiedza nezvinokanganisa kuyerwa kwacho, zvinosanganisira mafuro uye zvinoumba zvine ruvara. Iyi ipfungwa ine chokuita nechiedza, kwete ongororo yekuchengeteka kwemethylene blue iri mubhodhoro.
Zvingatsanangura kuita semhute zvinosanganisira tumedu turi mumvura, kuumbwa kwezvinhu zvisisanyunguduki, kana mafuro. Musanganiswa uye nhoroondo yemabatirwo zvinotara kuti ndezvipi zvingakonzeresa izvi zvinofanira kuongororwa. Kuti “kungowanda kwayo chete” hakukwani kutsanangura zvinhu zvitsva zvinooneka. Saizvozvowo, kusajeka hakuratidzi rudzi rweutachiona kana kukuudza kuti chimedu chine chii.
Kana paine kusajeka, marara akagadzika pasi, kana tumedu zvisingatarisirwi, isa bhodhoro parutivi uye bvunza mugadziri mirayiridzo yakanangana nechigadzirwa chacho usati wachishandisa. Usasefa, kupisa, kuwedzera mvura, kana kuwedzera makemikari kuti chitaridzike sechakanaka. Kuchinja zviri mukati kunogona kuvanza zvakanga zvaonekwa pakutanga uye kunoita kuti kuongorora kuome.
Tafura yekuongorora matambudziko emaonekero
Verenga mutsara mumwe nomumwe kubva pane zvinoonekwa kusvika pahumbowo hunodiwa. Idzi inzira dzekuongorora, kwete mamakisi ekuti chigadzirwa chapasa kana chakundikana.
| Maonekero anoonekwa | Tsananguro ingangodaro inoda kuongororwa | Zvisingagoni kuratidzwa nemaonekero | Humwe humbowo hunobatsira |
|---|---|---|---|
| Pakati pakasviba zvikuru asi mupendero uchinyatsooneka uri webhuruu | Nzira refu inofambwa nechiedza nepakati; kuwanda kwedhayi kunokanganisawo kutorwa kwechiedza | Simba chairo kana kusava netsvina | Kuwanda kwakanyorwa pachiratidzo uye ongororo yakakodzera ine nzira yakasimbiswa |
| Girini inosiyana nechiedza kana zviri kumashure | Chiedza, mudziyo une ruvara, uye mamiriro ekutarisa | Kuzivikanwa kwemakemikari kana mhando inogamuchirika | Maonekero akatarwa nemugadziri uye mifananidzo yakatorwa mumamiriro akafanana |
| Musiyano weruvara unoramba uripo uchienzaniswa nemaonekero akataurwa | Musiyano wemusanganiswa kana kuchinja kwemakemikari | Chinoumba chigadzirwa kana chiitiko chemakemikari chakazvikonzera | Runyorwa rwezvinoumba chigadzirwa, zvinyorwa zveboka rakagadzirwa pamwe chete, uye ongororo yakakodzera |
| Kuita semhute, zvinhu zvinoyangarara, kana marara akagadzika pasi | Mafuro, tumedu turi mumvura, kana kuumbwa kwezvinhu zvisisanyunguduki, zvichienderana nemusanganiswa | Kuzivikanwa kwetumedu kana mamiriro ane chokuita neutachiona | Kuongorora kwemugadziri; ongororo yetumedu kana yeutachiona pazvinenge zvakakodzera |
| Kuderera kweruvara kana kumwe kuchinja panguva yekuchengetwa | Kuchinjana kwemaerekitironi kana kuparara kwemakemikari pakati pezvingangove zvikonzero | Simba rechigadzirwa, kuwedzerwa kwenguva chisati chapera, kana kudzorerwa kwacho kwakabudirira | Nhoroondo yekuchengetwa uye humbowo hwekugadzikana hwakanangana nechigadzirwa chacho |
Dhawunirodha tafura yekuongorora matambudziko kuti unyore zvaunoona pamwe chete nenhamba yeboka rakagadzirwa pamwe chete iri pabhodhoro.
Zvinogona kutsanangurwa nekuchinja kwe redox
Methylene blue inogona kugamuchira maerekitironi yochinja kuva leucomethylene blue, ine ruvara rushoma zvikuru runooneka. Mumamiriro anodzorwa, okisijeni inogona kudzosa chimiro chebhuruu chakarasikirwa nemaerekitironi, sezvinoratidzwa neratidziro yeYunivhesiti yeWuppertal inoshandisa chiedza kuita shanduko yemakemikari ine chokuita nemaerekitironi.
Makemikari aripo akapoteredza anokosha. Mutsvakurudzo yaYe nevamwe ya2024 yechinoratidza okisijeni, dhayi yakanga yagamuchira maerekitironi yakaiswa mujeri rine mvura rakagadzirwa zvine chinangwa. Ihwohwo humbowo hwemudziyo wakagadzirirwa kuona okisijeni, kwete mwero wekuenzanisa nawo bhodhoro remuchitoro rine maonekero asina kutsanangurwa.
Saka kuderera kweruvara hakurevi kuti dhayi yose yanyangarika. Kudzokera kubhuruu hakuratidzewo kuti zvinhu zvakabva pakuparara kwemakemikari, tsvina, kana matambudziko eutachiona zvabviswa. Gwaro reruvara nekuongorora kusava netsvina rinotsanangura kuti nei chiitiko chemakemikari chinogona kudzokera kumashure chisingagoni kutsiva ongororo yakazara yemhando.
Zvekutumira kumugadziri
Chengeta mudziyo wepakutanga nezviri mukati zvichiri kuwanikwa kuti zviongororwe. Ipa zvinhu zvina:
- Zita rechigadzirwa, kuwanda kwacho, nhamba yeboka rakagadzirwa pamwe chete, uye musi wekupedzisira kushandiswa sezvakadhindwa.
- Mifananidzo inoratidza mudziyo wose uye maonekero ari kukunetsa muchiedza chakajairika, chakafanana pamifananidzo yacho.
- Nguva yakatanga kuoneka musiyano, kusanganisira kana waivapo bhodhoro risati ravhurwa.
- Nhoroondo yekuchengetwa uye kutakurwa, kusanganisira kutonhora kusvika pakuita chando, kupisa, kuvhenekerwa nechiedza, kana zvakawedzerwa mubhodhoro zvinozivikanwa.
Bvunza kana zvaunoona zvichienderana nezvakatarwa zvemusanganiswa iwoyo chaiwo neboka iroro rakagadzirwa pamwe chete, uye kuti ndehupi humbowo hunotsigira mhinduro. Chitupa chekuti chigadzirwa chabvumidzwa kuburitswa chinogona kuratidza mhedzisiro panguva yekuongororwa; kuongorora bhodhoro pashure pechiitiko chisina kujairika pakuchengetwa kungada humwe humbowo hwekugadzikana kwacho.
Tevedzera mirayiridzo yekuchengetwa yechigadzirwa chacho. Muenzaniso wemushonga wejekiseni uri pamusoro unoti udzivirirwe pachiedza uye unorambidza kuiswa mufiriji kana kuitwa chando; mirayiridzo iyoyo haifaniri kungoiswa padhayi dzose kana mishonga yose yakanyungudutswa. Nhungamiro yekuchengetwa nenguva chigadzirwa chinogona kuchengetwa inotsanangura kuverenga mashoko ari pachiratidzo chakakodzera. Ruvara rwebhuruu rusina kuchinja haruwedzeri musi wekupedzisira kushandiswa, uye ruvara rwachinja harugoni kutara mumwe musi mutsva wekupedzisira kushandiswa.