Sei kutorwa kwechiedza nemethylene blue kuchichinja nekuwanda kwayo

Tora bhodhoro rimwe remunyunguduko wekutanga wemethylene blue wodira mumagirazi maviri. Zadza rekutanga nemunyunguduko wekutanga, uye rechipiri nemunyunguduko wawaderedza kuwanda kwedhayi mauri neka gumi. Girazi rechipiri rine ruvara rwakareruka, sezvaitarisirwa. Nyatsotarisa uone kuti pane chimwezve chachinja. Rudzi rwebhuruu rwachinja. Mumwe munyunguduko une bhuruu rakajeka rakaita seredenga, mumwe une bhuruu rine kamumvuri kepepuru. Kuderedza kuwanda kwedhayi hakuna kungoderedza kusimba kweruvara. Kwachinja kuti ndeupi rudzi rwechimiro chemakemikari unotora chiedza chakawanda.

Pfungwa iri shure kwekuchinja uku iri nyore. Methylene blue yakanyungudutswa haisi muchimiro chimwe chete. Cation yedhayi iri yoga, inonzi monomer, inogona kurongedzana nechiso chayo chakatarisana nechiso cheimwe cation kuti dziumbe dimer, uye madimer anogona kuungana kuita mapoka makuru. Chimiro chimwe nechimwe chine spectrum yacho yekutorwa kwechiedza. Zvinoratidzwa nespectrophotometer ihuwandu hunobva pazvimiro zvose zviri mumusanganiswa uri mucuvette iyoyo, pasi pemamiriro iwayo. Chinja musanganiswa uye spectrum inochinja, kunyange kana huwandu hwose hwedhayi huchiderera zvichitevera reshiyo yakatwasuka yekuwedzera mvura.

Monomer nedimer zvinotora chiedza zvakasiyana

Fungidzira monomer sekadhi rakati sandara rine chaji yakanaka yakapararira pahurongwa hwemarin'i aro. Makadhi maviri akadaro anogona kurara akatarisana. Chaji dzakanaka dzinosundana, asi nzvimbo dzakati sandara dzemarin'i earomatic dzinokwezvana kuburikidza nekudyidzana kunobva pakurongedzana, uye mvura nemaayoni ane chaji yakapesana akapoteredza zvinoderedza kusundana ikoko. Mugumisiro wacho ipeya yakabatana ine mamiriro emagetsi akagovaniswa. Shanduko dzayo dzinobvumirwa dziri pasimba rakakwirira kupfuura shanduko yemonomer, saka bhendi redimer rinoonekwa paurefu hwemasaisai hupfupi kupfuura bhendi remonomer, uye mapoka makuru anowedzera kubatsira kudivi rebhuruu sechitsama chidiki parutivi rwebhendi.

Kana dhayi iri shoma zvikuru mumvura yakachena, mamonomer ndiwo akawanda uye bhendi rine masaisai marefu ndiro rinonyanya kuoneka. Sezvo huwandu hwose hwedhayi hunokwira, chimiro chepeya chinotora chikamu chinowedzera, uye bhendi rine masaisai mapfupi rinokura zvichienzaniswa nerekutanga. Saka reshiyo yemabhendi maviri inoratidza kuti musanganiswa wakaumbwa nei, kwete huwandu hwose hwedhayi zvakananga. Kuyera paurefu humwe chete hwemasaisai hakugoni kupatsanura zvimiro zviviri izvi pasina kufungidzira kuti ndechipi chiripo.

Ndicho chikonzero maspectrum anoshandiswa kuenzanisa achifanira kugara achipiwa pamwe nemamiriro awo. Gwaro rekuenzanisa remaspectrum emethylene blue rinopa nzvimbo dzemabhendi mutafura pamwe nechinonyungudutsa, munyu uripo, pH, tembiricha, uye mwero wekuwanda kwedhayi zvakaita kuti aonekwe. Kana ukataura nzvimbo yepamusoro yebhendi pasina mamiriro iwayo, nhamba yacho haina kutsanangurwa zvakakwana. Marabhoritari maviri anogona ose kuva akarurama pamusoro pemaspectrum akasiyana edhayi imwe chete nokuti akayera misanganiswa yakasiyana.

Chii chinochinja kuenzana kwezvimiro

Kuwanda kwedhayi ndiko kunonyanya kukanganisa. Kuumbwa kwedimer kunoda kuti mamonomer maviri asangane, saka chikamu chayo chinokura nokukurumidza kupfuura kukura kwakatwasuka kwehuwandu hwose hwedhayi. Makonstanti akataurwa ekuumbwa kwedimer mumvura ari muzviuru pa molar pedyo netembiricha yemumba, saka chikamu chedimer chinokwira zvikuru mumwero we micromolar. Kuenzanisa modhi nedata rose rakafukidza dhayi kubva pa micromolar kusvika pa millimolar kwakaratidza kuti tetramer yaitobatsira pamwero uri pasi pe 34 micromolar. Izvi zvinoyambira kuti usanyanya kuvimba nemodhi inobvumira zvimiro zviviri chete kana kuwanda kuri pamakumi e micromolar. Zvikamu zvacho chaizvo zvinoenderana nemunyunguduko wakashandiswa, ndokusaka chinyorwa chino chichipa mafambiro ekuchinja pane tafura yekushandura inoshanda kwose.

Munyu ndiwo wechipiri unokanganisa. Maayoni akanyungudutswa anoderedza kusundana kwemacation maviri, saka kuwedzera sodium chloride nemamwe maelectrolyte akafanana kunosundira musanganiswa kumadimer nemapoka akakura kunyange huwandu hwedhayi husina kuchinja. Izvi zvinoonekwa muzvidzidzo zvekuungana kwemamorekuru emethylene blue mumvura ine munyu nemumvura, umo dhayi yaibva panenge 1 micromolar kusvika pa 3.4 millimolar yakayerwa pa sodium chloride yaibva pa 0 kusvika pa 0.15 molar. Mumodhi iyoyo, chikamu chetetramer chakasvika panenge 0.93 apo dhayi nemunyu zvakanga zvakawanda. Saka spectrum yakatorwa mumvura neyakatorwa mumvura ine munyu wakaenzana newemumuviri hazvisi zviyero zvinogona kutsivana.

Tembiricha inosundira kune rimwe divi. Kurongedzana kunosunungura mvura yakanga yakabatana, uye kunopikiswa nekufamba kunokonzerwa nekupisa. Saka kudziyisa munyunguduko kunowanzopatsanura mamwe madimer achidzokera kumamonomer, nepo kutonhodza kuchitsigira kubatana. Enthalpy yekupatsanuka yakawanikwa pakuenzanisa modhi nedata iri pasi pezero, inenge minus 30 kilojoules per mole pakati pe 282 ne 333 kelvin, izvo zvinosimbisa kuti kubatana kunobudisa kupisa. Sampuli inotonhora yakayerwa ichangobva mufiriji inogona kuoneka ine mapoka akawanda kupfuura sampuli iyoyo kana yayerwa yambosvika patembiricha yemumba.

Chinonyungudutsa ndicho chinotara mamiriro ekutanga. Mvura, ine simba guru rekuita kuti zvikamu zvisingafariri mvura zviungane, inokurudzira macation edhayi akati sandara kuti arongedzane. Zvinonyungudutsa zvemhando yealcohol zvakaita seethanol nemethanol zvinopoteredza marin'i zviri nani uye zvinoputsa mapoka, saka huwandu humwe chete hwedhayi hunoratidza mamonomer akawanda muethanol kupfuura mumvura. Zvinonyungudutsa zvinowedzerwa zverudzi rweaprotic zvinoita zvakafanana: mumisanganiswa yemvura neDMSO pa 293 kelvin, DMSO yakawedzerwa yakaderedza kuumbwa kwedimer, zvichiratidza kuti maumbirwo emvura ndiwo anokurudzira kurongedzana. Zvinhu zvinoderedza kukakavadzana kwepamusoro pemvura, zvinonzi masurfactant, zvinoda kungwarirwa kumativi ose. Kana kuwanda kwazvo kwapfuura mwero unotanga kuumba mamicelle, mamicelle anogona kuchengetedza mamonomer akanyungudutswa ari rimwe nerimwe uye kudzosa spectrum yakaita seyemonomer. Pasi pemwero iwoyo, surfactant ine chaji yakapesana inogona kutokurudzira kurongedzana: pa 100 micromolar yedhayi, kuumbwa kwemapolymer kwakakonzerwa neSDS kwakasvika pamusoro panenge 4 millimolar yeSDS, panenge pahafu yemwero wekuumbwa kwemamicelle, zvisati zvaparadzaniswazve pakuwanda kwakakwirira kwesurfactant. Basa pamusoro pezvinokonzerwa nekudyidzana kwedhayi nechinonyungudutsa uye nemamiriro akarongwa pamaspectrum emethylene blue rinoratidza kuti mamorekuru ari pedyo chaipo nedhayi, kwete kuwanda kwayo mumunyunguduko wose chete, ndiwo anonyanya kutara mabhendi anoonekwa.

pH inonyanya kukosha pamiganhu yakanyanya. Mumwero uri pedyo nepakati unoshandiswa mumabasa mazhinji emurabhoritari, methylene blue inoramba iri muchimiro chayo chinozivikanwa chebhuruu chine chaji yakanaka, uye kuungana kwemamorekuru ndiko kunonyanya kutsanangura spectrum. Asidhi yakasimba kana base yakasimba, makemikari eredox anobudisa chimiro cheleuco chisina ruvara, kana kubatana nemapuroteni netuzvidimbu, chimwe nechimwe chinowedzera mamiriro asiri emonomer nedimer chete. Kana spectrum ikachinja mushure mekuwedzera buffer, tarisa kuti buffer ine munyu here nezvinhu zvinogona kusunga dhayi usati wati zvose zvakonzerwa nepH chete. Gwaro rekuenzanisa remakemikari nekuwedzerwa kwemaproton rinochengeta mibvunzo iyi yekuziva chimiro yakaparadzana nemubvunzo wekuungana kwemamorekuru uri kukurukurwa pano.

Sei mutsetse wakatwasuka weBeer-Lambert uchikombama

Ukama hweBeer-Lambert hunoti chiyero chekutorwa kwechiedza chakaenzana nekugona kutora chiedza kwakapetwa nekuwanda kwechinhu mumunyunguduko uye nekureba kwenzira yechiedza. Mutemo wekuverenga huwandu. Unofungidzira kuti zvinhu zviri kuverengwa zvinoramba zvakafanana apo huwandu hwazvo hunochinja: chimiro chimwe chete chinotora chiedza, spectrum isingachinji, hapana kuchinja kwemakemikari kunokonzerwa nekuwanda, chiedza chekuyera chine urefu humwe chete hwemasaisai, hapana kupararira kana kubudiswazve kwechiedza, uye chiedza chinonyatsopfuura munzira ine kureba kwakataurwa.

Kuungana kwemamorekuru kunotyora fungidziro yekutanga. Pakuverenga zviri pamutemo, chiyero chose chekutorwa kwechiedza chinoramba chiri huwandu hunobva pazvimiro zvose: kureba kwenzira yechiedza kwakapetwa nekugona kutora chiedza kwechimiro chimwe nechimwe uye nekuwanda kwechimiro ichocho. Chimiro chimwe nechimwe chinotevedzera mutemo. Musanganiswa hauutevedzeri, nokuti kuwanda kwezvimiro hakuchinji zvakatwasuka nehuwandu hwose hwedhayi. Naizvozvo, munhanho wekuenzanisa kurongwa kwechiyero chekutorwa kwechiedza pabhendi remonomer zvichienderana nehuwandu hwose hwedhayi, mutsetse unotanga wakatwasuka kana dhayi iri shoma, wozokombamira pasi sezvo kuwanda kunokwira, nokuti kuwedzera kwega kwega kunounza monomer shoma maererano nechikamu chayo. Mutsetse unoverengwa pabhendi redimer unokombamira kune rimwe divi. Zvidzidzo zvekuungana kwemamorekuru zvinonongedza nzira iyi chaiyo sechikonzero chekutsauka kweLambert-Beer kunoonekwa. Kumanikidza mutsetse wakatwasuka kuti upfuure munzvimbo yakakombama, wozouwedzera kunze kwedata, ndiko kukanganisa kunowanzoitwa. Mutsetse wacho unoshanda chete mukati memwero uye mumusanganiswa wawakagadzirirwa.

Kuwedzera mvura kuti dhayi ive shoma kunounza musungo wakafanana. Kuderedza kuwanda kwedhayi mumunyunguduko wekutanga wakakora kuti isvike mumwero unoyereka nemudziyo hakuchengetedzi reshiyo yezvimiro. Munyunguduko waderedzwa uri mucuvette unodzokera pakuenzana kutsva kunofarira monomer, saka spectrum yawo inotsanangura sampuli yakaderedzwa nemazvo asi inotsanangura munyunguduko wekutanga zvisizvo. Kuverenga spectrum yemunyunguduko wekutanga uchipeta zviyero zvekutorwa kwechiedza uchikwidza kunongodzosa fungidziro yehuwandu hwose kana kuenzanisa kwacho kwakatofunga nezvekuchinja uku. Hakumbodzosi maumbirwo ebhendi epakutanga. Munhu wose anoenzanisa spectrum yemunyunguduko wakakora nereferensi ine dhayi shoma ari kuenzanisa misanganiswa miviri yakasiyana.

Kureba kwenzira yechiedza chikamu chemugumisiro

Chiyero chekutorwa kwechiedza chinokwira zvichienderana nechinhambwe chinofambwa nechiedza musampuli. Cuvette ye 10 mm inopa chiyero chekutorwa kwechiedza chakapetwa kagumi pane checuvette ye 1 mm ine munyunguduko mumwe chete. Kupetwa uku kwakanyatsorurama chete kana munyunguduko uri mumwe chete, uye kuungana kwemamorekuru kunoita kuti chisungo ichi chikoshese.

Mukushanda, kureba kwenzira yechiedza chishandiso chekugara mukati memwero unoshanda. Nzira refu inoita kuti zvikwanisike kuona kunyange shanduko diki muminyunguduko ine dhayi shoma, ine mamonomer mazhinji. Nzira pfupi inochengeta sampuli yakakora mukati memwero wemudziyo pasina kuwedzera mvura yakawanda kwaizochinja kuenzana kwezvimiro. Chirongwa chekudzidza kuungana kwemamorekuru chakabudisa nhamba dziri pamusoro chakaita izvi chaizvo: masero e 1 centimeter padhayi ye 1.1 kusvika pa 34 micromolar, uye masero e 0.01 centimeter pa 94 micromolar kusvika pa 3.4 millimolar. Zvitsigiro zvekuyera zviyero zvidiki zvikuru zvemvura nemidziyo inoverenga maplate zvinowedzera maumbirwo azvo enzira yechiedza, ane nzira pfupi uye dzimwe nguva dzinochinja, pamwe nenzvimbo dzinogona kunamatirwa nedhayi ine chaji yakanaka. Taura kureba kwenzira pamwe nenhamba yacho, sezvinongoita gwaro rekuenzanisa remaspectrum parinotaura chinonyungudutsa nemunyu. Chiyero chekutorwa kwechiedza chisina kureba kwenzira hachisi mugumisiro. Ingori runyerekupe.

Kurongeka pakuyera kunotevera nzira iyi yekushanda. Ita kuti masampuli asvike patembiricha imwe chete usati waverenga. Shandisa macuvette erudzi rumwe chete uye akatarisa nenzira imwe chete, masampuli ekuenzanisa asina dhayi ane munyu nebuffer zvakafanana, uye midziyo yegirazi yakachena, nokuti methylene blue inonamatira pagirazi nepurasitiki uye cuvette ine mavara inosara nechiratidzo chesampuli yekupedzisira yakakora. Verenga nokukurumidza mushure mekugadzirira kana kumhanya kwekuungana kwemamorekuru kuchikosha, uye gadzira mutsetse mumwe nechimwe wekuenzanisa mumusanganiswa mumwe chete uye pakureba kumwe chete kwenzira yechiedza semasampuli asingazivikanwi huwandu hwawo. Pakutarisa neziso, yeuka kuti ziso harisi spectrometer yakanaka. Mubvunzo wokuti ruvara rwemunyunguduko runogona kuratidza kuchena kwawo here wakaparadzana uye mhinduro yawo ndeyekuti kwete; kuchinja kwerudzi rweruvara kunobva pakuungana kwemamorekuru chimwe chezvikonzero.

Dhayagiramu yekuchengeta pedyo nemudziyo

Mufananidzo uri pasi apa unopfupisa chinyorwa ichi kuita gwaro rimwe rekuenzanisa pabhenji. Minyunguduko mitatu ine dhayi imwe chete asi inosiyana pahuwandu hwose hwedhayi nemunyu uripo. Maspectrum ayo akadhirowewa anoratidza bhendi remonomer rine masaisai marefu richirasikirwa nechikamu charo richipa bhendi redimer rine masaisai mapfupi sezvo kurongedzana kuchiwedzera. Mamiriro akanyorwa pamufananidzo nokuti pasina iwo, mitsetse yacho haigoni kushandiswazve. Kuti uwane nzvimbo dzemabhendi dzakayerwa pasi pemamiriro akataurwa, shandisa gwaro rekuenzanisa remaspectrum. Kuti uone kuti dhayi inopinda sei mumasero kana yatove mumunyunguduko, ona kupinda mumasero kuburikidza nekuderedzwa kwemakemikari nekugoverana pakati penzvimbo dzakasiyana. Kuti uone kuti huwandu hwechiedza chinopiwa nemaumbirwo enzira yacho zvinowedzera sei kukanganisa zviyero zvekuchinja kwemakemikari kunokonzerwa nechiedza, ona kuiswa muchiedza nemaumbirwo enzira yekuyera.

Mutemo wekuyeuka une zvikamu zviviri. Spectrum inoratidza musanganiswa uri mucuvette pasi pemamiriro akataurwa. Kuenzanisa kwakagadzirwa pasi pemamiriro mamwe chete iwayo ndiko chete kunoshandura chiyero chekutorwa kwechiedza kuita huwandu hwose hwedhayi mumunyunguduko.