Methylene blue neleucomethylene blue: vaviri veredox, mavara maviri

Mudzidzi anowedzera madonhwe mashoma edhayi yebhuruu mufurasiki, oitenderedza, otarisa ruvara ruchinyangarika. Anozunza furasiki uye bhuruu inodzoka. Hapana chakawedzerwa kana kubviswa pakati pemamiriro acho maviri kunze kwemaerekitironi nekusangana nemhepo. Furasiki iyoyo ine nyaya yose yechinyorwa chino: methylene blue nemumwe wayo akaderedzwa, leucomethylene blue, vachishandurana vari vaviri veredox vanogona kudzokera kumamiriro avo ekutanga, ruvara ruchiratidza zviri kuitika.

Chinokosha pakushandisa izvi chinotanga. Kuchinja kweruvara hakusi kungoitika padivi pano. Ndicho chiratidzo chinoshandiswa pakuongorora. Ani naani anogadzira misanganiswa nemethylene blue, anoishandisa patitration, kana anoishandisa pakudzidzisa anofanira kukwanisa kunyora half-reaction yacho nemusoro, kutaura mamiriro anoisundira kuruboshwe kana kurudyi, uye kudoma tsvina dzinovhiringidza mhedzisiro.

Vaviri vacho muequation imwe

Methylene blue yakaitwa okisidheshoni ndiyo methylthioninium cation: chimiro chephenothiazinium chakati sandara chine sulfur nenitrogen muringi yepakati uye boka redimethylamino kumugumo mumwe nemumwe, chinopiwa chiri munyu wechloride. PubChem inoinyora semethylthioninium chloride, C.I. Basic Blue 9. Mumvura monomer inonyudza chiedza pedyo ne664 nm, izvo zvinopa bhuruu inoonekwa neziso.

Leucomethylene blue (LMB) yakaderedzwa ine hwaro hwechimiro humwe chete, asi nitrogen yeringi yepakati yakawedzerwa purotoni uye chromophore yacho yakavhiringidzwa. Haina chaji papH iri pedyo nepakati uye inenge isina ruvara, ichinyudza chiedza chinooneka zvishoma zvisingakoshi uye iine bhendi rakasimba reultraviolet pedyo ne258 nm (zvakanyorwa muPubChem nezveleucomethylene blue, CAS 613-11-6). Kuwanda kwemapurotoni muhalf-reaction kunoenderana nepH, nokuti mhando yakaderedzwa inowedzerwa mapurotoni muasidhi (hunhu hwepKa hunofungidzirwa huri pedyo ne4.5 ne5.8). Mamiriro matatu anobata huwandu hunowanzoshandiswa:

MB(+) + 2 e(-) + H(+) <=> LMB, bhuruu <=> pasina ruvara (pH iri pedyo nepakati, 1 purotoni)

MB(+) + 2 e(-) + 2 H(+) <=> LMBH(+), bhuruu <=> pasina ruvara (asidhi iri pakati nepakati, 2 mapurotoni)

MB(+) + 2 e(-) + 3 H(+) <=> mhando yeleuco yakawedzerwa mapurotoni maviri (asidhi yakasimba, 3 mapurotoni)

Nzira nhatu idzi dzekunyora dzinotsanangura vaviri vamwe chete mumamiriro akasiyana ekuwedzerwa mapurotoni, pfungwa inotsanangurwa zvine hurongwa mumabhuku ekuita kweredox kwedhayi dzethiazine. Kutsamira papH kunotevera equation yaNernst yeOx + mH(+) + 2e(-) <=> Red, ichipa materu anenge 29.6, 59.2, kana 88.7 mV pachikamu chimwe chepH kana m = 1, 2, kana 3. Materu akayerwa ari pedyo ne28, 58, ne87 mV pachikamu chimwe chepH anosimbisa kupatsanurwa uku, saka potenshiyari inotaurwa pasina pH yayo haina zvainoreva.

Zvinoudzwa mugadziri wemisanganiswa neequation

Zvinhu zvitatu zvinobuda mustoichiometry. Chekutanga, maerekitironi maviri pamorekuru zvinoreva kuti methylene blue chiratidziro uye muyananisi wemaerekitironi maviri, kwete mutakuri weerekitironi rimwe chete, pakuita kwayo kwese kwakabatanidzwa. Chechipiri, mapurotoni anopindawo, saka potenshiyari yeredox yakatarwa inochinja nepH sezvatsanangurwa pamusoro. Chechitatu, potenshiyari yakatarwa papH 7 iri pedyo ne+0.011 V ichienzaniswa neelectrode yehydrogen yakajairwa (inenge +0.53 V papH 0), izvo zvinoisa vaviri ava pakati pezvinhu zvinoita okisidheshoni zvine simba rakapfava: zvakasimba zvakakwana kutora maerekitironi kubva kuvapi vakanaka vakadai seNAD(P)H kana ascorbate, asi zvisina kunyanya kusimba zvekuti zvinogona kuapa kuokisijeni yakanyunguduka kana kunzvimbo dzine iron yeferric. Nzvimbo iyoyo yepakati ndiyo inoita kuti dhayi irambe ichitenderera pane kuramba iri kudivi rimwe chete.

Kusangana kunowedzera imwe nyaya. Mumvura, kana kwapfuura anenge zana remamicromolar, zvinoenderana neconstanti yakataurwa yekuparadzana kwemonomer nedimer iri pedyo ne170 kusvika ku250 uM papH 7, cation yakaitwa okisidheshoni inoturikidzana kuita madimer nemapoka akakura, iine bhendi rekunyudza chiedza rakachinjira pedyo ne610 kusvika ku615 nm. Saka spectrum inoita seisina peak payaitarisirwa inogona kureva kuungana, kwete tsvina. Tanga wanyungudutsa kuti kusangana kuderere, wozotonga.

Mamiriro anotungamirira divi rimwe nerimwe

Tafura iri pasi apa ndeyekutarisa pabhenji remurabhoritari. Kuderedzwa kunoda mupi wemaerekitironi; kuitwazve okisidheshoni kunoda mugamuchiri wemaerekitironi, uye mhepo inowanzokwana.

Chese chakanyorwa chinotevera equation imwe chete. Simba rinosundira kuita ndirwo chete runochinja. Ndizvo zvinorehwa nekuti vaviri ava vanogona kudzokera kumamiriro ekutanga: nzira yacho yakafanana, ichifambwa kumativi akapesana mumamiriro akapesana.

Kutsanangurwa kwebhodhoro rebhuruu

Muenzaniso uyu unofanirwa kutsanangurwa mashandiro awo zvakajeka nokuti unoratidza vaviri ava pamwero mudiki. Mumushonga weglucose wealkaline, base inokurudzira kushanduka kweglucose kuita enol uye enediolate inobuda ipapo inoderedza methylene blue kuita leucomethylene blue, saka zviri mufurasiki zvinoshaya ruvara. Kuzunza kunonyungudutsa okisijeni inobva munzvimbo iri pamusoro pemushonga, okisijeni yoitazve okisidheshoni kumhando yeleuco, uye bhuruu inodzoka. Kusiya furasiki isingazununguki kunopedza okisijeni yakanyunguduka pedyo nenzvimbo yekuita iri pamusoro pemushonga uye glucose inokunda zvakare. Kutenderera uku kunodzokororwa kusvikira glucose yapera, uye kuzunza kwega kwega kunoratidza equation yaNernst: wedzera activity yechinhu chinoita okisidheshoni uye kuenzana kwekuita kunochinjira kubhuruu.

Radical iri pakati

Kuita kwese kwakabatanidzwa kunofambisa maerekitironi maviri, asi nhanho dzinokosha dzekuita dzinofambisa rimwe chete panguva. Pakati pecation yebhuruu nemhando yeleuco isina ruvara pane semiquinone radical yepakati iyo inonyanya kuita disproportionation ichidzokera kuvaviri ava pane kuungana. Potenshiyari yayo yeerekitironi rimwe chete iri pedyo neminus 0.23 V papH 7 iri pasi zvikuru pepotenshiyari yepakati yekuita kwese kwemaerekitironi maviri, ndokusaka radical ichiramba iri mhando ine huwandu hudiki mumamiriro akatsiga. Inokosha nokuda kwezvikonzero zviviri. Kana yavhenekerwa, dhayi inosvika mumamiriro ane simba rakawedzerwa anovhura nzira dzeradical, ndokusaka mishonga yemethylene blue ichichinjwa nechiedza uye nei photochemistry ichifanira kuverengerwa muhurongwa hwese hwekuyedza kugadzikana. Uye kana kusangana kwakakwira, mhando yakaitwa okisidheshoni inoumba madimer, izvo zvinoshandura spectrum nekumhanya kwekuita kunooneka pasina kuchinja vaviri vacho vari pahwaro. Hapana chimwe chezvinhu izvi chinobvisa kugona kudzokera kumamiriro ekutanga. Zvose zvinotsanangura zvinoonekwa zvingadai zvaita sekuti kuita kwacho hakugoni kudzoserwa shure.

Mhando dzakabviswa mapoka emethyl dzinoshandura chiyero

Bvisa mapoka emethyl kubva pamatavi maviri edimethylamino uye vaviri ava vanoramba varipo asi vaine maitiro akachinja. Nzvimbo inonyanya kunyudzwa chiedza inoramba ichichinjira kudivi rebhuruu pese panobviswa boka remethyl: methylene blue pedyo ne664 nm, Azure B pedyo ne654, Azure A pedyo ne630, Azure C pedyo ne615, uye thionine pedyo ne600 nm. Azure B, isina boka rimwe remethyl, ndiyo hama yepedyo zvikuru: chigadzirwa chikuru chemetabolism yemethylene blue uye tsvina yakanyorwa kuti inowanikwa mumethylene blue. Azure A neAzure C zvinopfuuridzira nhevedzano iyi zviine hwaro hwechimiro humwe chete hunoshanda muredox. Thionine, ine mapoka ayo maviri eamino abviswa mapoka ose emethyl, iri pamugumo iine potenshiyari yakatarwa iri pedyo ne+0.06 V papH 7, ichienzaniswa nemethylene blue iri pa+0.011 V, zvichiita kuti ideredzwe zviri nyore zvakanyanya. Potenshiyari dzeredox munhevedzano iyi dzinoenderana nemedium uye electrode, saka enzanisa hunhu chete mukati memamiriro mamwe chete. Ndokusaka kuongorora mhando netuwandu hwetsvina iri nyaya yeredox, kwete kungomaka kuti kuchena kwayedzwa. Zvikamu zvishoma muzana zveAzure B zvinoreva zvikamu zvishoma muzana zvevamwe vaviri veredox vari mubhodhoro, uye Azure B setsvina uye sechigadzirwa chemetabolism inotsanangura kuti chikamu ichocho chinodzorwa sei.

Panopindirana nebiology

Mukati mesero dzvuku reropa, NADPH inoderedza methylene blue kuita leucomethylene blue, uye mhando yeleuco inopfuudza maerekitironi kuiron yeheme iri muchimiro cheferric, ichidzorera hemoglobin kuchimiro cheferrous. Kupfuudzwa kumwe chete ikoko kwemaerekitironi ndihwo hwaro hwemakemikari hwekushandiswa kwemethylene blue mumethemoglobinemia inowanikwa gare gare. Zvose zvinotevera kupfuudzwa ikoko, metabolism yesimba, kufamba kwemaerekitironi mumitochondria, uye chero mhedzisiro muzvipenyu, ndezvenyaya yekutakurwa kwemaerekitironi mumitochondria uye zvakasiiwa ikoko nemaune.

Tenga vaviri ava, kwete ruvara chete

Dhayi yeredox inongova yakanaka sekutsanangurwa kwezvainofanira kuzadzisa. Kuchena kwakakwirira kunokosha nokuti methylene blue isiri yeUSP inowanzova yemhando yekudhaya micheka, iine Azure B, simbi dzinorema, kana zvisaririra zvezvinonyungudutsa zvinoshandura zviyero zveredox uye zvinovhiringidza nzvimbo dzekupera kwekuita, izvo zvisingaongororwi nehurongwa hwekudhaya. Vatengesi vazhinji vanoti vanotevedzera USP vanoyedza simbi dzinorema chete voti zvose zvapera. Kutevedzera kwakazara kunosanganisira kuzivikanwa kwechinhu, assay, tsvina dzeorganic, zvisaririra zvezvinonyungudutsa, tsvina dzemaelement, zvisaririra mushure mekupisa, miganhu yehutachiona, uye endotoxins dzemabhakitiriya, uye kusarudza methylene blue yemhando yemishonga kunotsanangura maverengerwo emagwaro iwayo. Blupreme inoshanda nemugadziri wemethylene blue yemishonga, inoyedza zvose zvinodiwa neUSP, uye inobudisa COA yakazara. Kana ruvara rwuri rwacho chiyero, magwaro iwayo chikamu chemudziyo wekuyera.