Kupararira kwe methylene blue ne permanganate: zvinoratidzwa nekuedza mu agar

Mudzidzisi anocheka makomba maviri mu agar iri mundiro, ozadza rimwe nedhayi yebhuruu uye rimwe nemushonga une ruvara rwepepuru, oudza kirasi kuti itarise. Pashure peawa imwe, denderedzwa repepuru rinenge rakafara kupfuura rebhuruu. Kirasi inonyora kuti potassium permanganate inopararira nokukurumidza kupfuura methylene blue nokuti ine huremu hushoma.

Mutsara iwoyo une chikamu chakarurama nechikamu chinotsausa, uye chikamu chinotsausa ndicho chinonyanya kufadza. Kuedza uku chidzidzo chinozivikanwa chekupararira, chinotsanangurwa, somuenzaniso, muchichiitwa chemurabhoritari chekupararira mu agar, asi zvinoonekwa nevadzidzi hazvisi kushanda kwehuremu hwemamorekuru. Kufamba kwemuganhu weruvara unooneka uchipfuura nemujeri, kuchikanganiswa nehukuru hwemaion, mvura inoapoteredza, kubatirira kwedhayi, kuwanda kwezvakanyungudutswa, tembiricha, uye nzira inoshandiswa kuyera muganhu wacho.

Muganhu weruvara hausi koefishenti yekupararira

Kupararira kufamba kwetunhu twakanyungudutswa kubva panzvimbo patwakawanda kuenda patwushoma. Koefishenti yekupararira, inowanzonyorwa ichinzi D, inotsanangura kumhanya kwekupararira ikoko kwechinhu chakanyungudutswa mune chimwe chinhu, pane imwe tembiricha.

Ndiro inoshandiswa mukirasi hairatidzi D zvakananga. Inoratidza muganhu panenge pasisina kusimba kweruvara kunokwana kuti ruonekwe. Muganhu iwoyo unobva pakukwanisa kwedhayi kutora chiedza, kuvheneka, chiedza chinogamuchirwa nekamera, kuwanda kwedhayi yaiswa mugomba, uye mutongo wemunhu akabata rura, pamwe chete nekupararira pachako.

Dana chiyero chemukirasi nezvachiri: kufamba kwemuganhu unooneka wekupararira. Tsananguro dzemasvomhu dzinobatanidza avhareji yekufamba kwakakwidzwa kusimba repiri naD kuburikidza nehukama hwakaita sehunowanikwa muongororo yekupararira kunotevedza Fick, asi kuwana D kubva pamiyero kunoda kuona kuwanda kwechinhu chakanyungudutswa panzvimbo dzakasiyana nenguva dzakasiyana, kwete dhayamita imwe chete pakupera kwekirasi. Imwe ongororo yemukirasi yakabudiswa yakawana koefishenti yekupararira kwe methylene blue mujeri iri pedyo ne4.5 times 10^-10 m^2/s nekuisa kureba kwakakwidzwa kusimba repiri pagirafu kuchienzaniswa nenguva, pane kuenzanisa hukuru hwemavara pakupedzisira. Mufananidzo wenguva imwe chete haugoni kuita basa iroro.

Iyi ndiyo pfungwa iri shure kwekuedza uku, uye zvimwe zvose inyaya yekuti ndiro inonyatsomiririra pfungwa iyi zvakadii.

Maion maviri ane ruvara, kwete mamorekuru maviri

Hapana pazvinhu zviviri zvakanyungudutswa izvi chinofamba nemu agar chiri muchimiro cheformula yakadhindwa pabhodhoro. Zvose maelectrolyte akasimba anopatsanuka mumvura.

Potassium permanganate (KMnO4, huremu hweformula hunenge 158.03 g/mol) inopatsanuka kuita maion epotassium nemaion epermanganate. Chinofamba chine ruvara rwepepuru iion yepermanganate MnO4^-, ine huremu hunenge 118.94 g/mol, yakapoteredzwa nechikamu chemvura. Methylene blue chloride (munyu usina mvura C16H18ClN3S, unenge 319.85 g/mol) inopatsanuka kuita chloride neion ine chaji yepositivi yeruvara rwebhuruu MB^+, ine huremu hunenge 284.41 g/mol, yakabatanidzwawo nemvura. Rekodhi yeNIST ye methylene blue nechinyorwa cheChEBI che methylene blue zvinonyora zvimiro izvi, uye gwaro rekemisitiri nechimiro rinotsanangura nei ion ine chaji yepositivi, munyu usina mvura, uye zvimiro zvine mvura mumakristaro zvichida mazita akasiyana.

Izvi zvine zvinobuda zvitatu.

Chekutanga, kuenzanisa 158 na320 kunoderedza musiyano chaiwo wehukuru pakati pemaion ane ruvara, sezvo ion yepepuru ine huremu hunenge 119 g/mol iri diki zvikuru pane ion yebhuruu ine chaji yepositivi ine huremu hunenge 284 g/mol, uye dzose dzine zvikamu zvemvura zvinowedzera hukuru hwadzo hunoshanda pakufamba.

Chechipiri, maion e methylene blue ane chaji yepositivi anonamatira pazvinhu. Anobatana ari maviri kana kuumba mapoka makuru apo kuwanda kwawo kunokwira, uye anonamatira pamusoro pe agar; kunamatira kwemamorekuru ari oga neakabatana ari maviri kwakataurwa muongororo dzekunamatira pa agar. Dhayi yakanamatira hairambi ichifamba. Inopa jeri ruvara isingafambisi muganhu wacho.

Chechitatu, upfu hunowanzoshandiswa sereagent hune mvura mumakristaro, saka giramu rimwe rakayerwa rinewo mvura iyi. Kuenzanisa chimiro chine mamorekuru matatu emvura nechisina mvura kunoratidza kuti izvi zvinoshandura sei molarity. Kuti kuenzanisa mukirasi kuve kwakarurama, gadzirai mishonga ine kuwanda kwakaenzana kwemamole emunyu parita uye nyorai kuti ndechipi chimiro chakasimba chakashandiswa.

Nei huremu hushoma husingarevi kumhanya kwakanyanya pano

Muzvinwiwa zvine zvakanyungudutswa zvishoma, muenzaniso wokutanga uri nani pane kushandisa huremu ndiwo weStokes-Einstein, umo koefishenti yekupararira inoenderana netembiricha yakakamurwa neviscosity neradhiyasi inoshanda pakufamba muchinwiwa. Chinhu chine hukuru hudiki kana chapoteredzwa nemvura ndicho chinokurumidza. Huremu hushoma hunowanzofambirana nehukuru hudiki mukati meboka rimwe remakemikari, saka huremu hushoma hunogona kuita sehunotsanangura izvi. Uku kufambirana, kwete nzira inokonzera kupararira.

Mutemo waGraham, unoti kumhanya kwekubuda kwegasi nemukaburi kadiki kunoenderana nechinopesana neskweya ruti yehuremu hwemole, haudzori zvinoitika mundiro iyi. Mabviro awo ari mudzidziso yekufamba kwetunhu twemagasi, yakapfupikiswa mutsananguro yeOpenStax yekubuda nekupararira kwemagasi. Muzvinwiwa munowedzerwa kukweva kunobva paviscosity, mvura inopoteredza tunhu, zvinokonzerwa nechimiro, uye kuwandisa kwetunhu munzvimbo. Mumajeri munowedzerwa chimiro chetumaburi, kutenderera kwenzira dzekufamba, kunamatira pamusoro, uye kudyidzana kwechaji nepolymer.

Nhamba dzinoratidza musiyano uyu. Mutemo waGraham ukashandiswa pana158 achienzaniswa na320 unofanotaura reshiyo yekumhanya inenge 1.42. Makoefishenti ekupararira akayerwa mumvura ine zvakanyungudutswa zvishoma anotaura zvakasiyana: yepermanganate inenge 1.6 kusvika 1.8 times 10^-9 m^2/s, ichienzaniswa neye methylene blue inenge 4.5 kusvika 5 times 10^-10 m^2/s, zvichipa reshiyo iri pedyo ne3 kana 4. Huremu hwega hahugoni kubudisa reshiyo iyoyo. Hukuru hwetunhu twakapoteredzwa nemvura, kuungana mumapoka, uye kubatirira mujeri ndizvo zvinotsanangura musiyano wasara.

Tora pfungwa yekuti chine huremu hushoma chinokurumidza semuenzaniso une zvinofungidzirwa: tunhu twakaita semabhora, pasina kubatirira, pasina kuungana mumapoka, uye mamiriro akafanana. Zviri mundiro hazvitevedzeri zviviri zvezvinofungidzirwa izvi kana kupfuura.

Maitirwo ekuenzanisa kwakaringana

Kuedza uku kunokundikana sezvinoita software: pfungwa iri shure kwako yakarurama, asi nzira yokubva papfungwa kuenda pachiyero izere nemisungo. Chimwe nechimwe chezvinotevera chinoshandura mhinduro pasina kushandura chero hunhu hwemamorekuru.

Shandisa agar yakagadzirwa pamwe chete uye yakadururwa kusvika paukobvu humwe, mudziyo mumwe wekucheka makomba, mavhoriyamu akaenzana ezvinwiwa, kuwanda kwakaenzana kwemamole parita, uye kuwanda kwakaderera zvakakwana kuderedza kuungana kwe methylene blue mumapoka uye kudzivisa ruvara kuti rusanyanya kusimba. Cheka makomba anenge matatu ekudzokorora pachinhu chimwe nechimwe chakanyungudutswa, achisiirwa nzvimbo yakakwana kuti miganhu yekupararira isambosangana. Vhara ndiro, dziise dzakati sandara, uye chengetedza tembiricha isingachinji, sezvo ongororo dzedhayi mu agar dzichiratidza kutsamira kwakanyanya patembiricha nekuwanda kwezvakanyungudutswa. Tsanangura nguva zero senguva yokuzadza makomba, uye tsanangura muganhu usati wayera: mwero wakatarwa weruvara pamufananidzo uri nani pane muganhu unofungidzirwa nemaziso, nokuti bhuruu nepepuru zvine miganhu yakasiyana yekuonekwa. Nyora madhayamita maviri anoyambukana pakona yakarurama pavara rimwe nerimwe woashandura kuva avhareji yeradhiyasi, sezvo kuvhiringidza radhiyasi nedhayamita kuchikanganisa girafu rekureba kwakakwidzwa kusimba repiri nechiyero chechina.

Mazita: chikamu chekuruboshwe chinoratidza radhiyasi yakayerwa uchitarisa kubva pamusoro, kubva pamucheto wegomba kusvika pamuganhu weruvara rwekupararira kwechinhu chimwe nechimwe; chikamu chekurudyi chinoratidza agar yakachekwa neparutivi, kudzika kwegomba, uye nzvimbo dzakatenderedza gomba dzine ruvara runoderera ruchienda kunze; kiyi inoronga zvinhu zvinochengetwa zvisingachinji (chikamu cheagar pazana, ukobvu, molarity yedhayi, vhoriyamu, hukuru hwegomba, tembiricha, nguva zero, kuvheneka).

Ngwarira zvinhu zvinonyepedzera kupararira. Chinwiwa chinodururuka pamusoro pe agar chinotaridzika sekupararira kunokurumidza uye chinhu chakanyorwa kuti chinokanganisa kuedza mumakomba madiki eagar. Permanganate chinhu chakasimba chinoita oxidation uye inogona kupedzwa nezvisaririra zvidiki zvezvinhu zveorganic, zvichimisa kana kudzima ruvara rwemuganhu wayo. Methylene blue inopinda muzviitiko zveredox uye ruvara rwayo runogona kuderera muchiedza kana mumamiriro anokurudzira reduction; kemisitiri yeredox ye methylene blue nechimiro chayo chakaitwa reduction chisina ruvara inotsanangura izvi.

Chinyorwa chipfupi pamusoro pechinonyungudutsa: makomba ose ari maviri mukuedza kunowanzoitwa anoshandisa mvura. Kana nzira yekuedza ikambochinja chinonyungudutsa, tanga waongorora gwaro rekunyunguduka nekugadzira mishonga yakanyungudutswa, nokuti kunyunguduka nekuungana mumapoka zvinochinja zvichienderana nechinonyungudutsa.

Pepa rekunyora zvinoonekwa mukirasi

Kopa tafura iyi mumabhuku ekunyorera kana kudhinda mutsara mumwe pagomba rimwe nerimwe. Kushandisa tafura imwe pandiro imwe neimwe kunochengeta miyedzo yakadzokororwa yakanyorwa zvakarurama.

Pakuongorora, isa avhareji yeradhiyasi yakakwidzwa kusimba repiri pagirafu uchienzanisa nenguva yapfuura pagomba rimwe nerimwe, woenzanisa materu emitsetse, uchinyora tsananguro yemuganhu padivi pegirafu. Kana mitsetse yose mitanhatu ikaratidzwa pamwe nekusiyana kwayo, kirasi inoona kusiyana semashoko ekuongorora pane kuchiona sechinonyadzisa.

Kuchengeteka chikamu chenzira yekuedza: pfeka magirovhosi nezvinodzivirira maziso, nokuti methylene blue inosvibisa ganda nezvipfeko uye permanganate chinhu chinoita oxidation, chinosvibisa uye chinokonzeresa kushatirwa kweganda kana maziso. Usaisa mishonga iyi mumuromo, shandira pamusoro petireyi, uye rasa ndiro nezvinwiwa nenzira yechikoro yokurasa tsvina yemakemikari pane kuzvidira musinki.

Mutsara wakakodzera kunyorwa

Pasi pemamiriro aya eagar, kuwanda kwezvakanyungudutswa, uye tembiricha, muganhu unooneka wepermanganate unowanzopararira nokukurumidza kupfuura muganhu we methylene blue. Izvi zvinoenderana nekuti permanganate ine koefishenti yekupararira inoshanda yakakura, zvikuru nokuti ion yayo yakapoteredzwa nemvura idiki zvikuru uye haiungani mumapoka kana kubatirira pa agar sezvinoita methylene blue. Huremu hwemamorekuru hunofambirana nemusiyano iwoyo wehukuru pano, asi huremu hwega hahutauri kumhanya kwekupararira muzvinwiwa kana mumajeri.

Kirasi inonyora mutsara iwoyo inenge yadzidza zvinhu zviviri: chokwadi pamusoro pemaion maviri ane mavara, uye tsika yokubvunza kuti kuedza kunoyerei usati wavimba nezvinoita sokuti kunotaura.