Chinyorwa
Kudhaya nemethylene blue: nzira dzemaikorosikopu neatlasi yemifananidzo chaiyo
Kudhaya nemethylene blue kunoita kuti zvikamu zvemasero zvisinganyatsooneka zvive nyore kusiyanisa pakuongorora nemaikorosikopu ine nzvimbo yekuona yakajeka. Kunogona kubatsira vadzidzi kuwana nyukiriyasi yesero repadama kana kuongorora chimiro chekunze nemarongerwo ezvipenyu zvidiki. Zvisinei, chinhu chebhuruu chinongova chinhu chaonekwa. Kudoma chipenyu chacho, kuchiyera, uye kuona kana chichiratidza chirwere mabasa akasiyana.
Mufananidzo webutiro unoratidza mashandiro emusiyano wekuoneka. Atlasi iri pazasi ine mapikicha chaiwo emasampuli ane zvinyorwa zvakazvimirira, pamwe neruzivo rwekwaakabva.
Methylene blue inoratidza chii?
Methylene blue idhayi yerudzi rwe-basic: ayoni yayo ine ruvara ine chaji yakanaka. Sezvinotsanangurwa neOpenStax muchikamu chayo chekudhaya masampuli, madhayi erudzi rwe-basic anodyidzana nezvinhu zvemasero zvine chaji isina kunaka uye anogona kuita kuti masero aoneke zvakajeka achienzaniswa nenzvimbo yakareruka iri shure kwawo. Mumasampuli akagadzirirwa zvakakodzera, methylene blue inoita kuti nzvimbo dzine nucleic acid yakawanda nezvimwe zvikamu zvinosunga dhayi zvinyatsooneka.
Pakudhaya kuri nyore, dhayi rimwe chete rinopa musiyano wekuoneka. Nokudaro, zvipenyu zvakasiyana zvinogona kutaridzika sebhuruu zvisiri chipenyu chimwe chete. Mibvunzo inobatsira pakutanga ndeyekutsanangura zvinoonekwa: zvinhu zvacho zvakatenderera here kana kuti zvakareba, zviri zvega here kana kuti zvakaungana, zvine ruvara rwakaenzana here kana kuti zvikamu zvemukati zvinosiyana? Ona musiyano pakati pekudhaya kuri nyore nekudhaya kweGram usati wadudzira ruvara semugumisiro wekuisa zvipenyu mumapoka.
Musiyano wekuoneka nekukwanisa kupatsanura zvinhu zviri pedyo zvakasiyana. Musiyano wekuoneka unobatsira kusiyanisa chinhu nezvakachipoteredza; kukwanisa kupatsanura kunoita kuti zvikamu zviri pedyo zvionekwe zvakasiyana. Mufananidzo wakasviba kupfuura mumwe hauvimbisi kuti zvikamu zvakawanda zvinogona kusiyaniswa. Uye harisi donhwe rose rakasviba rinofanira kunzi chikamu chemukati chesero.
Masampuli asina kuiswa dhayi, masampuli akanyorova akadhaywa, neakaparadzirwa pasiraidhi
Sampuli yakanyorova isina kudhaywa inochengetedza maonero asina dhayi rakawedzerwa, kunyange zvazvo kuibvisa munzvimbo yayo yepakutanga kuchiri kuichinja. Pasampuli yakanyorova inodhaywa, mushonga unowedzerwa zvinhu zvacho zvichiri mumvura pasi pekagirazi kekuvharira. Pasampuli yakaparadzirwa pasiraidhi yobva yagadziriswa kuti irambe yakamira, zvinhu zvinoparadzirwa pasiraidhi uye panoshandiswa nzira yakatarwa yekuzvigadzirisa kusati kwaitwa mamwe matanho. Pfupiso yeOpenStax yekugadzirira masampuli inosiyanisa masampuli akanyorova nekugadzirisa kuti arambe akamira, uye inotsanangura kuti nei zvipenyu zvakagadziriswa nenzira iyi zvisisaratidzi kufamba kwazvo kwemazuva ose kana kushandurwa kwezvinhu mumuviri.
Nzira idzi dzekugadzirira dzinopindura mibvunzo yakasiyana:
| Kugadzirira | Zvinobatsira kuongorora | Zvisingagoni kusimbiswa nemufananidzo uri woga |
|---|---|---|
| Sampuli yakanyorova isina dhayi | Kufamba, zvimiro zvekunze, zvinhu zvinooneka pasina dhayi | Kuziva chipenyu nekufamba kana chimiro chete |
| Sampuli yakanyorova yakadhaywa | Musiyano wekuoneka pakati pezvikamu zvinosunga dhayi nezvakazvipoteredza | Kana mushonga wakasiya mashandiro enguva dzose echipenyu asina kuchinja |
| Sampuli yakaparadzirwa, yakagadziriswa kuti irambe yakamira, uye yakadhaywa | Chimiro chakasara mushure mekugadzirira kwakatarwa | Maitiro esampuli yepakutanga payakanga iri mhenyu |
| Nzira ine zita inodhaya zvipenyu zvakasiyana nenzira dzakasiyana | Maitiro ekudhaya akatarwa ane zviyedzo zvekuenzanisa zvakakodzera | Kuziva rudzi rwechipenyu kana kuongorora chirwere pasina humwe humbowo hunodiwa nenzira yacho |
Pakuita kuenzanisa mukirasi, nyora zvinoonekwa pasampuli isina dhayi usati waongorora imwe sampuli yakadhaywa yakagadzirwa maererano nemirayiridzo yechidzidzo. Chengeta chiedza nemasetingi ekutora mifananidzo zvichienzanisika. Kana masero maviri akasiyana akatorwa mifananidzo, atsanangure semienzaniso, kwete semifananidzo yesero rimwe chete risati radhaywa uye radhaywa.
Atlasi yemaikorosikopu: masampuli matatu chaiwo akadhaywa
Atlasi iyi isarudzo nedudziro yedu yemifananidzo mitatu yemaikorosikopu ine marezinesi anotendera kushandiswa pachena. Vanyori vekwakabva mifananidzo vanodoma masampuli nemadhayi. Hatina kusimbisa masampuli avo takazvimirira. Mifananidzo yakaburitswazve isina kuchekwa, yashandurwa kuva WebP pasina kurasikirwa nemashoko emufananidzo, uye pasina zvikamu zvakawedzerwa kana ruvara rwakachinjwa.
Mufananidzo 1: masero epadama remunhu
Sampuli: masero epadama remunhu. Dhayi: methylene blue. Kukudza: 400×, sezvakataurwa nemutori wemufananidzo. Mutsetse wechiyero: hauwanikwi; kwakabva mufananidzo hakuna kupihwa saizi yepikiseri yakayerwa nechiyero chinozivikanwa. Mufananidzo wakatorwa naFritzmann2002, 2017, kubva paMasero Epadama Remunhu (Akadhaywa neMethylene Blue), une rezinesi reCC BY-SA 4.0. Kuburitswazve uku kunoramba kuri pasi perezinesi iroro.
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Tanga nesero riri roga: nyukiriyasi yaro yakasviba iri nyore kusiyanisa nesaitoplazimu yebhuruu yakaipoteredza. Wobva waongorora masero ari pasi paro anopindirana. Kupindirana kunoita kuti muganhu uome kutevera uye kunogona kugadzira nzvimbo yakasviba pane imwe nzvimbo. Shandisa mufananidzo uyu kudzidzira kutevera zvimiro zvekunze, kwete kuverenga chigamba chose chakasviba senyukiriyasi. Gwaro rekuongorora masero epadama rinotsanangura zvakadzama chiitwa chakanangana nesampuli iyi.
Mufananidzo 2: masero ehanyanisi
Sampuli: masero ehanyanisi, sezvakadomwa nekwakabva mufananidzo. Dhayi: methylene blue. Kukudza: “200x” inowanikwa muzita refaira rekutanga; haina kusimbiswa zvakazvimirira. Mutsetse wechiyero: hauwanikwi; hapana ruzivo rwekuyera nechiyero chinozivikanwa rwakapihwa. Mufananidzo wakatorwa naAlvy16, 2019, kubva paSero rehanyanisi 200x, une rezinesi reCC BY 4.0.
Zvikamu zvakareba izvi zvinoumba rukoko rwakarongeka. Enzanisa miganhu yazvo mirefu inogoveranwa nezvimiro zvekunze zvisina kuenzana zviri muMufananidzo 1. Cherechedzawo zvinhu zvakasviba zvinooneka zvikuru uye kupenya kusina kuenzana munzvimbo yekuona. Mufananidzo uyu hausimbisi kuti chinhu chose chakasviba chii. Unoratidza kuti nei zvinyorwa zvinobatsira zvezvinoonekwa zvichifanira kusanganisira zvinobva mukugadzirira kana kutora mufananidzo uye kusava nechokwadi, pane kudoma zvose zvinotora ruvara.
Mufananidzo 3: mbiriso yakadomwa nekwakabva mufananidzo seCandida spp.
Sampuli: Candida spp., maererano nemutori wemufananidzo. Dhayi: kudhaya kuri nyore kunopa masero ruvara nemethylene blue. Kukudza: hakuwanikwi. Mutsetse wechiyero: hauwanikwi; hapana saizi yepikiseri yakayerwa nechiyero chinozivikanwa yakapihwa. Mufananidzo wakatorwa naMarta, mushandisi weWikimedia Martunia.g, 2021, kubva paKudhaya masero nemethylene blue 2, une rezinesi reCC BY 4.0.
Enzanisa mapoka ebhuruu akatsindirana nenzvimbo dziri kumicheto dzisina kunyanya kutsindirana. Zvimiro zvekunze zvechinhu chimwe nechimwe zviri nyore kutevera pane zvinhu zvisinganyanyi kupindirana. Zita rekuti Candida rinobva muzvinyorwa zvekwakabva mufananidzo, kwete pakuongorora rudzi rwechipenyu kwakaitwa pamufananidzo uyu. Mufananidzo uyu haupiwo mugumisiro wekuti mbiriso ichiri mhenyu here. Zviyedzo zvekurarama kwembiriso nekufema kwayo zvinoda mamiriro azvo, zviyedzo zvekuenzanisa, uye dudziro yazvo.
Kuverenga chiyero nemazvo
Mifananidzo iyi inobatsira kuenzanisa zvinooneka, kwete kuyera mumicrometer kana kuenzanisa saizi chaiyo yemasero pakati pemifananidzo. Kukudza kwakataurwa hakugoni kudzoreredza ruzivo rusipo rwekuyera kamera nechiyero chinozivikanwa. Kuchinja saizi inoratidzwa mufananidzo kunochinja kukura kwawo kunoonekwa.
Pamifananidzo yako pachako, gadza nzira yekuyera uchishandisa chiyero chinozivikanwa nemarongerwo akakodzera emidziyo yekuona. Gwaro reNikon rekuyera nemaikorosikopu rinotsanangura kuti siraidhi ine chiyero chemicrometer inoshandura sei zvikamu zvemufananidzo kana mitsetse iri mugirazi rekuona kuita hurefu chaihwo. Nyora lenzi iri pedyo nesampuli, marongerwo ekamera, uye ruzivo rwekuyera nechiyero chinozivikanwa, wobva wawedzera mutsetse wechiyero kubva paruzivo irworwo. Usafungidzira mutsetse uyu uchishandisa avhareji yesaizi yesero iri mubhuku rekudzidza.
Bhodhoro rinoenderana nenzira yacho here?
Bhodhoro rakanyorwa kuti methylene blue haripi ruzivo rwose runodiwa pakushandiswa murabhoritari. Tarisa kusimba kwemusanganiswa nemayuniti ako, mvura inoshandiswa kunyungudutsa, zvimwe zvinoumba musanganiswa, chinangwa chekushandiswa, zvinyorwa zveboka rakagadzirwa pamwe chete, nemirayiridzo. Gwaro reruzivo rwekuchengeteka kwemushonga rinotsanangura njodzi; mirayiridzo yenzira yacho inosimbisa mashandisirwo awo pakugadzirira kwakarongwa.
Muenzaniso chaiwo ndiwo musanganiswa weMerck weLöffler's methylene blue. Mugadziri anoudoma semushonga wekushandisa pakuongorora nemaikorosikopu uye anotsanangura basa rawo sedhayi rinowedzerwa mushure merimwe pakudhaya kunosiyanisa zvipenyu zvinoramba zvakabata dhayi kunyange zvagezwa neacid. Kupfuta kwawo kwakanyorwa kunoratidzawo kuti nei kungoti “mvura yebhuruu” kusiri ruzivo rwakakwana pakuronga kubata kana kudziyisa mushonga. Hunhu ihwohwo hunoshanda pamusanganiswa iwoyo, kwete pamusanganiswa wose wemethylene blue mumvura.
Saizvozvowo, agar ine eosin nemethylene blue imusanganiswa wakagadzirirwa kukurisa zvipenyu. Haisi dhayi repasiraidhi rinogadzirwa nokungowedzera methylene blue yoga pasampuli. Kana chinangwa chekutora mifananidzo chakasiyana, enzanisa dzimwe nzira dzinotsiva methylene blue pakuongorora nemaikorosikopu.
Pakushandisa seti yemaikorosikopu yevanotanga, tanga nenzira yayo yekudzidzisa yakanyorwa, masiraidhi akagadzirirwa kare anozivikanwa, nemushonga wakatarwa. Kana bhodhoro rarasa chinyorwa charo kana kuti zvarinazvo zvisingagoni kusimbiswa, ritsive nemushonga wakakodzera une zvinyorwa. Shandisa zvinodzivirira maziso nemirayiridzo yekubata yakapihwa kumusanganiswa wacho chaiwo. Zvinhu zvinobva kuvanhu nemasampuli asingazivikanwi anobva munharaunda zvinoda nzira dzemurabhoritari yekudzidzisa dzekubata nekurasa masampuli; kudhaya hakutsivi nzira idzodzo.
Nyora zvawaona usati wanyora mhedziso
“Zvinhu zvebhuruu zvakaita sezai zviri mumapoka” itsananguro yemufananidzo inogona kutsigirwa. “Utachiona hwerudzi rwakati” hunoda humbowo husina kupihwa nemufananidzo. Chengeta ruzivo rwekwakabva sampuli, kugadzirirwa kwayo, maitiro ayo pakudhayiwa, uye nzira yekuziva chipenyu zvakaparadzana mubhuku rezvinyorwa. Kusiyanisa uku kunoita kuti mufananidzo uri nyore wemukirasi ubatsire uye kunodzivirira kuti mufananidzo wemaikorosikopu unoyevedza ushandiswe kutsigira chirevo chausingagoni kutsigira.