Inyandiko
Uko ubururu bwa metilene bukorwa bukanasukurwa
Ubururu bwa metilene bukorwa hakoreshejwe isinteze y'ubutabire. Ababukora bubaka molekile y'irangi, bakayitandukanya n'ibisigazwa by'imyitwarire y'ubutabire, bagatandukanya ikinyabutabire gikenewe n'ibindi, kandi bagasuzuma ubuziranenge bwacyo. Ibi ni imirimo itandukanye: gukora ikinyabutabire cy'ubururu ntibihamya ko icyiciro cyacyo cyujuje ibisabwa runaka byagenwe.
Inyandiko z'ubutabire ziboneka ku mugaragaro zisobanura uko ibi bishobora gukorwa. Ntizigaragaza uburyo bwakoreshejwe ku icupa runaka. Ipatanti isobanura igihangano n'ingero zacyo; inyandiko y'ikorwa ry'icyiciro isobanura ibyabaye igihe hakorwaga umusaruro nyirizina.
Ubururu bwa metilene bukorwa mu biki?
Inyandiko ya IARC ku ikorwa ry'ubururu bwa metilene bugurishwa isobanura uburyo bukoresha amine aromatike zifite amatsinda yasimbuye zimwe muri atome zazo, zirimo N,N-dimethyl-p-phenylenediamine na N,N-dimethylaniline, hamwe na sodium thiosulfate n'ibinyabutabire bitera okisidasiyo. Imyitwarire y'ubutabire yubaka imiterere y'impeta z'ubururu bwa metilene zirimo sulufure. Ikinyabutabire cyarangije gukorwa gikunze gutangwa nk'umunyu wa chlorure ufite amazi ajyanye n'imiterere yacyo ikomeye.
Ibi ni uguhindura ibinyabutabire by'ibanze mo ikinyabutabire gishya. Ikinyabutabire gikoreshwa muri isinteze si ngombwa ko kiba kimwe mu bigize ibiri mu icupa ryuzuye. Ku rundi ruhande, kucyita ikinyabutabire cy'ibanze ntibihamya ko ibisigazwa byacyo byavanywemo. Ibibazo ku ngano y'ibisigazwa bisaba ibimenyetso by'isesengura.
Icyo gice cya IARC kivuga kandi ko ubururu bwa metilene bwumye buba ari kristalo cyangwa ifu ya kristalo by'icyatsi cyijimye, bifite ububengerane busa n'ubw'umuringa w'ivange, nubwo ibisubizo byabwo biba ubururu bwijimye. Nta na kimwe muri iyo miterere kigaragaza ko butarimo ibindi bintu bitifuzwa.
Uburyo bwatangajwe buratandukanye mu byo bwinjiza
Uburyo bwa kera buhuza ibice by'ibanze bya aromatike kandi bugafunga impeta yo hagati binyuze mu ruhererekane rw'imyitwarire ya okisidasiyo. Uburyo bukomoka kuri ubwo bukoreshwa mu nganda buratandukanye ku binyabutabire bitera okisidasiyo, ku buryo ibintu byo hagati bifatwa no ku buryo ikinyabutabire gitandukanywa n'ibindi.
Urugero, US4212971A isobanura uburyo bukoresha manganese dioxide bwateguwe kugira ngo dichromate idakoreshwa mu ruhererekane rwa okisidasiyo. Copper sulfate na yo ikoreshwa muri ubwo buryo bwasobanuwe. Iri tandukaniro rifite akamaro mu guteganya ubuziranenge: kutakoresha ikinyabutabire kirimo chromium bihindura isoko imwe ishobora gutera kwandura, ariko manganese n'umuringa na byo bigomba kwitabwaho. “Uburyo budakoresha dichromate” na “nta bindi bintu bitifuzwa bikomoka ku elementi birimo” ni ibintu bibiri bitandukanye bivugwa.
Bumwe mu buryo bushya bwatanzwe buhera ku miterere y'impeta isanzwe ihari. WO2018167185A1 isobanura ikorwa rishingiye kuri phenothiazine, hakoreshejwe kwinjiza halogene, bigakurikirwa no kuyihuza na dimethylamine kugira ngo haboneke irangi rifite amatsinda yasimbuye zimwe muri atome zaryo. Ibi byerekana ubundi buryo bwa isinteze, ariko si ibimenyetso by'uko bwasimbuye uburyo bwa kera bwo gukora ubururu bwa metilene hose.
Ubusanzwe, umuguzi ntashobora gutondeka ubu buryo akurikije amazina yabwo gusa. Igereranya rifite akamaro ni ukureba niba buri buryo bugenzurwa bukomeza gutanga ikinyabutabire cyujuje ibisabwa byateganyijwe, harimo n'ibindi bintu bitifuzwa byihariye kuri ubwo buryo.
Gusukura bikemura ibibazo by'ibisigazwa by'amoko atandukanye
Amarangi afitanye isano ni kimwe mu bibazo. Azure A, Azure B na Azure C bifite imiterere yegereye iy'ubururu bwa metilene. Kubitandukanya rero bishobora kugorana kurusha gukuramo agace kadashonga kadafitanye isano na bwo. Akayunguruzo kanyuze neza gashobora gufata uduce, mu gihe ibindi bintu bitifuzwa by'amarangi byashonze byo bikanyuramo.
Ikibazo cya kabiri ni ibisigazwa birimo metali. Icya gatatu ni umushongi wakoreshejwe mu gukora usigara nyuma yo gutandukanya ikinyabutabire n'ibindi. Intambwe yo gusukura igabanya icyiciro kimwe cy'ibintu bitifuzwa ishobora gusiga ikindi hafi uko cyari kiri.
Uburyo bubiri bwatangajwe bwerekana iri tandukaniro:
- Kwibutsa ibinyabutabire, kubikuramo hakoreshejwe umushongi no gukora kristalo. US12215234B2 isobanura gukuramo metali mu kuzibutsa igihe ibinyabutabire bikurwamo hakoreshejwe umushongi, bigakurikirwa no kurushaho gusukura no gutandukanya ikinyabutabire n'ibindi. Iyo nyandiko kandi ihuza ibihe bya bazike n'ivuka ry'ibindi bintu bitifuzwa by'amarangi, ikanavuga ku kugenzura pH no ku bundi buryo bwo gukora kristalo bugenewe ikinyabutabire kama kitifuzwa. Ibi byerekana ko uburyo bugira ibyiza n'imbogamizi: ibihe bifasha mu gutandukanya bigomba no gusuzumwa kugira ngo harebwe niba bidatera impinduka z'ubutabire zitifuzwa. Ibyavuye muri ubwo buryo byatangajwe bireba ingero zasobanuwe, si ubururu bwa metilene bwose bugurishwa.
- Gusukura imiterere yahinduwe by'agateganyo binyuze muri redigisiyo. US20160200696A1 isobanura urusobe rwa leucomethylene blue rwahawe porotoni kandi rugahabwa ituze. Uburyo bukoresha redigisiyo ku bururu bwa metilene, bugasukura icyo kinyabutabire cyo hagati, hanyuma bukagisubiza mu miterere ya mbere hakoreshejwe okisidasiyo. Inyungu iteganyijwe ni uko guhindura imiterere y'ubutabire byoroshya kubutandukanya na azures n'ibihumanya birimo metali. “Leuco” igaragaza imiterere yabonetse binyuze muri redigisiyo; ubwayo ntisobanura “itarimo ibindi bintu bitifuzwa.”
Ubu buryo bukoresha imiterere itandukanye y'ubutabire kugira ngo butandukanye ibinyabutabire. Kuba buhari bisobanura impamvu ibisobanuro bihagije by'uburyo bwakoreshejwe bitanga amakuru menshi kurusha ijambo “byayunguruwe,” ariko nta na bumwe busimbura ibyavuye mu bizamini by'icyiciro nyirizina.
Igishushanyo cy'uburyo bwo gukora: aho ibibazo by'ubuziranenge bivuka
Igishushanyo gihuza ibitekerezo by'uburyo bwatangajwe n'amahame y'ubuziranenge byaganiriweho hano. Imyambi y'imirongo idacagaguye yerekana uko ibinyabutabire bigenda; imyambi y'imirongo icagaguye ihuza intambwe n'ibibazo by'isesengura. Ibi si ibihe byagenwe byo gufatiraho ingero, kandi ibizamini bishobora gukoreshwa ku ntambwe nyinshi. Ibikurwamo bisohoka mu gihe cyo gusukura; ibizamini bya laboratwari bipima ibisigaye.
Imbonerahamwe ihuza ibyo bibazo n'ibimenyetso bifite akamaro. HPLC isobanura kromatografiya y'amazi ifite imikorere ihanitse; IR isobanura isesengura ry'urumuri rw'imirasire munsi y'umutuku; GC isobanura kromatografiya ya gazi; ICP-MS isobanura isesengura rya mase rikoresha pulazima ihuzwa hifashishijwe indugisiyo.
| Intambwe cyangwa ikibazo | Ibishobora gukenera kugenzurwa | Ibimenyetso bibisubiza |
|---|---|---|
| Ibinyabutabire byinjira | Umwirondoro utari wo, ubuziranenge buhindagurika cyangwa ibihumanya byinjirana n'ibinyabutabire by'ibanze | Ibisabwa ku binyabutabire by'ibanze, igenzura ry'umwirondoro no kwemeza ko utanga ibinyabutabire yujuje ibisabwa |
| Isinteze | Amarangi afitanye isano, ibinyabutabire by'ibanze bisigaye n'ibinyabutabire byo hagati | Uburyo bukwiye bwa kromatografiya bufite ibipimwa byagaragajwe, ubushobozi bwo gutahura ingano nto n'imipaka yo kwemerwa |
| Ibinyabutabire bikoreshwa birimo metali | Ibisigazwa bya elementi biguma mu binyabutabire uko bitunganywa | Isesengura ryihariye kuri buri elementi, nka ICP-MS, rireba urutonde rwa elementi rwatoranyijwe ku mpamvu zisobanutse |
| Gutandukanya hakoreshejwe umushongi no kumisha | Ibisigazwa by'imishongi yakoreshejwe mu gukora | Isuzuma ry'imishongi n'ibizamini bikwiye by'ibisigazwa byayo, akenshi hakoreshejwe GC |
| Ikinyabutabire cyatandukanyijwe n'ibindi | Umwirondoro utari wo, ingano itari yo cyangwa uburyo butari bwo bwo kubara amazi arimo | Uburyo bwo kumenya umwirondoro bwuzuzanya, gupima ingano n'ikizamini gikwiye cy'amazi cyangwa cy'ibiro bitakara mu kumisha |
Ubu buryo busubiza ibibazo bitandukanye. Ibisobanuro bya USP ku gupima ibisigazwa by'imishongi bivuga igihe kromatografiya ya gazi ikenewe; ntibisimbura isesengura ry'amarangi afitanye isano. Mu buryo nk'ubwo, gupima elementi ntibishobora kumenya amarangi ya azure. Uburyo bugomba kuba bukwiriye ikinyabutabire gipimwa. Inyandiko isobanura ibindi bintu bitifuzwa mu bururu bwa metilene n'uburyo bwo kubipima isobanura iri tandukaniro ry'isesengura mu buryo burambuye.
Impamvu ijanisha rya nyuma rikeneye gusobanurwa mu miterere yaryo
Gupima ingano y'ikinyabutabire bigena ingano y'ikinyabutabire cyihariye hakurikijwe uburyo bwagenwe n'ishingiro ryagenwe ryo gutangaza igisubizo. Uburyo bwo gupima ibindi bintu bitifuzwa bupima itsinda ryagenwe ry'ibindi binyabutabire. Ibyo bisubizo bifitanye isano, ariko ntibishobora gusimburana.
Urwego rwa ICH Q6A rw'ibisabwa byagenwe rutandukanya ibizamini by'umwirondoro, by'ingano y'ikinyabutabire n'iby'ibindi bintu bitifuzwa. Runavuga ku gupima amazi mu binyabutabire bikurura ubuhehere no mu binyabutabire bifite amazi mu miterere yabyo. Ku kinyabutabire gifite amazi mu miterere yacyo, igisubizo cyatangajwe hashingiwe ku buremere bwacyo cyumye ntigishobora gufatwa nk'ijanisha ry'ifu uko yakiriwe hatabanje kwitabwaho iryo shingiro.
Amateka y'ikorwa yongeraho urundi rwego rw'amakuru. Amabwiriza ya ICH Q7 ku binyabutabire bikora mu miti asaba ishusho y'ibindi bintu bitifuzwa ihujwe n'uburyo bw'ikorwa bugenzurwa, n'igereranya rishobora kugaragaza impinduka mu binyabutabire by'ibanze cyangwa mu gukora. Anagena ko umwirondoro w'icyiciro, imipaka y'ibizamini n'ibisubizo by'imibare bigaragazwa ku byemezo by'isesengura. Izi nyandiko z'amabwiriza ajyanye n'imiti zisobanura amahame y'ubuziranenge; ntiziha igicuruzwa kigenewe kugurishwa abakiriya imiterere y'igicuruzwa cya farumasi.
Icyo ibi bigaragaza kuri Blupreme
Amakuru y'ubuziranenge yatangajwe na Blupreme asobanura inyandiko zihuza icyiciro cy'igicuruzwa cyo mu icupa n'icyiciro cy'ubururu bwa metilene bwakoreshejwe n'icyemezo cy'isesengura ryacyo. Icyo ni icyemezo kivuga ko inkomoko ishobora gukurikiranwa. Ntigitangaza uburyo bwa isinteze uwakoze ikinyabutabire yakoresheje, urukurikirane rwo kugisukura cyangwa uko uruganda rwakoraga.
Bityo, nta na bumwe mu buryo bwo muri patanti zavuzwe haruguru bukwiye kwitwa “uko Blupreme ikora ubururu bwa metilene” hatabonetse izindi nyandiko z'ikorwa. Icyemezo cy'isesengura (COA) cy'ikinyabutabire na cyo ntigishobora, cyonyine, kwemeza ubwinshi bw'ikinyabutabire mu gisubizo cyarangiye gukorwa, imikorere y'ibipfunyika cyangwa ko nta mikorobe zirimo. Iri tandukaniro risobanurwa mu kugereranya COA y'ikinyabutabire n'ibizamini by'igicuruzwa cyarangiye gukorwa.
Mu gufata icyemezo cyo kugura, hera ku cyiciro nyirizina no ku cyo kigenewe gukoreshwa. Saba raporo ihuye na cyo, usuzume uburyo n'imipaka byakoreshejwe, kandi ubaze uko ibindi bintu bitifuzwa bikomoka mu ikorwa kandi bifite aho bihuriye n'icyo ugamije bigenzurwa. Urutonde rw'igenzura rufasha umuguzi kugereranya ubururu bwa metilene ruhindura ibyo bibazo uburyo buhamye bwo kugereranya abatanga ibicuruzwa.