Kudahangarwa k'ubururu bwa metilene: urumuri, pH, imishongi no kwangirika

Igipimo fatizo cy'ubururu bwa metilene bufite konsantrasiyo nto gitanga 0.842 kuri 664 nm ku wa Mbere. Ku wa Gatanu, icupa rimwe ritanga 0.791, kandi nta wahinduye konsantrasiyo. Ikibazo cya mbere ni ukumenya niba irangi ryaragabanutse. Ikibazo cya kabiri, gikomeye kurushaho, ni ukumenya icyo “kugabanuka” bivuze.

Kudahangarwa k'ubururu bwa metilene si umwihariko umwe gusa. Ni inzira nyinshi zose zigabanya igipimo cyo kwinjiza urumuri ku burebure bumwe bw'umuraba. Kwakira elegitoroni bishobora gusubizwa inyuma, ihinduka ry'ukwikusanya kwa molekile, no gusenyuka kudashobora gusubizwa inyuma bigaragara kimwe iyo hapimwe ku burebure bumwe bw'umuraba. Uru rupapuro rurabitandukanya kugira ngo igerageza risobanurwe neza.

Ibyibandwaho hano ni ukudahangarwa kw'uruvange no mu igerageza. Ku bibazo byo kubika amacupa, gukoresha icupa ryafunguwe n'itariki ntarengwa yo gukoresha, reba amabwiriza agenewe abaguzi ku gihe cyo kubika. Nta tariki ntarengwa itangwa hano, kuko igihe umuti ushongeshejwe ushobora kumara kigomba kwemezwa kuri konsantrasiyo, igikoresho kiwubitse n'uburyo bwo kuwubika byihariye.

Banza usobanure ikintu kivugwa

Ubururu bwa metilene bwumye n'ubururu bwa metilene bushongeshejwe bitwara mu buryo butandukanye. Amakuru ya PubChem ku bururu bwa metilene asobanura umunyu wa kolorure, ufite uburemere bwa moli bungana na hafi 319.9 g/mol ku bwoko butagira amazi, ufite kristali z'icyatsi cyijimye kandi ugatanga uruvange rw'ubururu bwijimye mu mazi no muri alukoro. Inyandiko za kera zakusanyijwe zisobanura ko ubwoko bufite molekile eshatu z'amazi budahinduka mu kirere, naho impapuro z'umutekano zikoreshwa ubu zisaba igikoresho gifunze neza, kibitswe ahumye, hakonje, hafite umwuka uhagije kandi harinzwe urumuri.

Ibyo bituma ubwoko bukomeye budahangarwa ugereranyije n'ibindi, mu buryo busanzwe bwo kubika muri laboratwari. Ibyo ntibireba ubwashongeshejwe. Inyandiko y'incamake ya USP iriho ubu ivuga ko imiti ishongeshejwe irimo ubururu bwa metilene igomba gutegurwa bushya mbere y'isesengura, ibipfunyika bikaguma bifunze neza, birinzwe urumuri kandi bibitswe munsi ya 30 C. Ayo mabwiriza ni uburyo bwitondewe bwo gukora isesengura, si gihamya y'uko uruvange rwose rucuyuka mu minsi mike. Bisobanuye ko ukudahangarwa k'ubururu bwa metilene bushongeshejwe kugomba kugaragazwa, aho kugufata nk'ukuri kutagenzuwe. Incamake y'inyandiko ya USP ku bururu bwa metilene igaragaza ishingiro ry'ikizamini cyo gupima ingano ryakoreshejwe muri uwo mwanzuro.

Urumuri: impamvu nyamukuru yo kugabanuka ishobora kwirindwa

Ubururu bwa metilene bwinjiza urumuri mu gice urumuri rusanzwe rusohoreramo. Monomeri yinjiza cyane hafi ya 658 kugeza kuri 665 nm, hakaba agace k'inyongera ku murongo w'iyinjizwa kagaragaza dimeri hafi ya 605 kugeza kuri 610 nm n'uduce two kwinjiza urumuri rwa ultraviolet hafi ya 292 nm no munsi yaho. Urumuri rutukura rwo ku meza ya laboratwari rero ruhura mu buryo butaziguye n'agace irangi ryinjizamo urumuri. Urumuri rwa floresansi, amatara ya LED yera na UV-A na byo bishobora gucuya imiti ishongeshejwe ifite konsantrasiyo nto mu buryo bw'igerageza. Nta bara rimwe ry'urumuri ridateza ikibazo; icy'ingenzi ni ukugabanya igihe cyo kurushyiramo.

Imikoranire ya shimi iterwa n'urumuri itangirira ku miterere ya triplet. Urumuri rwinjijwe rutuma irangi rijya mu miterere ifite ingufu nyinshi, kandi triplet ibivamo ishobora guha ingufu cyangwa elegitoroni ogisijeni yashongeshejwe. Monomeri ifite konsantrasiyo nto ituma ogisijeni ya singlet iboneka neza, kandi ibipimo bya kwantumu byatangajwe biri hafi ya 0.5 mu mazi. Inyandiko y'ingenzi kuri iyi mikoranire ni ubushakashatsi kuri triplet y'ubururu bwa metilene na ogisijeni ya singlet.

Og isijeni ya singlet ntigomba kwitwa impamvu yonyine y'icupa ryose ryacuyutse. Imiti ishongeshejwe yashyizwe mu mirasire irimo amoko ya leuco yakiriye elegitoroni hamwe n'amarangi yavanyweho amatsinda ya metili, kandi abanditsi b'ubushakashatsi ku bururu bwa metilene bwashyizwe mu rumuri rugaragara bavuga neza ko uburyo inzira zitandukana butarasobanuka. Kwakira elegitoroni bitewe n'urumuri kandi bishobora gusubizwa inyuma, kuvanaho amatsinda ya metili kuri N binyuze muri okisidasiyo, imikoranire ikurikiraho ya ogisijeni ikora cyane, no gucikamo ibice nyuma bishobora kubera icyarimwe.

Mu bushakashatsi bumwe ku bikoresho, irangi ryashongeshejwe mu mazi kuri 10 mg/L no kuri 20 C ryatakaje hafi 37 ku ijana by'igipimo cyo kwinjiza urumuri nyuma y'iminota 120 mu rumuri rugaragara rwa laboratwari, na 53 ku ijana mu rumuri rw'izuba, mu gihe igerageza ry'igenzura ryabitswe mu mwijima ritagaragaje kugabanuka gushobora gupimwa, ndetse no kuri 80 C. Iyo mibare iva mu bushakashatsi ku bushyuhe n'urumuri ku bururu bwa metilene bushongeshejwe mu mazi kandi ireba gusa ibikoresho byakoreshejwe muri ubwo bushakashatsi. Igaragaza ko urumuri ari rwo rwiganza, si igihe kingana n'icya kabiri cy'ubuzima bw'irindi cupa.

Og isijeni igira uruhare mu buryo bubiri, ari na cyo gituma “guhura n'umwuka” bishobora gusobanurwa mu buryo butandukanye. Og isijeni ituma amoko ya ogisijeni akora cyane ava ku irangi ryahawe ingufu n'urumuri aboneka, ariko kandi isubiza lewukometilene bururu itagira ibara mu bwoko bw'ubururu binyuze muri okisidasiyo. Umwuka rero ushobora gucuya uruvange rumwe no gusubiza ibara urundi. Itandukaniro hagati yo kwiyongera kwa leuco no gusenyuka risobanurwa mu mikoranire yo guhererekanya elegitoroni y'ubururu bwa metilene na lewukometilene bururu.

Kwikusanya kwa molekile guhindura uko buri molekile yakira ingaruka z'urumuri. H-dimeri ziteganye mu buryo bwo guhangana zisubira vuba mu miterere ifite ingufu nke kandi zigatanga triplet na ogisijeni ya singlet bike cyane kurusha monomeri, nk'uko byapimwe mu bushakashatsi ku mikoranire ya dimeri y'ubururu bwa metilene n'urumuri.

pH: kudahinduka hagati, ihinduka rya shimi ku mpande

Mu rwego rwa pH kuva kuri aside kugeza ku itabogamye, kat iyoni y'ubururu iri mu miterere ya okisidasiyo irwanya imikoranire yikora mu buryo bwa alikali kurusha uko ibikora kuri pH iri hejuru. Incamake y'imyitwarire y'iki kinyabutabire mu bidukikije yakusanyijwe muri PubChem ntiteganya ko isenyuka riterwa n'amazi rigira uruhare runini hafi ya pH 5 kugeza kuri 9, ariko ibyo ni ikigereranyo cyo mu bidukikije, si iyemezwa mu rwego rw'imiti.

Ubushakashatsi bwa kera bwagaragaje ko irangi rifite konsantrasiyo nto hafi ya 25 C ridahinduka cyane munsi ya pH igera kuri 9.5, kuvanaho amatsinda ya alikili bigatangira kugaragara hafi ya pH 9.5 kugeza kuri 9.8, n'ihinduka ryihuse kuri pH 12 mu minsi. Ibyo byagaragaye mu bushakashatsi bwa mbere ku kudahangarwa k'ubururu bwa metilene mu muvange wa alikali kandi bigomba gufatwa nk'ibimenyetso by'uburyo imikoranire igenda, aho kubifata nk'igipimo ntarengwa kigomba kubahirizwa.

Alikali ikomeye ishobora kandi guhindura inzira y'imikoranire ya shimi. Muri alikali yashongeshejwe mu mazi kuri 0.1 M, ikinyabutabire nyamukuru cyatandukanyijwe n'ibindi cyari metilene viyole ya Bernthsen, ikomoka ku isenyuka riterwa n'amazi mu buryo bwa alikali, nk'uko cyamenyekanye mu bushakashatsi ku kwangirika kw'amarangi ya fenotiyazine muri alikali. Ibyo ni ugusenyuka, si ihinduka ry'ibara ry'ikimenyetso cya pH.

Kwakira elegitoroni bitanga lewukometilene bururu, ahanini itagira ibara kandi isubizwa byoroshye mu miterere ya okisidasiyo n'umwuka, byihuta kuri pH iri hejuru kandi bikagenda buhoro muri aside. Uruhare rwa ogisijeni rwasobanuwe mu bushakashatsi ku kwakira elegitoroni bitewe n'urumuri no kongera gukora okisidasiyo y'ubururu bwa metilene. Kubura ibara ry'ubururu rero byerekana gusa ko ingano y'ubwoko buri mu miterere ya okisidasiyo yagabanutse, ntibigaragaza niba byatewe no kwakira elegitoroni, kwikusanya kwa molekile cyangwa gusenyuka.

Imishongi no kwikusanya kwa molekile: ishusho y'iyinjizwa ry'urumuri ishobora guhinduka nta kugabanuka kubayeho

Amazi ashongesha umunyu wa kolorure byoroshye. PubChem ikusanya amakuru agaragaza hafi 43.6 g/L mu mazi kuri 25 C, hamwe n'amakuru adatanga imibare ku gushonga muri etanoli na koloroforome, mu gihe inyandiko z'ibipimo by'imiti zikoresha imvugo nka “gushonga gake” cyangwa “gushonga buhoro cyane” ku bikoresho byihariye. Ubwoko burimo amazi, ubuziranenge, imbaraga za ayoni n'amagambo akoreshwa bisobanura igice cy'iryo tandukaniro. Amabwiriza ku gushonga kw'ubururu bwa metilene no gutegura uruvange asobanura uko gutangaza imiterere y'ikinyabutabire ishingirwaho mu gutanga umubare.

Guhitamo umushongi bihindura amoko ya molekile ari mu muvange, si ubushobozi bwo gushonga gusa. Mu mivange y'amazi na metanoli, isesengura ry'urumuri ritandukanya monomeri, dimeri na trimeri byo mu mazi hamwe na monomeri yo muri metanoli, nk'uko byerekanwa mu bushakashatsi ku kwikusanya kw'ubururu bwa metilene mu mishongi ivanze. Alukoro ntivanaho kwikusanya kwa molekile: dimeri n'amatsinda manini kurushaho biguma muri metanoli, etanoli, propanoli na butanoli, hakurikijwe ubushakashatsi ku kwikusanya kwa molekile bitewe n'umushongi.

Mu kazi gasanzwe, umushongi, imbaraga za ayoni, ubushyuhe na konsantrasiyo bishobora guhindura aho iyinjizwa ry'urumuri riba ryinshi n'ubushobozi bwo kwinjiza urumuri bitangije irangi. Koresha uburyo bumwe bw'imishongi ku cyitegererezo no ku gipimo fatizo, kandi ugenzure ko ibipimo bikurikira umurongo ugororotse. Igisobanuro cya IUPAC cy'itegeko rya Beer-Lambert kivuga ibisabwa kugira ngo igipimo cyo kwinjiza urumuri gikurikire konsantrasiyo.

Gucuyuka gushobora gusubizwa inyuma n'ukwangirika kudashobora gusubizwa inyuma

Kuvanaho buhoro buhoro amatsinda ya metili kuri N bitanga Azure B, hanyuma bigatanga amoko ya Azure afite amatsinda ya metili make kurushaho na tiyonine. Kwinjiza umwuka mu icupa ntibisubiza inyuma iyo ntambwe, kandi inzira zihariye zirahinduka, bityo ntibigomba gushushanywa nk'uruhererekane rumwe rudahinduka. Uru rusobe rw'inzira rugaragazwa mu bushakashatsi ku bikomoka ku kuvanaho amatsinda ya metili mu bururu bwa metilene.

Lewukometilene bururu yo iri ku rundi ruhande. Ni ubwoko bwakiriye elegitoroni ebyiri, ahanini butagira ibara, kandi ogisijeni cyangwa ikindi kinyabutabire gitera okisidasiyo bishobora gusubiza irangi ry'ubururu. Ubugenzuzi bwo mu bipimo by'imiti bugaragaza uruhande rudashobora gusubizwa inyuma: inyandiko ya USP iriho ubu igenzura Azure B nk'umwanda wihariye ugomba gupimwa, ibyo bikaba bihuje n'uko kuvanaho amatsinda ya metili ari inzira yo kwandura igomba gukurikiranwa.

Okisidasiyo ibaho nyuma itanga ibinyabutabire bifite impeta zafungutse n'ibicikaguritse. Ibyo ni ugusenyuka. Laboratwari ntikeneye kumenya buri gice cyose cyacitse. Ikeneye kwirinda guha izina rimwe buri kugabanuka kw'igipimo cyo kwinjiza urumuri.

Imbonerahamwe y'ibimenyetso by'ukudahangarwa hakurikijwe uburyo bw'igerageza

Iyi ni imbonerahamwe yifashishwa kuri uru rupapuro. Buri murongo uvuga uburyo bw'igerageza, imyitwarire ifite ibimenyetso bikomeye kurusha ibindi, n'ubugenzuzi burinda gufata umwanzuro utari wo.

Ubugenzuzi mu kazi ko gupima ingano

Tegura ibipimo fatizo by'isesengura bushya kandi ugabanye igihe byo kumara mu rumuri. Huza ubushyuhe, pH, umushongi, imbaraga za ayoni n'urwego rwa konsantrasiyo hagati y'ibipimo fatizo n'ibyitegererezo. Shyiramo igerageza ry'igenzura mu mwijima igihe wiga kwangirika, n'igerageza ry'igenzura riri mu rumuri ariko ridafite umusemburo mu magerageza y'imikoranire ya shimi iterwa n'urumuri. Iyo ishusho y'iyinjizwa ry'urumuri ari ingenzi, andika ishusho yose yo mu rumuri rugaragara aho gukoresha uburebure bumwe bw'umuraba, kuko amarangi yavanyweho amatsinda ya metili n'amatsinda ya molekile byinjiza urumuri mu bice byegeranye ariko bitameze kimwe. Ishusho y'iyinjizwa ry'urumuri ihinduka bitewe na konsantrasiyo ishingirwaho muri ayo mabwiriza yanditswe mu bushakashatsi bw'iyinjizwa ry'urumuri ku konsantrasiyo no kwikusanya kwa molekile.

Ntugahindure igisubizo icyo ari cyo cyose cyo kuri uru rupapuro ngo ukigire igihe cyo kubika. Igihe cyemejwe gishingira ku miterere y'uruvange, igikoresho kirubitse, konsantrasiyo, umwanya w'umwuka hejuru y'uruvange, ubugenzuzi bwa mikorobe n'uburyo bwo kubika byasobanuwe neza. Iryo yemezwa rirebwa n'amabwiriza agenewe abaguzi ku gihe cyo kubika, ayo uru rupapuro rushyigikira ariko rudasimbura.