Icyatsi cya malachite n’ubururu bwa methylene ku mafi, hamwe n’umunyu w’ikigega cy’amafi

Utudomo tw’umweru tugaragara ku ifi ya tetra, maze mu minota mike hakaza inama eshatu: ubururu bwa methylene, icyatsi cya malachite, umunyu. Byose uko ari bitatu bihindura ibara ry’amazi. Byose bifite ababikunda cyane. Nta na kimwe ari umuti wa byose, kandi kubaza ikirusha ibindi gusimbuka intambwe igena igisubizo: ifi ifite ikihe kibazo, kandi ikirango cya buri gicuruzwa kivuga ko gikoreshwa ku ki?

Ibi ni ibintu bitatu bitandukanye bipfunyitse mu buryo busa. Ubururu bwa methylene ni irangi rifite imikoreshereze yanditse ku kirango mu bigega by’amafi, ijyanye n’uduhumyo ku magi, uduhumyo tworoshye ku ruhu, udukoko tumwe two hanze tugizwe n’akaremangingo kamwe, no gufasha mu burozi bwa nitrite cyangwa cyanide. Icyatsi cya malachite, akenshi kigurishwa kivanzwe na formalin, ahanini ni umuti w’udukoko two hanze wibanda kuri Ich n’ibinyabuzima bifitanye isano na yo. Mu bijyanye n’amategeko agenga imiti, umunyu w’ikigega cy’amafi si umuti na gato; ufasha mu kugenzura ingano y’amazi n’imyunyu mu mubiri kandi ni isoko ya chloride irinda ingaruka za nitrite. Unakoreshwa ku dukoko tumwe two hanze, ariko ku rugero rw’umunyu ibigega byinshi birimo amoko atandukanye bidashobora kwihanganira. Kubihitamo ushingiye ku ibara cyangwa ku kamenyero ni byo bituma amafi adafite amagaragamba, udukonjo, ibimera n’utuyunguruzo tw’ibinyabuzima byangirika bitari byo byagambiriwe.

Kugereranya ibi bintu bitatu

Imbonerahamwe ikurikira ishingiye ku birango by’ababikora no ku mabwiriza ya kaminuza agenewe korohereza aborozi. Ubwinshi bw’ibigize igicuruzwa n’amabwiriza birahinduka bitewe n’uko cyateguwe, bityo ufate ikirango kiri ku icupa ryawe nk’isoko y’amabwiriza y’ibanze, naho iyi mbonerahamwe uyifate nk’incamake ikuyobora.

	Ubururu bwa methylene (urugero: Kordon, 2.303%)	Imvange zirimo icyatsi cya malachite (urugero: Kordon Rid-Ich Plus, API Super Ick Cure)	Umunyu w’ikigega cy’amafi (sodium chloride)
Icyo bigenewe	Uduhumyo ku magi y’amafi, indwara z’uduhumyo zo ku ruhu, udukoko two hanze tugizwe n’akaremangingo kamwe twanditswe ku kirango (Ichthyophthirius, Chilodonella, Costia), no gufasha mu burozi bwa nitrite cyangwa cyanide. Amabwiriza y’igicuruzwa cya Kordon atondeka iyo mikoreshereze kandi akavuga neza ko atareba Oodinium, indwara za bagiteri, inyo za flukes n’indwara zikomeye z’uduhumyo.	Udukoko two hanze, cyane cyane Ich yo mu mazi meza, hamwe na Costia, Trichodina na Chilodonella bitewe n’igicuruzwa; ikirango cya Rid-Ich Plus ya Kordon cyongeraho Cryptocaryon na Amyloodinium byo mu nyanja n’indwara zimwe z’uduhumyo, ariko kigakuramo bagiteri, flukes, copepods n’inyo.	Gufasha kugenzura amazi n’imyunyu mu mubiri igihe amafi afatwa cyangwa yimurwa, kurinda ingaruka za nitrite binyuze mu guhangana kwa chloride na nitrite ku mababa yo guhumeka, no kurwanya udukoko tumwe two hanze tugizwe n’akaremangingo kamwe ku rugero rwinshi rw’umunyu. Amabwiriza ya UF/IFAS agenewe aborozi asobanura umunyu nk’ikintu gikoreshwa mu bworozi bwo mu mazi kidashyirwa imbere cyane mu kugenzurwa n’amategeko, atari umuti w’amafi wemewe.
Gukoresha ku magi	Ikirango kivuga ko utateza ibyago ku magi y’amafi no ku twana twayo mu gukumira uduhumyo, kandi gitanga uburyo bwihariye bwo kuwukoresha ku magi. Umuyoboro ku guturagisha no ku magi usobanura iyo mikoreshereze mu buryo burambuye.	Igicuruzwa cya Kordon cy’icyatsi cya malachite kitavanze na cyo gifite ku kirango amabwiriza yo gukumira no kuvura uduhumyo ku magi, harimo ayo gushyira amafi mu mazi arimo umuti cyangwa kuyibizamo akanya gato; uburozi buterwa n’ubwinshi bw’umuti mu mazi, igihe umara uhura n’amafi n’ubwoko bw’amafi. Imvange zo kuvura Ich ntizifite ayo magambo, bityo genzura icupa nyirizina.	Si umuti w’uduhumyo ku magi.
Amoko ashobora kugirwaho ingaruka cyane	Gereranya ubwoko bw’amafi n’icyiciro cy’ubuzima arimo n’ibiri ku kirango; umuyoboro rusange ku mafi yo mu bigega usobanura uko wasuzuma niba bihuje.	Biratandukana bitewe n’uko igicuruzwa cyateguwe: ikirango cya API kiriho ubu kigabanya ku gice ingano ikoreshwa ku mafi adafite amagaragamba, naho Kordon yemera gukoresha Rid-Ich Plus kuri loaches na catfish ariko ikaburira kutayikoresha kuri mormyrids no kuri stingrays zo mu mazi meza.	Kwihanganira umunyu biterwa n’ubwoko, ntibigenwa n’amagaragamba. UF/IFAS iburira by’umwihariko ko tetra zimwe zitihanganira umunyu neza, kandi ko tetra n’amafi ya elephant-nose atagomba kumara igihe kirekire mu mazi arimo umunyu.
Ibinyabuzima bidafite uruti rw’umugongo n’ibimera	Nk’uko ikirango kibivuga, ubangamira imikurire y’ibimera; niba uhuje n’ibinyabuzima bidafite uruti rw’umugongo bigomba kugenzurwa kuri buri gicuruzwa.	Ntibikoreshwa mu bigega birimo korali cyangwa ibinyabuzima bidafite uruti rw’umugongo, keretse umuganga w’amatungo yo mu mazi abitegetse ukundi; ibimera bimwe bizima bishobora kugirwaho ingaruka.	Ibimera bishobora kutihanganira urugero rw’umunyu rwa 4 kugeza kuri 5 ppt rukoreshwa mu kuvura Ich, kandi kwihanganira umunyu kw’ibinyabuzima bidafite uruti rw’umugongo gutandukana bitewe n’ubwoko n’ubwinshi bw’umunyu mu mazi.
Akayunguruzo k’ibinyabuzima	Ntukawukoreshe muri sisitemu zishingiye ku kuyungurura hakoreshejwe ibinyabuzima; ubangamira bagiteri zihindura ammonia mo nitrite na nitrate. Kuwukoresha bigomba kubera mu kigega cyihariye cyo kuvuriramo cyangwa guturagiramo kitarimo imitako cyangwa ibintu bitwikiriye hasi; banza usome umuyoboro ku guhuza umuti n’ikigega n’ibinyabuzima birimo mbere yo kuwukoresha mu kigega cyo kwerekana kirimo amafi.	Kordon ivuga ko Rid-Ich Plus itabangamira kuyungurura hakoreshejwe ibinyabuzima iyo ikoreshejwe hakurikijwe amabwiriza. Kuramo karubone ikora igihe ukoresha irangi iryo ari ryo ryose muri aya abiri.	Ntukuraho ibinyabuzima byose mu kayunguruzo, ariko umunyu mwinshi ubangamira sisitemu z’amazi meza; gukosora akayunguruzo k’ibinyabuzima katagikora neza biracyasaba guhindura amazi no gusana akayunguruzo, nk’uko amabwiriza ya Merck ku buvuzi bw’amatungo abishimangira.
Ibirebana n’abantu n’amafi yo kuribwa	Akoreshwa ku mafi y’imitako; ntakoreshwa ku mafi yo kuribwa.	Ntiyemewe ku mafi yo kuribwa muri Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika; igenzura rya FDA ku bicuruzwa bitumizwa mu mahanga rifata ibisigazwa by’icyatsi cya malachite nk’ibyanduza ibiribwa, kandi EU ishyiraho urugero rwa 0.5 µg/kg rutuma hafatwa ingamba ku cyatsi cya malachite hamwe n’ubwoko bwacyo busigara mu mubiri. Koresha amarangi witonze kandi uyashyire kure y’abana n’aho hategurirwa ibiribwa.	Ingamba zisanzwe zo kwitonda mu gukoresha umunyu; ibyago bireba ibinyabuzima byorowe, binyuze mu rugero rw’umunyu mu mazi, aho kuba amategeko agenga ibisigazwa.

Gukoresha imbonerahamwe mu gufata ibyemezo

Ibibazo bine bikunze kubaho byerekana uko amakuru yo mu mirongo ahuzwa.

Uduhumyo ku magi. Aha ni ho ubururu bwa methylene bukoreshwa cyane, bufite uburyo bwo gukoresha ku magi bwanditse ku kirango n’amagambo asobanutse avuga ko butateza ibyago ku magi no ku twana tw’amafi. Umunyu nta mikoreshereze nk’iyo wanditseho. Icyatsi cya malachite kitavanze (igicuruzwa cya Kordon gifite ikintu kimwe gikora) na cyo gifite amabwiriza ku duhumyo two ku magi, ariko imvange zo kuvura Ich ntiziyafite; bityo icupa ufite ni ryo rigena icyemezo. Banza wemeze ko amagi yatewe intanga; nta rangi rikiza amagi atatewe intanga.

Indwara y’utudomo tw’umweru (Ich). Imvange zirimo icyatsi cya malachite ni zo zifite ku kirango imikoreshereze ijyanye n’iki kibazo, kandi umunyu ushobora kuzunganira ku rugero rwa garama 4 kugeza kuri 5 kuri litiro mu minsi 7 kugeza kuri 10, ariko gusa ku moko yihanganira urwo rugero rw’umunyu no ku bushyuhe bwagenwe mu mabwiriza ya UF/IFAS kuri Ich. Ubururu bwa methylene bushyira Ichthyophthirius mu byo bushobora kwifashishwamo bitari iby’ibanze, ariko imiterere yabwo muri rusange (kwangiza akayunguruzo k’ibinyabuzima no kutareba amoko menshi y’udukoko) ituma butaba uburyo bukomeye bwo guhangana na Ich yibasiye ikigega cyo kwerekana amafi. Huza indwara yasuzumwe n’igicuruzwa kiyivuga mu mikoreshereze yacyo y’ibanze.

Amaraso y’ikigina n’uburozi bwa nitrite. Ikirango cy’ubururu bwa methylene kivuga ko bufasha guhindura methemoglobin ikongera kwegera imiterere ya hemoglobin itwara ogisijeni, naho chloride iva mu munyu ihanganira na nitrite kwinjira binyuze ku mababa yo guhumeka. Ubu buryo buruzuzanya, ariko nta na bumwe bukura nitrite mu mazi. Uburozi bwa nitrite bukwiye kuganirwaho ukwabwo, hagatandukanywa ubufasha ku rwego rw’amaraso no gukosora amazi (kuyahindura no gusana akayunguruzo), ari byo bihagarika koko guhura n’ubwo burozi.

Utudomo tutarasuzumwa, kwikuba ku bintu cyangwa kugira intege nke. Hagarara. Umuyoboro wa UF/IFAS ku micungire y’ubuzima bw’amafi ushyira gupima amazi (ogisijeni yashonze mu mazi, ammonia, nitrite, pH) mbere yo gukoresha imiti, kuko amazi mabi ashobora gutera ibimenyetso bisa n’iby’indwara z’udukoko. Irangi risutswe mu mazi afite ikibazo cya ammonia rituza impungenge z’umworozi, ntirivura ifi.

Impamvu icyatsi cya malachite gifite ibindi bibazo bikomeye

Aborora amafi mu bigega rimwe na rimwe bibaza impamvu irangi rimwe rikoreshwa bisanzwe ku magi, mu gihe irindi rituma hapimwa ibisigazwa ku byambu. Igisubizo kiri mu buryo umubiri urihindura. Amafi ahindura icyatsi cya malachite kikaba leucomalachite green, ubwoko bushonga mu binure buguma mu nyama ziribwa mu gihe cy’ibyumweru kugeza ku mezi, kandi ubushakashatsi bwa FDA ku bisigazwa bwerekana uko biguma muri trout na salmon. Uko ibisigazwa biguma mu mubiri ni byo byatumye icyatsi cya malachite kitigeze cyemererwa gukoreshwa ku mafi yo kuribwa, n’impamvu EU ikibuza ku matungo atanga ibiribwa.

Ibisobanuro ku bijyanye na kanseri bisaba kwitondera amagambo. Inyandiko za kera z’inzego zibishinzwe zivuga ko icyatsi cya malachite gishobora gutera kanseri cyangwa gikekwa ko cyatera impinduka mu ngirabuzima fatizo; isuzuma rya IARC ririho ubu rishyira icyatsi cya malachite ubwacyo mu Itsinda 3 (ntigishobora gushyirwa mu cyiciro ku birebana no gutera kanseri), naho ubwoko bwacyo busigara mu mubiri, leucomalachite green, rikabushyira mu Itsinda 2B (gishobora gutera kanseri), hashingiwe ku bimenyetso byavuye ku nyamaswa. Nta na kimwe muri ibyo byiciro bivuga ko kuvura Ich ku mafi y’imitako ari ugushyira umuntu mu byamutera kanseri, ariko byombi bisobanura impamvu kubikoresha ku mafi yo kuribwa bibujijwe n’impamvu amabwiriza yo kwitonda ari ku kirango akwiriye kubahirizwa aho kuyirengagiza.

Bishobora kuvangwa?

Aha ni ho inama zo ku mbuga z’ibiganiro zirenga ibivugwa ku birango. Ibimenyetso bishyirwa mu matsinda atatu.

Icya mbere, icyatsi cya malachite hamwe n’umunyu bifite ibimenyetso nyakuri bibishyigikira. Amabwiriza ya API ku munyu w’ikigega cy’amafi asaba gukoresha umunyu wayo hamwe n’umuti wayo wa Ich, kandi UF/IFAS ivuga ko umunyu ukunze kongerwa muri sisitemu zivurishwa formalin kugira ngo igisubizo kirusheho kuba cyiza. Ibyo bishyigikira iki gitekerezo ku bicuruzwa byateguwe mu buryo buhuje, si kuri buri cupa riri ku kabati. Ich-X ya Hikari, ivanze formalin n’icyatsi cya malachite, ifite amabwiriza atandukanye: amabwiriza yo ku kirango cyayo avuga kutayivanga n’umunyu cyangwa indi miti. Bityo kuba umuti ushobora gukoreshwa hamwe n’umunyu ni umwihariko w’igicuruzwa runaka, si itegeko rusange.

Icya kabiri, muri iri suzuma nta kirango cyangwa uburyo bwa kaminuza bishyigikira gukoresha ubururu bwa methylene hamwe n’umunyu. Nta mabwiriza ya Kordon cyangwa uburyo bwa UF/IFAS cyangwa Merck busaba gukoresha ubururu bwa methylene n’umunyu icyarimwe. Kutagira uburyo bwateganyijwe si gihamya y’uko byangiza, ariko bivuga ko umuntu wese ukoresha byombi icyarimwe aba yigeragereza nta buryo bwapimwe akurikiza, kandi atagomba kwerekana iyo mvange nk’uburyo bwemejwe.

Icya gatatu, ibirango bimwe bibuza mu buryo bweruye kuvanga imiti. Kordon ibwira abakoresha kutavanga Rid-Ich Plus n’undi muti uwo ari wo wose. Iyo nteruro imwe isubiza ibibazo byinshi byo kuvuga ngo “nshobora kongeramo” kuri icyo gicuruzwa: oya.

Itegeko rusange rireba ibindi byose. Ikibazo kimwe, ikirango kimwe, gahunda imwe yo kuvura. Amarangi agabanya urugero rwa ogisijeni yashonze mu mazi rusigara rushobora kwihanganirwa (formalin ibikora mu buryo bweruye), umunyu wongera umutwaro wo kuringaniza amazi n’imyunyu mu mubiri, kandi amafi arwaye aba asanzwe ahumeka bigoranye. Kuvanga imiti byongera ibiyabangamira, kandi bigatuma bidashoboka kumenya icyateye ingaruka mbi. Rangiza gahunda imwe cyangwa ufate icyemezo gisobanutse cyo kuyihagarika, ukosore amazi hagati y’igerageza n’irindi, mbere yo gutangira indi.

Uburyo bwo guhitamo

Kurikiza izi ntambwe uko zikurikirana ku ndwara iyo ari yo yose yo hanze ukeka cyangwa ku kibazo cy’amagi.

Pima amazi (ogisijeni, ammonia, nitrite, pH) kandi ubanze ukosore ibikoresho bidakora neza, ukurikije uburyo bwo gufata ibyemezo ku bigega by’amafi.
Vuga ikibazo mu buryo busobanutse uko bishoboka: uduhumyo ku magi, utudomo tw’umweru, amaraso y’ikigina nyuma y’izamuka rikabije rya nitrite, cyangwa ikibazo kitazwi. Ikibazo kitazwi gisaba gusuzuma mbere yo gukoresha umuti, wifashishije umuganga w’amatungo yo mu mazi cyangwa inzobere mu buzima bw’amafi ku bibazo bikomeza cyangwa bikomeye.
Hitamo ikintu gifite ku kirango imikoreshereze y’ibanze ivuga icyo kibazo, hanyuma usome ibyanditse ku icupa byose: ubwinshi bw’umuti, imiburo ijyanye n’amoko, ibivugwa ku binyabuzima bidafite uruti rw’umugongo no ku bimera, ibivugwa ku kayunguruzo k’ibinyabuzima, n’ibibujijwe mu kuvanga imiti.
Koresha umuti mu bidukikije biteganyijwe ku kirango. Ubururu bwa methylene bukoreshwa mu kigega cyihariye cyo kuvuriramo cyangwa guturagiramo kitarimo imitako cyangwa ibintu bitwikiriye hasi kandi gitandukanye no kuyungurura hakoreshejwe ibinyabuzima; imiti ya Ich isaba gukuramo karubone, kwemeza ko amazi ahabwa umwuka uhagije, no gufata ibyemezo ku bushyuhe hitawe kuri ogisijeni.
Andika igicuruzwa, ubwinshi bw’umuti, ingano y’amazi yapimwe, igihe cyo gukoresha n’ibyo ubona. Iyo gahunda idatanze umusaruro, ayo makuru ni yo inzobere ikenera, kandi ni yo anabuza ko igerageza rikurikiyeho ryasubiramo ikosa rimwe rikoresheje ingano y’umuti irushijeho kuba nyinshi.

Amacupa atatu ari ku kabati si ingano eshatu z’imbaraga z’umuti umwe. Ni ibisubizo by’ibibazo bitandukanye. Banza ubaze ikibazo gikwiye, maze guhitamo akenshi bibe ibyoroheje.