Ubururu bwa methylene kuri ich, kubora kw'amababa y'amafi n'indwara z'uduhumyo: kugereranya ibimenyetso

Ifi igaragaje utudomo twera. Amazi ahindutse ubururu. Utudomo ntitukigaragara neza, nyirayo akemeza ko umuti wakoze. Hashize iminsi, ifi irushijeho kuremba. Nta cyo irangi ryahinduye ku gakoko kayitera indwara. Icyahindutse ni uko yagaragaraga gusa.

Iryo kosa risubirwamo kubera ko indwara nyinshi zigaragaza ibimenyetso bisa: utudomo twera, ibibara byeruruka, amababa ashishaguritse n'udutsiko tumeze nk'ipamba. Ibisubizo by'ishakisha biracyerekana irangi nk'umuti umwe w'ibikomere byose. Ariko ibinyabuzima bibitera si bimwe. Protozoaire ifite utwoya, ikinyabuzima cyo mu mazi gisa n'agahumyo, bagiteri ya Gram-negative, dinoflagellate n'inyo irambuye nta byinshi bihuriyeho uretse kwangiza uruhu, amababa cyangwa imihumekero. Irangi rifite ibikorwa nyakuri ariko bigarukira ku bintu bike ntirishobora kurwanya ibyo byose uko ari bitanu. Uko bikwiye gukurikirana ni ukubanza gusuzuma, hagakurikiraho kumenya ikinyabuzima gitera indwara n'icyiciro cy'ubuzima kirimo, hanyuma umuti, nyuma hakarebwa ikirango cy'igicuruzwa. Ibikurikira byose bikurikiza iyo gahunda.

Aho ibimenyetso bikomeye kurusha ahandi: amagi n'ibinyabuzima byo mu mazi bisa n'uduhumyo

Ikoreshwa ry'ubururu bwa methylene mu bigega by'amafi rifite ibimenyetso bikomeye kurusha ayandi ni ukurinda amagi y'amafi ibinyabuzima byo mu mazi bisa n'uduhumyo, cyane cyane Saprolegnia na Achlya. Ibi ni oomycetes, ibinyabuzima byo mu mazi bisa n'uduhumyo aho kuba uduhumyo nyakuri, kandi bibanza gukura ku magi yapfuye cyangwa yangiritse no mu bikomere mbere yo gukwirakwira ku biri hafi yabyo. Ubushakashatsi bwakozwe mu buryo bugenzurwa bwasanze 3 mg/L yaratumye amagi y'amafi ya angelfish na black-skirt tetra arushaho guturagwa, mu gihe ayo mu bwoko bwa zebrafish nta nyungu yabonye. Bityo, uko ingano y'umuti igira ingaruka biterwa n'ubwoko bw'ifi aho kuba kimwe kuri zose. Ibisobanuro birambuye byakusanyijwe mu isuzuma riherutse ry'ubushakashatsi ku kuvura indwara z'amafi yororerwa ubwiza.

Ibikomere byo ku ruhu by'amafi akuze bisa n'ipamba bifite ibimenyetso biri ku rwego rwo hasi ho gato. Ubururu bwa methylene bufite ubushobozi nyakuri bwo kurwanya ibinyabuzima byo mu mazi bisa n'uduhumyo biri ku buso bugaragara, kandi amabwiriza rusange yerekeye ubururu bwa methylene ku mafi yo mu bigega ashyira imbere ikoreshwa ku magi no ku buso bw'umubiri. Imikorere yo mu bigo bituragirwamo amagi y'amafi na yo ishingira kuri iyo ngingo, nk'uko bisobanurwa mu bururu bwa methylene ku magi y'amafi no mu bigo bituragirwamo amagi. Ariko akantu kameze nk'ipamba akenshi gakurikira ikindi kibazo. Gakura aho igikomere, aho agakoko gatunzwe n'ifi kayiriye, amazi mabi cyangwa igikomere cya bagiteri byabanje gufungura uruhu. Kuvura ako kantu wirengagije icyangiritse munsi yako bituma kongera kugaruka.

Ich yo mu mazi meza: ubufasha budakemura byose kandi buterwa n'icyiciro cy'ubuzima

Indwara y'utudomo twera yo mu mazi meza iterwa na Ichthyophthirius multifiliis, ikinyabuzima gifite utwoya cyinjira mu ruhu, mu mababa no mu mihumekero. Mu byiciro bikuze aho kiba kirya, kiba kinini, hafi kuva kuri kimwe cya kabiri cya milimetero kugera kuri milimetero imwe, bityo ikimenyetso gisanzwe kikagaragara nk'utubuto tw'umunyu dutandukanye. Inyandiko ya kaminuza igamije kugeza ubumenyi ku baturage ku miterere y'ubuzima bwa ich yo mu mazi meza n'amahame yo kuyivura isobanura uruziga rw'ubuzima bwayo kandi ishimangira kureba ingero zo ku ruhu cyangwa mu mihumekero hakoreshejwe mikorosikopi aho gukeka ushingiye ku tudomo gusa.

Ubururu bwa methylene bufite ibikorwa bimwe byo kurwanya protozoaires muri uru rwego, kandi ibirango by'ababukora bishyira Ichthyophthirius mu byo bushobora gukoreshwaho by'inyongera. Isuzuma riherutse ry'ubushakashatsi rivuga ko habonetse intsinzi ku rugero runaka igihe ubururu bwa methylene bwavangwaga n'umunyu mu mafi ya catfish yari yanduye cyane. Nyamara ubushakashatsi ku kwinjira kw'irangi bwasanze ridashobora kwica trophonts zirya ziri mu dufuka tuzirinda imbere mu ruhu. Ibyo bisubizo byombi bigaragaza aho ubushobozi bugarukira: bushobora kugira icyo bukora ku byiciro byigenga bitakingiwe, ariko ibikorwa byabwo ni bike ku cyiciro kirya kiba kirinzwe imbere mu gice cy'uruhu cya epithelium. Bityo kuvura bigomba gukomeza bigakurikira uruziga rw'ubuzima, aho guhagarara igihe utudomo tutakigaragara. Amabwiriza asanzwe yo kugeza ubumenyi ku baturage ashingira kuri formalin, umuringa n'uburyo bukoresha ubwinshi bw'umunyu mu mazi aho gukoresha ubururu bwa methylene bwonyine.

Indwara y'utudomo twera yo mu mazi y'inyanja iterwa n'ikindi kinyabuzima, Cryptocaryon irritans, kandi ibimenyetso birushaho kuba bike. Intonde za kera z'imiti zivuga ubururu bwa methylene bufite intsinzi ihindagurika, ariko amabwiriza agezweho ku gusuzuma no kuvura indwara y'utudomo twera yo mu mazi y'inyanja ashyira imbere uburyo bukoresha umuringa, kugabanya umunyu mu mazi, chloroquine na formalin, umuringa ugakomeza kuba ku gipimo cy'iyoni zigenga gipimwa mu gihe cy'ibyumweru. Kwibiza ifi mu mazi arimo ubururu bwa methylene si kimwe no gukura Cryptocaryon muri sisitemu yose.

Kubora kw'amababa: ibaba ryacitse ntirisobanura buri gihe ko ryanduye

Kubora kw'amababa ni ihuriro ry'ibimenyetso, si ikinyabuzima kimwe gitera indwara. Bagiteri za Gram-negative zifata igihe ziboneye uburyo, zirimo amoko ya Pseudomonas na Aeromonas, zinjira mu mababa yamaze kwangizwa n'amazi mabi, kurwana cyangwa gufatwa. Amabwiriza y'ubuvuzi bw'amatungo ku ndwara z'amafi ziterwa na bagiteri agaragaza neza ibyo bintu byongera ibyago kandi agasaba guhinga bagiteri muri laboratwari no gupima uko zumva imiti igihe kuvura hakoreshejwe imiti irwanya mikorobe bikenewe.

Nta gerageza ryemeza neza ko ubururu bwa methylene ari umuti wa antibiyotike uvura kubora kw'amababa kwamaze gufata. Ubushakashatsi bumwe ku mafi ya goldfish bukunze gusobanurwa nabi bwashyize amafi mu bururu bwa methylene mu gihe cy'ibyumweru mbere yo kuyanduza bagiteri, busanga ubudahangarwa bwarahindutse ndetse n'uko yakomeje kubaho nyuma birahinduka. Ibyo ni ubushakashatsi ku gutegura umubiri mbere, si igerageza ryo kuvura amababa abora. Igice cy'ibaba gishya cyacitse ariko gisukuye, kigahagarika kwangirika nyuma yo gukosora amazi no gukuramo ifi ibana na cyo ikikiruma, kiba cyangijwe no gukomereka. Ibaba rikomeza kugabanuka, rigahindura ibara, rikabyimba, rikagira ibisebe cyangwa rigatakaza ibice byaryo, ryerekeza ku bwandu kandi rikeneye gusuzumwa no kuvurwa mu buryo bugamije icyabiteye.

Imbonerahamwe yo kugereranya

Kubitandukanya mbere yo gukoresha imiti

Hari uburyo bune bw'ibimenyetso bukunze kwitiranywa cyane. Ingano irafasha. Utudomo twa ich ni nk'utubuto twitaruye kandi tuzamuka hejuru y'uruhu, buri kamwe kakagaragara ukwako. Velvet iba nk'agafu gato cyangwa urumuri rw'ibara risa n'izahabu ivanze n'umukara, buri kantu kakaba gato cyane; trophonts za velvet yo mu nyanja ziba zifite ingano nto cyane ugereranyije n'iza ich. Ibinyabuzima byo mu mazi bisa n'uduhumyo bifite imiterere izamuka hejuru: utudodo tumeze nk'ipamba tuva ku buso bw'umubiri. Columnaris ikora ibibara byera byerekeza ku muhondo, bifite utudodo cyangwa birenduka, bishobora kwibeshywaho ko ari uduhumyo ariko ku rugero rutose bisakara nk'udutsiko twa bagiteri.

Aho ibimenyetso biri n'imyitwarire byongera amakuru. Ich ikunda uruhu, amababa n'imihumekero, kandi ich yo mu nyanja ishobora kwihisha mu mihumekero nta tudomo na tumwe tugaragara. Velvet yibasira cyane imihumekero, bityo guhumeka vuba no kwikuba ku bintu bituma velvet iza imbere mu byo gukeka. Ibinyabuzima byo mu mazi bisa n'uduhumyo bibanza ku bikomere no ku magi yapfuye, bityo kuba bihari bisaba kubaza icyakomeretse uruhu. Columnaris yibasira uruhu, imihumekero n'amababa kandi ishobora kwangiza ibice by'umubiri vuba.

Igikoresho gitandukanya ibi kikemura impaka nyinshi ni mikorosikopi: urugero rutose rw'uruhu, ibaba cyangwa imihumekero rugaragaza ibinyabuzima bifite utwoya, trophonts za dinoflagellates, imiterere ishamiye y'ibinyabuzima byo mu mazi bisa n'uduhumyo, cyangwa udutsiko twa bagiteri dufite utudodo twa columnaris. Mbere y'ibyo byose, pima ammonia, nitrite, ubushyuhe, pH na ogisijeni yashonze mu mazi, wongereho ubwinshi bw'umunyu muri sisitemu z'amazi y'inyanja. Amazi mabi yigana ibimenyetso by'indwara kandi agatuma haza ubwandu bw'inyongera, nyuma irangi rikagaya ko ritabashije kubuvura.

Ibibazo bitanu aho irangi atari igisubizo gikwiye

Velvet ikeneye umuringa, si amazi y'ubururu. Hari raporo za kera zo kuvura velvet yo mu mazi meza hakoreshejwe kwibiza mu muti, ariko ibimenyetso ni ibya kera kandi ni bike, naho umuringa ukagira ibimenyetso bikomeye cyane kurushaho. Ku ndwara ya velvet yo mu mazi y'inyanja, amabwiriza y'impuguke agezweho avuga formalin, peroxide, kwibiza igihe gito, umuringa na chloroquine, kuvura bigasubirwamo kubera ko icyiciro kiba kiri mu gafuka gikingira ikinyabuzima kidapfa kugerwaho n'umuti.

Inyo za flukes zikeneye umuti w'inyo. Monogeneans ni inyo zirambuye zigizwe n'uturemangingo twinshi, kandi ubushobozi bw'ubururu bwa methylene bwo kurwanya protozoaires nta cyo buvuga ku kuzirwanya. Amabwiriza yo kugeza ubumenyi ku baturage agaragaza praziquantel nk'umuti watoranywa ku mafi yororerwa ubwiza. Akenshi ikoreshwa mu kuyibizamo igihe kirekire, ku bipimo byo mu gice cyo hasi cy'imibare y'umubare umwe muri mg/L, hakurikijwe ibisabwa bikwiye by'ubuvuzi bw'amatungo n'amategeko.

Columnaris ikeneye ubumenyi bwa bagiteri, si irangi. Flavobacterium columnare ni bagiteri ya Gram-negative ishobora kwangiza ibice by'umubiri vuba, cyane cyane mu mihumekero. Igikorwa cyo kwica mikorobe ku buso ntigisobanura kuvura ubwandu bwa bagiteri bugenda bwiyongera, kandi imiti yemewe kurwanya mikorobe mu kuvura columnaris mu bworozi bw'amafi igomba gutoranywa hashingiwe ku isuzuma no ku buryo bagiteri ziyumva, aho gutanga imiti uko umuntu yiboneye mu rugo.

Dropsy si indwara yo guhita ihuzwa n'umuti. Imiterere isa n'urubuto rw'igiti cya pinusi igaragaza kwirundanya kw'amazi gufite inkomoko nyinshi zishoboka: kunanirwa kw'ingingo, ubwandu bw'umubiri wose, indwara y'umutima cyangwa kwangirika gukomeye kw'uruhu n'ibindi bitwikira umubiri. Inyandiko y'ubuvuzi bw'amatungo isobanura impamvu dropsy idafite umuti umwe ibivuga yeruye. Kuvura kubyimba utamenye sisitemu yananiwe bitakaza igihe cyari gutuma habaho igikorwa gifatika.

Ibimenyetso by'uruhago rwo kureremba na byo bigaragaza iryo kosa ryo kwitiranya ikimenyetso n'indwara, ariko hari umwihariko umwe utanga isomo. Kureremba mu buryo budasanzwe bishobora guterwa n'imiterere y'umubiri, imirire, kwituma bigoranye, gukomereka, ubwandu, gutsindagirirwa kw'ingingo cyangwa imiterere y'ibinyabutabire biri mu mazi. Ubururu bwa methylene ntibuvura na kimwe muri ibyo mu buryo butaziguye. Umwihariko ni uburozi bwa nitrite: nitrite ihindura hemoglobin ikaba methemoglobin idashobora gutwara ogisijeni, kandi amafi yafashwe ashobora koga mu buryo budasanzwe. Ubushakashatsi ku turemangingo dutukura tw'amaraso y'amafi ya trout bugaragaza inzira ifashwa n'ubururu bwa methylene mu guhindura methemoglobin mu maraso y'amafi, kandi ubushakashatsi bw'igerageza ku mafi ya steelhead bwasanze ibipimo bike by'ubururu bwa methylene byaragabanyije uburozi bukaze bwa nitrite. Ibyo bivura uburozi, nk'uko bisobanurwa mu bururu bwa methylene n'uburozi bwa nitrite mu mafi, ntibivura uruhago rwo kureremba rwangiritse.

Ibyo ibirango bivuga koko

Ibirango by'ibicuruzwa biratandukanye cyane kurusha uko incamake zo kwamamaza zibigaragaza, kandi ikirango gifite imbibi zisobanutse kurusha ibindi ni cyo gitanga amakuru menshi kurushaho. Ikirango cy'ubururu bwa methylene bwa Kordon kivuga ubwandu bw'uduhumyo bwo ku buso, uduhumyo ku magi, ikoreshwa ry'inyongera ku protozoaires zimwe zo ku buso zirimo Ichthyophthirius, n'ubufasha mu burozi bwa cyanide na nitrite. Hanyuma kivuga ku buryo bweruye ko igicuruzwa kitagenewe Oodinium, ubwandu bwa bagiteri, inyo za flukes cyangwa ubwandu bw'uduhumyo buciriritse kugeza ku bukomeye. Ibyo kidakoreshwaho bikuraho neza ya makoresha arenze ubushobozi bwacyo iyi nyandiko iburira.

Urupapuro rw'amakuru ku bururu bwa methylene bwa Fritz na rwo rugarukira ku bintu bike: gukumira no kurinda ubwandu bw'uduhumyo bwo ku buso, kurinda amagi, ikoreshwa ry'inyongera kuri protozoaires zirimo ich yo mu mazi meza, rukagira amabwiriza yo gukoresha igipimo gito igihe kirekire n'ayo kwibiza igihe gito ku gipimo kinini. Urupapuro rwa NT Labs ku bururu bwa methylene ruvuga ikoreshwa ryagutse, harimo ibimenyetso bya bagiteri nko kubora kw'amababa n'ibisebe. Ibyo bivugwa byagutse ni iby'abakora igicuruzwa, kandi ibimenyetso byigenga ntibyemeza ko ubururu bwa methylene ari umuti wizewe ku kubora kw'amababa guterwa na bagiteri cyangwa kuri columnaris. Bityo ibirango bigaragaza ikoreshwa rifite imbibi bikurikira neza kurushaho ubushakashatsi bwanditswe.

Ibicuruzwa bivanze byongera undi mutego. Imvange zigaragaza ubururu bwa methylene hamwe na acriflavine, ethacridine, methyl orange cyangwa indi miti irwanya udukoko dutungwa n'amafi zishobora kuvuga ko zigenewe indwara y'utudomo twera cyangwa velvet, ariko iryo koreshwa rikaba iry'imvange, atari iry'ubururu bwa methylene bwonyine. Gusoma urutonde rw'ibigize igicuruzwa bikora bituma irangi rititirirwa ibikorwa byakozwe n'ibindi biri kumwe na ryo.

Kubukoresha utangije ikigega

Ubururu bwa methylene bukwiye gukoreshwa mu kigega cyoroshye kitagira imitako kigenewe amafi arwaye cyangwa kuvura, si mu kigega cyo kwerekana amafi gifite sisitemu yamaze gukomera. Ikirango cya Kordon kiburira ko bubangamira bagiteri zo mu muyunguruzo zihindura ibinyabutabire bya azote n'imikurire y'ibimera, bwinjira mu mabuye, korali n'ibiti, busiga amabara kuri silicone kandi bukurwamo n'amakara akora akoreshwa mu kuyungurura. Abandi babukora batanga imiburo imwe: kura amakara mu gihe cyo kuvura, teganya ko ibimera n'inyamaswa zitagira uruti rw'umugongo bishobora kubangamirwa, kandi uhitemo kubukoresha mu kwibiza amafi ari mu kato. Uburyo bwo gutanga ingano z'umuti bwatangajwe ni ingero zo ku birango, si amabwiriza akwiye kuri byose, kandi ubwinshi bw'umuti mu gicuruzwa cy'umwimerere buratandukana bitewe n'ikirango: kuwukoresha ku gipimo gito hafi ya 3 mg/L mu minsi myinshi, kuvura amagi hafi ya 3 mg/L kugeza aturazwe, no kwibiza igihe gito cyane ku gipimo kinini hafi ya 50 mg/L mu gihe cy'amasegonda. Kumara igihe kirekire mu muti si ibintu bitagira ingaruka; kumara ibyumweru byinshi ku gipimo cya 2 mg/L byagize ingaruka mbi ku mikurire no ku maraso y'amafi ya goldfish.

Ihame ryo gufata icyemezo rikomeza kuba ryiza muri ibi byose ni rigufi. Menya ikinyabuzima gitera ikibazo cyangwa wemere ko impamvu y'ikimenyetso itaratandukanywa. Huza umuti n'icyo kinyabuzima: irangi ku magi no ku binyabuzima byo mu mazi bisa n'uduhumyo biri ku buso; uburyo bwita ku ruziga rw'ubuzima kuri ich; umuringa kuri velvet; praziquantel ku inyo za flukes; imiti irwanya mikorobe ihitwamo hashingiwe ku isuzuma kuri columnaris; n'isuzuma rya sisitemu iri kunanirwa kuri dropsy no ku bibazo byo kureremba. Koresha ubururu bwa methylene aho ibimenyetso bibushyigikira, mu kigega cy'amafi arwaye, ukurikije ikirango, umaze kubanza gukosora ubuziranenge bw'amazi.