Gushonga k'ubururu bwa metilene no gutegura umushongi: amabwiriza ya laboratwari

Abatekinisiye babiri, buri wese, bategura umushongi w'ubururu bwa metilene wa 1 ku ijana bakoresheje ifu. Umwe apima garama 1.00, akuzuza icupa kugeza kuri 100 mL. Undi apima garama 1.00, akayishyira muri 100 mL z'amazi, akumva ko arangije. Umutekinisiye wa gatatu apima garama 1.00 zivuye mu kindi cyiciro cy'umusaruro, akabona umushongi ufite ubwinshi bw'igishongwa butandukanye ku buryo bushobora gupimwa. Amacupa uko ari atatu yanditseho amakuru amwe. Nta na rimwe ririmo ibihuye neza n'ibyanditse ku kirango cyaryo, kandi iryo tandukaniro rituruka ku bintu bitatu byoroshye kwitiranya: ingano igishongesha gishobora gushongesha, icyo ifu yapimwe igizwe na cyo koko, n'icyo ijanisha ryerekeza kuri cyo.

Aya mabwiriza areba gusa gutegura imishongi ikoreshwa muri laboratwari: amarangi yo gusiga ingero, ibimenyetso by'ibipimo, imishongi y'ibanze yo gusesengura, n'imishongi ivanguye yo gukoresha. Si uburyo bwo gutegura imiti inyobwa cyangwa iterwa, kandi ubwinshi bw'igishongwa buvugwa hano ntibugomba gufatwa nk'ingano z'imiti zo gufata.

Icyo ubushobozi bwo gushonga bugena, n'icyo butagena

Ubururu bwa metilene bushonga mu mazi ku rugero ruri hejuru ugereranyije n'andi marangi. Amakuru ya PubChem ku kinyabutabire cy'ubururu bwa metilene agaragaza hafi garama 43.6 kuri litiro kuri 25 C, bihwanye na garama 4.36 kuri 100 mL, cyangwa 4.36 ku ijana w/v. Ubushakashatsi bwigenga bwakozwe ku bushyuhe bumwe, igishongesha n'igishongwa bimaze kugera ku buringanire, bwapimye 43.21 g/L kandi bwemeza agaciro kari gasanzwe kazwi, itandukaniro rikaba ritari rirengeje ikosa rishoboka mu igerageza.

Uwo mubare ni igipimo ntarengwa, si intego yo kugeraho. Umushongi w'ibanze wa 1 ku ijana uba ufite 10 g/L, munsi ya kimwe cya kane cy'icyo gipimo ntarengwa. Umushongi w'ibanze wa 0.1 ku ijana uba ufite 1 g/L, hafi kimwe cya mirongo ine cyacyo. Niba umushongi wa 1 ku ijana usigaramo ibice bikomeye bitashonga nyuma yo kuvanga neza ku bushyuhe busanzwe bwo mu cyumba, ikibazo hafi buri gihe ntikiba ari igipimo ntarengwa cyo gushonga. Akenshi kiba ari uko ifu itatose yose, amazi akonje, ibibumbe by'ifu bikeneye igihe kirenzeho, cyangwa igishongwa kitamenyekanishijwe neza. Amazi y'akazuyazi no gukoroga bikemura byinshi muri ibyo bibazo. Niba wakoresheje ubushyuhe, reka icupa risubire ku bushyuhe ryakoreweho igenzura ry'ibipimo mbere yo kuryuzuza kugeza ku ngano ya nyuma.

Ubushobozi bwo gushonga mu bindi bishongesha buri hasi kandi imibare yabwo ntihora ihuye mu masoko atandukanye y'amakuru, ahanini bitewe n'uko uko ibikoresho byageragejwe birimo amazi muri hidrate bitandukanye. Amazi akomeza kuba igishongesha fatizo mu gutegura imishongi y'ibanze ikoreshwa buri gihe muri laboratwari. Etanolu ishongesha iryo rangi ariko igashongesha ingano nto cyane ugereranyije n'amazi; koloroforome na yo irarishongesha, piridine irarishongesha gake gusa, naho eteri ya diyeti­li hafi ntirishongesha na gato. Mu ruhererekane rw'ibipimo byafashwe, asetone na asetate ya etili bishongesha ingano iri hasi cyane y'iyo amazi ashongesha. Mu bikorwa bidakoresha amazi nk'igishongesha, fata umubare uwo ari wo wose wo mu gitabo cy'amabwiriza nk'igereranya ryo gutangiriraho, uwugenzure ukoresheje icyiciro cy'umusaruro nyirizina aho kuwufata nk'igipimo ntarengwa cyo gutegura umushongi. Icy'ingenzi mu bikorwa kiroroshye: niba intego ari ubwinshi bw'igishongwa buzwi mu mushongi w'amazi buri kuri 1 ku ijana cyangwa munsi yayo, amazi asigira ubushobozi bwo gushonga intera nini.

Ifu si ikintu kimwe gihora gisa

Ifu y'ubururu bwa metilene igurishwa ngo ikoreshwe muri laboratwari ni umunyu wa kolorire ufite amazi mu rusobe rwawo rw'utubuye tw'ikinyabutabire, kandi ingano y'ayo mazi irahinduka. Iyone idafite amazi ifite uburemere bwa molekile bwa 319.85 g/mol. Trihydrate, ifite molekile eshatu z'amazi kandi ikunze kuvugwa, ifite 373.90 g/mol; pentahydrate, ifite molekile eshanu z'amazi, ifite 409.93 g/mol. Izo ndangagaciro ziri mu mbonerahamwe y'amakuru y'inyandiko ya USP ku kinyabutabire, yakusanyijwe hamwe n'amakuru ya PubChem.

Amacupa agurishwa akenshi aba yanditseho trihydrate, CAS 7220-79-3, ariko ubushakashatsi ku miterere y'ibinyabutabire bikomeye bwagaragaje ko ibirimo nyirizina bishobora kuba pentahydrate, hidrate ituzuye ifite hafi molekile 2.2 z'amazi, dihydrate ifite ebyiri, cyangwa monohydrate ifite imwe. Mu isesengura rimwe na rimwe, nta miterere yihariye y'utubuye twa trihydrate iba ihari. Iryo rangi kandi rikurura ubuhehere bwo mu kirere, bityo ingano y'amazi mu icupa ryafunguwe igahinduka uko igihe kigenda. Mu gusiga ingero hagamijwe kureba ibiranga ibintu gusa, ibyo nta ngaruka nini bigira. Mu isesengura ryo gupima ingano, bigira akamaro gakomeye; ni yo mpamvu amabwiriza yo gusoma igipimo cy'ubuziranenge n'ingano y'amazi ku cyemezo cy'isesengura aha inyandiko y'icyiciro cy'umusaruro agaciro kurusha ijambo trihydrate ryanditse ku kirango cyo imbere.

Ibyo bitanga inzira ebyiri zo gukosora ibarwa, kandi hagomba gukoreshwa imwe gusa icyarimwe. Niba icyemezo kigaragaza igipimo cy'ubuziranenge n'ingano y'amazi cyangwa uburemere butakara mu kumisha, koresha iyo mibare mu buryo butaziguye. Niba nta makuru yo ku cyemezo ahari kandi ubwinshi bw'igishongwa bugomba kugaragazwa hashingiwe ku ngano ihwanye n'ikinyabutabire kidafite amazi, koresha igikubo cya hidrate kibarwa mu nyigisho: 373.90 ugabanyije na 319.85, ni ukuvuga 1.169, kuri trihydrate ivugwa ku kirango; na 409.93 ugabanyije na 319.85, ni ukuvuga 1.282, kuri pentahydrate ivugwa ku kirango. Ntukoreshe ayo makosora yombi icyarimwe. Ibyo byatuma amazi abarwa kabiri.

Icyo ijanisha risobanura

Ijanisha w/v risobanura garama z'igishongwa cyasobanuwe kuri 100 mL z'umushongi wa nyuma, si kuri 100 mL z'amazi watangiranye. Bityo 1 ku ijana w/v ni 1.000 g kuri 100 mL za nyuma, bihwanye na 10 mg/mL cyangwa 10 g/L. Umushongi wa 0.1 ku ijana ni 0.100 g kuri 100 mL za nyuma, bihwanye na 1 mg/mL. Kwitiranya 1 ku ijana na 1 mg/mL bikunze kubaho ni ikosa ry'ikigero cyikubye icumi, kandi ni byiza kubigenzura kuri buri kirango.

Ikindi gice cy'icyo gisobanuro ni ukugaragaza neza igishongwa. Umushongi wa 1 ku ijana w'ifu ya trihydrate hashingiwe ku buremere bwayo uko yapimwe, n'umushongi wa 1 ku ijana ugaragazwa nk'uhwanye n'ikinyabutabire kidafite amazi, ni imishongi itandukanye. Ingero zibarwa zikurikira zigaragaza buri gihe ingano ya nyuma n'ishingiro ry'ubwinshi bw'igishongwa. Iyo ni yo ngeso irinda ikibazo cy'abatekinisiye batatu cyavuzwe haruguru.

Ingero zo gutegura umushongi, zigaragaza hidrate ishingirwaho

Ingero zose zishingira ku ifu itagira umwanda ya hidrate yavuzwe, no ku mazi nk'igishongesha ku bushyuhe busanzwe bwo mu cyumba. Ku zindi ngano, hindura ibipimo byose mu kigereranyo kimwe.

Urugero A: 100.0 mL za 1 ku ijana w/v, hashingiwe kuri trihydrate uko yapimwe. Pima 1.000 g y'ubururu bwa metilene bwa trihydrate. Ongeramo hafi 70 mL z'amazi asukuye, koroga cyangwa uzunguze icupa kugeza bishonge byose, bimurire byose utagize icyo utakaza mu icupa ry'ipimangero rya 100.0 mL, unyoze ibikoresho wakoresheje ushyiremo n'amazi wabinyogesheje, hanyuma wongeremo amazi kugeza ku kimenyetso. Igishongwa ni trihydrate ubwayo, bityo nta kosora rishingiye ku buremere bwa molekile rikoreshwa. Ibyavuyemo: 1.000 g kuri 100.0 mL za nyuma, cyangwa 10 mg/mL z'ifu uko yapimwe.

Urugero B: 100.0 mL za 1 mg/mL, hashingiwe ku ngano ihwanye n'ikinyabutabire kidafite amazi, zivuye kuri trihydrate ivugwa ku kirango. Intego ni 100.0 mg z'ubururu bwa metilene butagira amazi muri 100.0 mL za nyuma. Kuba na 1.169 kugira ngo ukosore ibarwa kubera molekile eshatu z'amazi: 100.0 mg ukubye na 1.169 bingana na 116.9 mg. Pima 116.9 mg za trihydrate ivugwa ku kirango, uzishongeshe muri hafi 70 mL z'amazi, maze wuzuze kugeza kuri 100.0 mL za nyuma mu icupa ry'ipimangero. Kuri pentahydrate ivugwa ku kirango, igikubo ni 1.282, bityo iyo ntego imwe ikenera 128.2 mg. Andika ku kirango igikubo cyakoreshejwe.

Urugero C: kuvanga umushongi w'ubururu bwa metilene wa 1 ku ijana n'amazi ukagera kuri 0.1 ku ijana. Koresha C1V1 ingana na C2V2. Kugira ngo utegure 100.0 mL za 0.1 ku ijana zivuye mu mushongi w'ibanze wa 1.0 ku ijana, ingano y'umushongi w'ibanze ukenewe ni 0.1 ukubye na 100.0 ugabanyije na 1.0, bingana na 10.0 mL. Koresha pipete ushyire 10.0 mL z'umushongi w'ibanze wa 1 ku ijana mu icupa rya 100.0 mL, wongeremo amazi kugeza ku kimenyetso. Ku basesenguzi bakunda gukoresha ibipimo by'uburemere: 1 ku ijana ni 10 mg/mL, bityo 10.0 mL zirimo 100 mg, kandi 100 mg muri 100.0 mL za nyuma ni 1 mg/mL, ni ukuvuga 0.1 ku ijana.

Urugero D: 1.000 L y'umushongi wo gukoresha wa 10 mg/L, ivuye mu mushongi w'ibanze wa 1 mg/mL. Umushongi w'ibanze wa 1 mg/mL ni 1000 mg/L. Ingano ikenewe ni 10 ukubye na 1.000 ugabanyije na 1000, bingana na 0.0100 L, cyangwa 10.0 mL. Koresha pipete ufate 10.0 mL z'umushongi w'ibanze, wongeremo amazi kugeza kuri 1.000 L ya nyuma. Uhereye ku mushongi w'ibanze wa 1 ku ijana ufite 10,000 mg/L, iyo ntego imwe ikenera gusa 1.00 mL yuzuzwa kugeza kuri 1.000 L. Kuvangura mu ntambwe ebyiri zikurikirana bitanga ibipimo birushijeho kuba nyabyo kuruta kwimura mikorolitiro rimwe gusa, igihe ikigereranyo kirenze hafi ijana.

Buri rugero muri izi rugaragaza amakuru yuzuye gusa kubera ko rurimo ibintu bitatu: uburemere bwapimwe hamwe na hidrate bwashingiyeho, ingano ya nyuma y'umushongi, n'ishingiro ry'ubwinshi bw'igishongwa bwavuzwe. Inyandiko yo mu ikayi iburamo kimwe muri ibyo bitatu ntishobora gusubirwamo neza ngo itange ibihwanye n'ibyabanje.

Uburyo bwo kwirinda amakosa akunze kubaho

Banza ushongeshe ifu mu ngano iri munsi y'ingano ya nyuma, hanyuma wuzuze kugeza ku ngano ikenewe. Gushyira ifu mu mazi angana n'ingano yose ya nyuma bitanga umushongi ufite ingano yose irenze ikimenyetso cyateganyijwe, maze ubwinshi bw'igishongwa bukaba hasi y'ubwifuzwaga. Nyoza igikombe cya laboratwari, ushyire amazi wakinyogesheje mu icupa kugira ngo nta rangi risigaramo; ibara ryijimye rituma ingano nto yatakaye igaragara, ibyo bikaba ari akarusho iyo biguteye kwimura byose utagize icyo utakaza.

Vanga kugeza nta duce tugisigayemo mbere yo kuzuza kugeza ku ngano ya nyuma, kandi ubigenzure ubirebera ku rumuri. Yungurura gusa iyo uburyo ukoresha bubisaba. Ubururu bwa metilene bufatira ku buso bwa bimwe mu bikoresho by'utuyunguruzo, bityo kuyungurura bishobora kugabanya ubwinshi bw'igishongwa mu mushongi w'ibanze wari umaze kugenwa neza. Ibyo byagaragajwe mu bushakashatsi ku gufatira ku buso bw'utuyunguruzo, kandi ni ngombwa kubyibuka igihe cyose kuyungurura cyangwa kugenzura ubwinshi bw'igishongwa biri mu buryo ukoresha. Niba umushongi w'ibanze wayunguruwe ugomba kugira ubwinshi bw'igishongwa bwemejwe, bugenzure nyuma yo kuyungurura aho kubugenzura mbere.

Bika imishongi yateguwe mu macupa afite ibara ry'ikigina cy'umuhondo cyangwa atanyurwamo n'urumuri, ku bushyuhe busanzwe bwo mu cyumba, uyirinde urumuri rukomeye. Andikaho igishongwa, hidrate yashingiweho, ubwinshi bw'igishongwa, igishongesha, itariki, n'uwayiteguye. Gutakaza ibara bitewe no kumara igihe kinini ku rumuri ni uburyo buzwi bwo kwangirika, bityo ku madirishya no muri firigo zifite urumuri si ahantu heza ho kubika, nubwo irangi risa n'iridahinduka. Ibyerekeye uko umushongi utegerejweho kuguma udahindutse n'igihe ugomba kongera kugeragezwa bisobanurwa mu mabwiriza yo kubika imishongi yateguwe no kugenzura ko itahindutse, ariko nk'ihame ryo mu kazi, imishongi y'ibanze yo gusesengura ikwiye gutegurwa bundi bushya cyangwa kongera kugenzurwa aho kuyiringira igihe kitagira iherezo.

Fata ifu n'imishongi y'ibanze irimo igishongwa cyinshi wambaye uturindantoki, ibirinda amaso n'ikoti rya laboratwari, kandi utwikiriye ameza ukoreraho; amacupa uyashyire no mu kindi gikoresho gifata ibyasuka. Iryo rangi risiga vuba uruhu, imyenda, ameza n'ibikoresho bya pulasitiki. Inyandiko z'umutekano zitangwa n'abacuruzi zishyira ifu mu cyiciro cy'ibyangiza iyo bimizwe, kandi, bitewe n'urwego rw'ubuziranenge, ikaba irakaza amaso n'uruhu. Ingamba zose zo kwirinda ziri mu mabwiriza yo gukoresha no kubika mu mutekano, ariko kugenzura ko irangi ridasiga aho ritagenewe na byo ni igipimo cy'ubuziranenge: irangi ryasigaye ku bikoresho by'ibirahure na pipete rishobora kwanduza izindi ngero mu isesengura ry'ingano nto cyane.

Icyitonderwa ku rwego rw'ubuziranenge

Ku mishongi yo gusigamo ingero no ku bikorwa byo kwerekana uko ibintu bikorwa, ifu iyo ari yo yose isukuye yo ku rwego rwa laboratwari, iteguwe ku bwinshi bw'igishongwa bukwiye, irakora. Mu bikorwa byo gupima ingano cyangwa kugereranya, urwego rw'ubuziranenge rurakomeye kuko imyanda irimo itandukanye: ibisigazwa bya Azure B na tiyazine bifitanye isano na yo, ibyuma biremereye, ibisigazwa by'ibishongesha, n'ingano y'udukoko duto cyane. Ni yo mpamvu guhitamo urwego rw'ubuziranenge rushyigikiwe n'icyemezo cy'isesengura cyuzuye biri mu gutegura umushongi, aho kuba ikintu cyibukwa nyuma. Inyandiko yuzuye y'icyiciro cy'umusaruro igaragaza umwirondoro w'ikinyabutabire, igipimo cy'ubuziranenge n'ishingiro ryacyo, ingano y'amazi, n'urutonde rw'imyanda yapimwe koko. Bityo ikosora rishingiye kuri hidrate ryo mu ngero zavuzwe haruguru rikoresha indangagaciro zapimwe aho gushingira kuri trihydrate ivugwa ku kirango. Iyo ibyiciro bibiri by'umusaruro bitanga ubwinshi bw'igishongwa butandukanye kandi hakoreshejwe uburemere bumwe bwapimwe, akenshi icyemezo gisobanura impamvu.