Methylene blue pa poizoni wa nitrate ndi nitrite mu ziweto zazikulu

Gulu la ng'ombe likulowa m'munda wa mapira okhudzidwa ndi chilala masana. Pofika madzulo, ng'ombe zingapo zikutsalira m'mbuyo, zikupuma mofulumira, zili ndi nembanemba zakuda, ndipo magazi ake ndi abulauni pobaya mtsempha. Mahatchi omwe ali m'malo odyetserako oyandikana nawo akuoneka osakhudzidwa. Kusiyana kumeneku si mwayi chabe. Kumachokera pamalo amene nitrate imasandukira nitrite, ndipo malowo ndi amene amatsogolera kuzindikira vutolo komanso ndondomeko ya mankhwala oletsa poizoni.

Mfundo yaikulu ndi yosavuta: nitrate makamaka ndi chinthu choyambirira, nitrite ndiyo poizoni, ndipo methylene blue yoperekedwa kwa ng'ombe zomwe zalandira nitrate imathetsa zomwe nitrite imachita pa hemoglobin. Zonse zina m'nkhaniyi zimachokera pa magawo atatu amenewa.

Nitrate imasanduka nitrite mkati mwa nyama

Nitrate yomwe ili m'zakudya za ziweto payokha ili ndi mphamvu yofooka yoyambitsa oxidation. Tizilombo tating'ono ta m'rumen, chipinda choyamba cha m'mimba mwa ziweto zobzikula, timaisintha m'magawo awiri: choyamba nitrate kukhala nitrite, kenako nitrite kukhala ammonia. Nitrate yambiri ikafika nthawi imodzi, gawo loyamba limathamanga kuposa lachiwiri. Nitrite imachulukana, imalowa m'magazi, ndipo imayambitsa oxidation ya chitsulo cha mu hemoglobin, kuchisintha kuchokera ku ferrous, yomwe imanyamula okosijeni, kukhala ferric. Zotsatira zake ndi methemoglobin, yomwe singathe kunyamula okosijeni.

Kufotokoza kwa MSD Veterinary Manual za poizoni wa nitrate ndi nitrite kumayerekezera kuti nitrite ili ndi mphamvu ya poizoni pafupifupi kuwirikiza kakhumi kuposa nitrate, ndipo kumafotokoza magawo omwewo. Zinthu zomwe zimabweretsa vutoli nthawi zambiri ndi zomera zodyetsera ziweto zomwe zimasunga nitrate yambiri, monga oats, mawere, ryegrass, chimanga, mpendadzuwa, ndi mitundu ya mapira; komanso namsongole monga pigweed, lambsquarter, kochia, ndi Johnson grass, kumeza feteleza, ndiponso madamu kapena zitsime zosazama zoipitsidwa ndi madzi oyenda kuchokera kuminda. Chilala, kugwiritsa ntchito feteleza wa nitrogen wambiri, ndi kuima kwa kukula kwa zomera pambuyo pa nyengo ya mitambo kapena yozizira zimawonjezera nitrate m'zakudya za ziweto.

Kuchuluka kwa methemoglobin poyerekezera ndi hemoglobin yonse sikusonyeza molondola kwambiri kuopsa kwa vutolo, koma kugwirizana kwake ndi zizindikiro kumathandiza kusankha zomwe ziyenera kuchitidwa mwachangu. MSD imayika zizindikiro zoyambirira monga kugunda kwa mtima mofulumira, kufooka, kunjenjemera, ndi kusayenda bwino pafupi ndi methemoglobin ya 30 mpaka 40 peresenti; kuvutika kwambiri kupuma pamodzi ndi nembanemba zabulauni kapena zabuluu kupitirira pafupifupi 50 peresenti; ndipo imfa nthawi zambiri pa 80 peresenti kapena kupitirira apo. Magazi abulauni ngati chokoleti omwe amakhalabe abulauni akakumana ndi mpweya ndi chizindikiro chodziwika, koma sichitsimikizira vutoli chokha. Komanso methemoglobin imabwerera mwachangu moti zitsanzo zotengedwa mochedwa zimasonyeza kuchuluka kochepa kuposa komwe kunafika pachimake. Kuti atsimikizire, MSD imakonda kuyezetsa nitrate mu plasma nyama isanamwalire komanso m'madzi a m'diso itamwalira, limodzi ndi kuyezetsa zakudya ndi madzi. Miyezo yopitirira pafupifupi 20 ppm ya nitrate kapena 0.5 ppm ya nitrite m'zitsanzo zoyenera zochokera m'thupi nthawi zambiri imasonyeza kulandira zinthu zimenezi mopitirira muyeso.

Mmene methylene blue imachotsera kutsekeka kumeneku

Nthawi zonse, methemoglobin yambiri imabwezeretsedwa kukhala hemoglobin ndi dongosolo la NADH ndi cytochrome b5 reductase. Methylene blue imagwiritsa ntchito njira yachiwiri, yomwe nthawi zambiri imagwira ntchito yochepa. NADPH ya m'maselo, yopangidwa kudzera mu njira ya pentose phosphate, imapatsira ma elekitironi kudzera mu reductase yodalira NADPH kupita ku methylene blue, kuisintha kukhala leucomethylene blue. Imeneyi kenako imabwezeretsa chitsulo cha ferric kukhala hemoglobin yokhala ndi chitsulo cha ferrous. Kufotokoza kwa StatPearls za mmene zimagwirira ntchito kumalongosola udindo umenewu wonyamula ma elekitironi.

Njira yomweyo ya makemikolo ndiyo imabweretsanso chenjezo lalikulu. Methylene blue ndi mankhwala a redox, osati mankhwala oletsa oxidation okha. Ikakhala yochuluka kwambiri, imayambitsa oxidation yokha, kupangitsanso methemoglobin ndi kuwononga maselo ofiira a magazi. N'chifukwa chake kusayankha bwino ku mankhwalawo kuyenera kuchititsa dokotala wa ziweto kuunikanso kuzindikira vutolo, kupitiriza kwa kuyamwa kwa nitrite kuchokera m'rumen, ndi mmene maselo ofiira a magazi alili, m'malo mongobwereza kuchuluka kokulirapo. Mfundo zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito m'chipatala, kuphatikizapo kuzindikira ndi co-oximetry komanso kubaya mankhwala moyang'aniridwa, zafotokozedwa mu methylene blue pa methemoglobinemia.

Kuyerekezera mitundu ya nyama ndi mmene zimalandirira poizoni

Tebuloli limathandiza popanga chisankho. Mzere uliwonse ukuphatikiza njira yolandirira poizoni, malo amene nitrate imasinthira, ndi zomwe methylene blue ingachite kapena singachite.

Ziweto zobzikula: ng'ombe, nkhosa, ndi mbuzi

Ng'ombe ndi mtundu womwe umakhudzidwa kawirikawiri kwambiri, ndipo mabuku a alangizi a ulimi nthawi zambiri amazitchula ngati gulu la ziweto lomwe limakhudzidwa mosavuta kwambiri. Nkhosa ndi mbuzi zimakhudzidwanso ndithu, koma nthawi zambiri zimafotokozedwa ngati zosakhudzidwa kwambiri ngati ng'ombe, mwina chifukwa zimakonza nitrate yambiri mofulumira. Onani kusanja kumeneko ngati chikhalidwe chothandiza, osati mfundo ya zamakemikolo a m'thupi yotsimikizika kosasintha.

Kutaya mimba kapena ana kumafunika kuunikidwa payokha. Ng'ombe zazikazi zomwe zimapulumuka methemoglobinemia yoopsa ya nthawi yaitali zingatayitse mimba kapena kubereka ana akufa patatha pafupifupi masiku 5 mpaka 14, zomwe zikugwirizana ndi kusowa kwa okosijeni kwa mwana ali m'mimba. Mwana wathanzi m'mawa wotsatira satsimikizira kuti poizoni amene analandiridwa anali wochepa, ndipo kutaya mimba patatha sabata sikutsimikizira kuti poizoni analandiridwanso.

Milingo ya methylene blue ya ng'ombe yomwe yafalitsidwa imasiyana chifukwa imachokera ku mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya umboni. Gawo lapano la MSD limapereka 4 mpaka 15 mg/kg kapena kupitirira apo, yobayidwa mumtsempha pang'onopang'ono kuchokera mu madzi a mankhwala a 1 mpaka 2 peresenti. Mlingo ndi kubwereza kwake zimakhazikitsidwa malinga ndi kuopsa kwa vutolo ndi kupitiriza kwa kuyamwa, ndipo limanena momveka kuti ziweto zobzikula zokha ndizo zimatha kupirira kuchuluka kwakukuluko popanda vuto. Pafupi ndi muyeso umenewu pali mayesero ang'onoang'ono ndi malipoti a m'mafamu: mayesero akale a ng'ombe anapeza kuti 1 mg/kg inali yokwanira pa mikhalidwe yake; kafukufuku wa mmene mankhwalawa amagwirira ntchito mu nkhosa anayeza 15 mg/kg kudzera mumtsempha; mayesero a mbuzi anayeza 1 mpaka 4 mg/kg ndipo magulu a 4 mg/kg anachita bwino kwambiri; ndipo malipoti a m'mafamu amafotokoza kuchira pafupi ndi 4 mg/kg komanso chochitika chosiyana cha ng'ombe pafupi ndi 20 mg/kg. Kafukufuku wa 1984 wa mmene methylene blue imayendera ndi kuchotsedwa m'thupi la nkhosa ukusonyeza bwino mtundu uwu wa umboni: umathandiza kuganizira za kupirira mankhwala, osati kupanga malangizo ovomerezeka pa chizindikiro cha mankhwala.

Posankha za methylene blue pa methemoglobinemia mu nkhosa, dokotala wa ziweto ayenera kumvetsetsa kuti palibe nambala imodzi yoyenera pazochitika zonse. Kupitiriza kupangidwa kwa nitrite m'rumen kumatanthauza kuti nyama yomwe ikuchira ingabwererenso kudwala pamene nitrite ina ikuyamwidwa. N'chifukwa chake MSD imagwirizanitsa kubwereza mankhwala ndi kupitiriza kulandira poizoni, osati ndandanda yokhazikika. Chisamaliro chothandizira chimachitika nthawi yomweyo: kugwira nyama mosayipanikiza kuti kuchepetse kufunikira kwa okosijeni, kuichotsa ku chakudya ndi madzi okayikiridwa, kuipatsa chakudya china chotetezeka, ndi kuyang'anira mmene magazi akuyendera m'minyewa. Methylene blue yobayidwa imakwiyitsa minyewa pamalo amene yaikidwa, choncho kuyika njira yolowera mumtsempha motetezeka ndi kupereka pang'onopang'ono n'kofunika. Kuyeneranso kuyembekezeredwa kusintha mtundu kwa minyewa, mkodzo, ndi zipangizo zoyezera. Malire a mitundu ya nyama pa utoto ndi mankhwala opopera a ziweto amafotokoza nkhaniyi poganizira malire ena a mitundu yosiyanasiyana.

Mahatchi ndi nkhani yapadera

Mahatchi amagwiritsa ntchito tizilombo tating'ono kusintha ulusi wa zakudya m'chigawo chakumbuyo cha m'matumbo m'malo mwa rumen. Tizilombo ta mu cecum tingasinthe nitrate kukhala nitrite, koma kusinthaku kumachitika mochepa kwambiri kuposa mu ng'ombe, choncho mahatchi akuluakulu nthawi zambiri sakhudzidwa mosavuta ndi nitrate ya m'zakudya. Nitrite yomwe yapangidwa kale imadutsa chitetezo chimenechi ndipo imakhalabe yoopsa.

Mfundo za mankhwala oletsa poizoni zimasinthanso. Mu kafukufuku wakale woyerekezera kuwongolera methemoglobin m'maselo ofiira a magazi, methylene blue inalimbikitsa kubwezeretsa methemoglobin m'maselo a anthu koma osati m'maselo a mahatchi (kafukufuku wa maselo ofiira a magazi a mahatchi). Mabuku a zamapoizoni a mahatchi amafotokozanso methylene blue yokha ngati choyambitsa kuwonongeka kwa maselo ofiira chifukwa cha oxidation, matupi a Heinz, ndi eccentrocytes. Amachenjezanso kuti isagwiritsidwe ntchito pa mavuto a oxidation monga poizoni wa masamba a mtengo wa red maple. Palibe mwa mfundo ziwirizi yomwe imatsimikizira kuti mankhwalawa sangathandize hachi iliyonse, koma zonse pamodzi zimalepheretsa cholakwika chofala cha kungochepetsa ndondomeko ya ng'ombe potengera kulemera kwa hachi. Hachi yomwe ikuganiziridwa kuti ili ndi methemoglobinemia ya nitrite imafunika kuzindikira kwake, kupeza chinthu choyambitsa oxidation, ndi kuunika chiwopsezo, osati tebulo la milingo la ziweto zobzikula.

Ziweto zapakhomo ndi nsomba za m'matanki zikusonyeza chifukwa chake kusintha mlingo potengera kulemera sikugwira ntchito

Amphaka amasonyeza chenjezoli mwamphamvu kwambiri. Hemoglobin ya amphaka imatha kuwonongeka mosavuta kwambiri chifukwa cha oxidation, ndipo methylene blue yochuluka kapena yobwerezedwa imapanga matupi a Heinz ndi kuwonongeka kwa maselo ofiira m'malo mochiza. Agalu sakhudzidwa mosavuta ngati amphaka, koma nawonso amalembedwa pakati pa mitundu yosamva bwino mankhwalawa m'maphunziro oyerekezera. Zinthu zoyambitsa oxidation zomwe ziweto zapakhomo zimalandira zimasiyananso, chifukwa makamaka zimakhala mankhwala, makemikolo, ndi zinthu zomezedwa, osati nitrate ya m'malo odyetserako.

Nsomba zimasonyeza njira yosiyana kotheratu. Nitrite imalowa kudzera m'makutu opumira, choncho chinthu chachikulu choti chiwongoleredwe ndi makemikolo a m'madzi, makamaka mpikisano wa chloride ndi kuchotsa nitrite, musanagwiritse ntchito mankhwala aliwonse. Methylene blue ya nsomba imayesedwa malinga ndi kuchuluka kwake m'madzi omizamo, poganizira mtundu wa nsomba, nthawi, kutentha, ndi zotsatira zake pa sefa yogwiritsa ntchito tizilombo. Dongosololi lafotokozedwa mu methylene blue pomiza nsomba ndi pochiza tanki. Muyezo wa mg pa lita wa madzi omizamo sungasinthidwe kukhala mg pa kg yobayidwa mumtsempha wa mwana wa ng'ombe, ndipo ndondomeko ya mwana wa ng'ombe singosungunulidwa kuti igwiritsidwe ntchito mu tanki.

Ziweto zopangira chakudya zimafunikanso chisankho chotsatira malamulo

Palibe chizindikiro cha mankhwala oletsa poizoni a methylene blue cha ng'ombe, nkhosa, kapena mbuzi chovomerezedwa mwachizolowezi ndi FDA. FDA imalemba methylene blue ya mitundu imeneyi ngati chinthu choyambirira chopangira mankhwala chomwe chaperekedwa kuti chiganiziridwe ngati mankhwala oletsa poizoni wa ziweto zopangira chakudya, ndipo chikuwunikidwabe (tsamba la FDA lokhudza kusakaniza mankhwala). Kumeneku ndi kukhala pamndandanda woyembekezera kuunikidwa, osati kuvomerezedwa kapena kukhazikitsidwa kwa nthawi yodikirira musanagwiritse ntchito mkaka kapena nyama ngati chakudya.

Choncho ku United States, kugwiritsa ntchito kumeneku kumayenera kuchitika kudzera mwa dokotala wa ziweto motsatira malamulo a kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala kunja kwa malangizo a pa chizindikiro. Lamulo lofotokoza bwino kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala a ziweto limafuna ubale wovomerezeka pakati pa dokotala wa ziweto, mwiniwake, ndi nyama yosamalidwa. Pa ziweto zopangira chakudya, limafunanso nthawi yowonjezera yodikirira yogwirizana ndi umboni wa sayansi, pamodzi ndi njira zozindikirira nyama ndi zotetezera ku zotsalira za mankhwala. Kafukufuku wamakono wa zotsalira za mankhwala mu ng'ombe zisanu ndi zitatu zathanzi zomwe zinapatsidwa 6 mg/kg ya methylene blue yosakanizidwa, kudzera mumtsempha, anawerengera nthawi zochokera mu kafukufukuyo za masiku 5 pa mkaka ndi masiku 6 pa nyama (kafukufuku wa mmene mankhwalawa amayendera m'thupi la ng'ombe ndi nthawi yodikirira). Manambala amenewo ndi a kapangidwe ka kafukufuku ameneyo. Si nthawi yodikirira yovomerezedwa ndi FDA, ndipo malangizo apano okhudza zotsalira za mankhwala mu nyama yochizidwa ayenera kuchokera kwa dokotala wa ziweto amene akuisamalira ndi magwero monga FARAD.

Malamulo a ku Ulaya ndi okhwima kwambiri pa zinthu zopangira mankhwala. Zinthu zomwe zimagwira ntchito m'thupi za mitundu ya ziweto zopangira chakudya nthawi zambiri zimafunika kukhala ndi muyezo wolembedwa wa malire apamwamba a zotsalira kapena gulu lofanana nalo pansi pa malamulo a EU a zotsalira (malangizo a EMA okhudza zotsalira). Kuwunika kwa EU kunakambirana za methylene blue ngati imodzi mwa zinthu zosalembetsedwa kuti zigwiritsidwe ntchito pa ziweto zopangira chakudya. Ifotokozeni ngati yosavomerezedwa kuti igwiritsidwe ntchito mwachizolowezi pa ziweto zopangira chakudya mu EU, m'malo mopanga gulu la choletsedwa lomwe silinatchulidwe. Mahatchi omwe angalowe m'njira yopangira chakudya amafunika kuwunika komweko mankhwalawa asanagwiritsidwe ntchito motsatira dongosolo la kusankha mankhwala ena pamene ovomerezeka palibe.

Njira yaifupi yopangira zisankho kwa dokotala wa ziweto wosamalira nyama

Tsimikizirani methemoglobinemia ndi kufufuza chinthu choyambitsa oxidation nthawi imodzi: magazi abulauni pamodzi ndi kusintha kwa mtundu wa nembanemba, kugunda kwa mtima mofulumira, ndi kuvutika kupuma zimaloza ku vutoli; pamene kuyezetsa nitrate mu plasma kapena m'madzi a m'diso, komanso kuyezetsa zakudya ndi madzi, kumaloza ku gwero lake. Chotsani gwero la poizoni poyamba, chifukwa methylene blue yoperekedwa pamene kuyamwa kuchokera m'rumen kukupitirirabe imathetsa chizindikiro pomwe rumen ikupitiriza kupanga chifukwa chake. Sankhani mfundo za mtundu wa nyama musanasankhe kuchuluka: mahatchi sangatengere muyeso wa methylene blue wofotokozedwa wa ziweto zobzikula; amphaka amafuna kusamala kwambiri ndi oxidation; ndipo nsomba zimafuna kukonza madzi ndi mfundo za kumiza zomwe zili mu kugwiritsa ntchito ndi zoletsa pa ulimi wa nyama za m'madzi. Perekani pang'onopang'ono kudzera mumtsempha wokhala ndi njira yolowera yotetezeka, yang'anirani kubwereranso kwa matenda ndi kuwonongeka kwa maselo ofiira, ndipo lembani momveka udindo wa mkaka ndi nyama motsatira malamulo a m'deralo a zotsalira za mankhwala nyamayo isanabwererenso m'njira yopangira chakudya.