Kugwiritsa ntchito chida chogwetsera madontho chokhala ndi mizere yoyezera pa methylene blue: kuwerenga voliyumu molondola

Chida chogwetsera madontho chokhala ndi mizere yoyezera chimayeza voliyumu ya madzi. Kuti mudziwe kuchuluka kwa methylene blue mu voliyumu imeneyo, muyeneranso kudziwa kuchuluka kwake pa voliyumu komwe kwatchulidwa pa zosakanizazo. Chidacho kapena kuwerengerako sikukuuzani kuchuluka komwe munthu ayenera kumwa.

Yambani ndi mafunso atatu osiyana: Kodi ndi muyeso wanji wolembedwa pambali pa mizere? Kodi madzi afika pa mzere uti? Kodi pa lebulo palembedwa kuti mu mililita iliyonse muli mamiligalamu angati? Kusiyanitsa mafunso amenewa kumapewa cholakwika chofala: kuona dontho, mililita ndi miligalamu ngati miyeso yomwe ingalowe m'malo mwa inzake.

Zomwe tsamba lofotokoza malonda limatsimikizira

Tsamba lofotokoza zosakaniza za Blupreme za m'madzi za 100 mL limatchula kuchuluka kwa 1% ya kulemera pa voliyumu, kofanana ndi 10 mg/mL, ndipo limafotokoza kuti pali chida chogwetsera madontho chokhala ndi mizere pa 0.25 mL, 0.5 mL, ndi 1 mL. Chiwerengero cha 100 mL chimafotokoza zomwe zili m'botolo; manambala ang'onoang'onowo amafotokoza voliyumu yoyezedwa m'chida chogwetsera madontho.

Gwiritsani ntchito lebulo ndi chida choperekedwa limodzi ndi botolo lanu. Kufotokozera malonda sikutsimikizira malire a kusiyana kovomerezeka pa kulinganizidwa kwa chida chilichonse chogwetsera madontho. Tsamba lofalitsidwa la malondawo silipereka manambala osonyeza mulingo wa kulondola, choncho kukhalapo kwa mzere wa 0.25 mL sikuyenera kuonedwa ngati chitsimikizo cha kulondola kufika pa malo ena owonjezera pambuyo pa kadontho ka desimali.

Chithunzi chili pansipa ndi chojambula choyambirira chofotokozera, osati chithunzi chojambulidwa ndi kamera kapena satifiketi yotsimikizira kulinganizidwa kwa chida. Madzi ake awonetsedwa kuti kuwala kungadutse pang'ono kuti pamwamba pake pawoneke.

Malo otsika kwambiri a meniscus yopindika kulowa mkati yomwe ikuwoneka ali pa mzere wa 0.5 mL. Mawerengedwe awiriwa akusonyeza chifukwa chake voliyumu yofanana ingakhale ndi kuchuluka kosiyana kwa chinthucho. Izi ndi zitsanzo za kuyeza, osati milingo yovomerezedwa yoti munthu amwe.

Werengani mizere yoyezera musanadzaze

Dziwani kaye miyeso yake. Mzere wolembedwa mL umayeza voliyumu. Mzere wolembedwa mg ungafotokoze kuchuluka kwa chinthucho pokhapokha pa kuchuluka kwake pa voliyumu komwe chidacho chinapangidwira. Chubu chagalasi chopanda mizere yoyezera sichingapereke chiwerengero chodalirika cha voliyumu.

Kenako, yang'anani ndondomeko ya mizere ndi mipata pakati pake. Pa mizere yoyezera yomwe ili m'chithunzichi, 0.25 mL ili pafupi ndi nsonga, 0.5 mL ili pamwamba pake, ndipo 1 mL ili pamwamba kwambiri. Kusiyana kwa manambala kuchokera pa 0.5 kufika pa 1 mL ndi kuwirikiza kawiri kusiyana kochokera pa 0.25 kufika pa 0.5 mL. Musaganize kuti manambala onse awiri oyandikana omwe alembedwa akuimira kuwonjezeka kofanana.

Ngati chida china chili ndi mizere yaing'ono pakati pa mizere yolembedwa manambala, pezani mtengo wake pogwiritsa ntchito manambala omwe ali kumalekezero. Mwachitsanzo, mipata isanu yofanana pakati pa 0.5 ndi 1 mL imaimira 0.1 mL pa mpata uliwonse: kusiyana kwake, 0.5 mL, kugawidwa ndi zisanu. Werengani mipata, osati chiwerengero cha mizere yomwe ikuwoneka. Chitsanzochi sichikutanthauza kuti chida chogwetsera madontho choperekedwa ndi malondawo chili ndi mizere yowonjezerayo.

Ikani pamwamba pa madzi pamlingo wa maso

Tsatirani malangizo a kudzaza chidacho. Pa chida chogwetsera madontho cha mtundu wamba wokhala ndi mphira wofinyidwa pamwamba, finyani mphirawo musanamize nsonga yake ndipo muusiye pang'onopang'ono kuti madzi alowe m'chubu. Musalole madzi kulowa m'gawo la mphira. Mipata ya mpweya yomwe ikuwoneka m'gawo la madzi omwe akuyezedwa imatenga malo omwe ayenera kukhala ndi madzi; kokeraninso madzi m'malo movomereza kuwerenga komwe kuli ndi thovu.

Gwirani chubu choimirira ndipo ikani mzere woyenera pamlingo wa maso. Kuyang'ana pansi kuchokera pamwamba kapena mmwamba kuchokera pansi kungapangitse pamwamba pa madzi kuoneka ngati pasuntha poyerekeza ndi mizere yoyezera. Cholakwika cha kuyang'ana chimenechi chimatchedwa parallax.

Pamwamba pa madzi popindika pamatchedwa meniscus. Ngati pamwambapo pakuwoneka ndipo papindika kulowa mkati, njira yodziwika yowerengera imagwiritsa ntchito malo otsika kwambiri apakati, monga momwe chithunzichi chikusonyezera. Malangizo a NIST owerengera meniscus amafotokoza kuyika pamlingo wa maso ndi chifukwa chake njira yowerengera iyenera kugwirizana ndi momwe chida chinalinganizidwira. Amafotokozanso zovuta za madzi osalola kuwala kudutsa.

Methylene blue yakuda kwambiri ingapangitse kuti pamwamba pa madzi pakhale povuta kusiyanitsa. Wonjezerani kuwala ndipo gwiritsani ntchito malo akumbuyo opanda zithunzi, okhala ndi mtundu wosiyana ndi wa madziwo. Ngati malo omwe malangizo akuti muwerengerepo akubisikabe, pezani malangizo a chidacho kapena chida china choyezera choyenera. Musangosintha n'kuwerenga m'mphepete mwa pamwamba m'malo mwa m'mphepete mwa pansi pomwe sipaoneka, n'kuganiza kuti zotsatira zake n'zofanana.

Sinthani voliyumu yoyezedwa kukhala kuchuluka kwa chinthucho

Kuwerengera kwake ndi uku:

Amount in mg = measured volume in mL × concentration in mg/mL.

Pa kuchuluka kotchulidwa ngati peresenti ya kulemera pa voliyumu, 1% w/v imatanthauza 1 g mu 100 mL ya zosakaniza zomalizidwa. Popeza 1 g ndi 1,000 mg, izi ndi 10 mg/mL. Peresenti yopanda kufotokoza maziko ake ndi yosakwanira: kulemera pa kulemera ndi kulemera pa voliyumu ndi matanthauzo osiyana.

Mzere wachinayi ndi chitsanzo chongoganiziridwa cha zosakaniza zofananizira, osati zonena za malonda ena a Blupreme. Onani kuti 0.25 mL ya zosakaniza zokhala ndi kuchuluka koyamba pa voliyumu ndi 0.5 mL ya zosakaniza zachiwiri zili ndi kulemera kofanana kwa chinthucho. Kumbali ina, muyeso womwewo wa 0.5 mL umakhala ndi chinthucho kuwirikiza kawiri pa 10 mg/mL poyerekeza ndi pa 5 mg/mL.

Chida chosinthira miyeso ya kuchuluka pa voliyumu chimachita mawerengedwe amenewa. Kuwerengera molarity m'labotale kumafuna zambiri zokhudza mtundu wa mamolekyulu ndi maziko a kulemera kogwiritsidwa ntchito, zomwe zafotokozedwa mu chida chowerengera molarity ya methylene blue.

Chifukwa chake madontho ndi “chida chodzaza” ndi njira zachidule zosadalirika

Dontho ndi gawo la madzi lomwe lagwa kuchokera pa nsonga, osati voliyumu yolinganizidwa yofanana paliponse. Kafukufuku wa Brown ndi anzake pa zida zogwetsera madontho a mankhwala omwedwa anayerekezera kugwetsera madzi m'labotale pansi pa mikhalidwe yoyang'aniridwa ndi kugwiritsa ntchito kwa anthu odzipereka. Kupendeketsa zida zoyesedwazo kufika pa 45 degrees kuchokera pa malo oimirira kunachepetsa voliyumu yotuluka ndipo kunawonjezera kusiyanasiyana kwake. Uwu unali kafukufuku wa kugwetsera madzi ena a mankhwala, osati kuyesa methylene blue.

Choncho, chiwerengero cha madontho pa mililita chomwe chinapezedwa pa chida ndi madzi ena sichingangogwiritsidwa ntchito pa chida ndi madzi ena osiyana. Momwemonso, kufinya mphira kamodzi sikutanthauza voliyumu ya “chida chogwetsera madontho chodzaza”. Werengani mzere womwe madzi afikapo. Musawerenge madontho monga njira yolowa m'malo mwa kuyeza ngati muyeso wofunika watchulidwa mu mL.

Sungani tanthauzo la muyeso

Lembani 0.5 mL, kuphatikizapo ziro yoyambira. Malangizo a FDA oyezera mankhwala amadzi amatsindika kugwirizanitsa miyeso ya pa lebulo ndi ya pa chida, komanso kugwiritsa ntchito ziro yoyambira pa kuchuluka kochepera wani. Mfundo zonsezi za kuyeza sizitsimikizira kuti zosakaniza zogulitsidwa m'sitolo zili ndi ntchito ya zamankhwala.

Ngati voliyumu yotchulidwa ili pansi pa mzere wotsika kwambiri, ikupitirira kuchuluka komwe chida chingatenge, kapena ikufuna mizere yoyezera yaing'ono kuposa yomwe chidacho chili nayo, sankhani chida choyenera muyeso umenewo mothandizana ndi katswiri woyenera kapena labotale. Musayerekezere gawo lopanda mzere n'kunena kuti ndi lolondola kwambiri. Tsatirani malangizo a wopanga okhudza kugwetsera madzi ndi kutsuka; musangopanga njira zina zotsukira kapena zodutsitsira madzi kuti mutulutse madzi otsala.

Pa mafunso a zamankhwala, malangizo ena okhudza miyeso ya kuchuluka kwa methylene blue komwe munthu amamwa amafotokoza chifukwa chake kuchuluka kowerengeredwa kuchokera pa lebulo la botolo sikuli kokha malangizo a chithandizo. Kuyeza molondola kumayankha kuti muli kuchuluka kotani. Kusankha kuchuluka koyenera kuti munthu amwe kumafuna chisankho china cha katswiri wa zamankhwala.