Kupaka utoto wa methylene blue: njira za maikulosikopu ndi atilasi ya zithunzi zenizeni

Kupaka utoto wa methylene blue kumathandiza kusiyanitsa mosavuta mbali za maselo zomwe sizimaoneka bwino pofufuza ndi maikulosikopu ya malo owala. Kungathandize ophunzira kupeza phata la selo la mkati mwa tsaya kapena kufufuza malire ndi kakonzedwe ka tizilombo tosaoneka ndi maso. Komabe, chinthu chabuluu ndi zimene zaonedwa chabe. Kutchula dzina la chamoyocho, kuyeza kukula kwake, ndi kudziwa ngati chikusonyeza matenda ndi ntchito zosiyana.

Chithunzi chapachikuto chimasonyeza mmene kusiyana kwa kuwala ndi mtundu kumathandizira kuona zinthu. Atilasi ili pansipa ili ndi zithunzi zenizeni za zitsanzo zomwe zalembedwa ndi magwero odziyimira pawokha, limodzi ndi mfundo za magwero ake oyambirira.

Kodi methylene blue imasonyeza chiyani?

Methylene blue ndi utoto wa mtundu wa basic: ayoni yake yokhala ndi mtundu ili ndi chaji yabwino. Monga OpenStax ikufotokozera pa nkhani yopaka utoto zitsanzo, mitundu ya utoto wa basic imalumikizana ndi zinthu za m'maselo zokhala ndi chaji yoipa ndipo ingathandize maselo kuoneka bwino pa malo owala kumbuyo kwake. M'zitsanzo zokonzedwa moyenera, methylene blue imachititsa kuti madera okhala ndi ma asidi ambiri a nukileiki komanso zinthu zina zomangira utoto zioneke bwino.

Pakupaka utoto kosavuta, utoto umodzi umapereka kusiyana koonekera. Choncho zamoyo zosiyanasiyana zingathe kuoneka zabuluu ngakhale sizili chamoyo chofanana. Poyamba, mafunso othandiza ndi ofotokoza zimene zikuoneka: kodi zinthuzo ndi zozungulira kapena zazitali, zili zokha kapena m'magulu, zapakidwa utoto mofanana kapena zikusonyeza kusiyana mkati mwake? Onani kusiyana pakati pa kupaka utoto kosavuta ndi kupaka utoto mwa njira ya Gram musanatanthauze mtundu ngati zotsatira zogawira zamoyo m'magulu.

Kusiyana koonekera ndi kuthekera kosiyanitsa zinthu zoyandikana ndi zinthu zosiyana. Kusiyana koonekera kumathandiza kusiyanitsa chinthu ndi malo ozungulira; kuthekera kosiyanitsa zinthu zoyandikana kumathandiza kuona mbali zapafupi ngati zinthu zosiyana. Chithunzi chakuda kwambiri sichitsimikizira kuti mbali zambiri zikhoza kusiyanitsidwa. Komanso si kadontho kalikonse kakuda komwe kayenera kutchedwa chiwalo cha mkati mwa selo.

Zitsanzo zosasinthidwa, zitsanzo zonyowa zopakidwa utoto, ndi zopakidwa pa galasi

Chitsanzo chonyowa chosapakidwa utoto, kapena chosasintha, chimapereka maonekedwe opanda utoto wowonjezedwa, ngakhale kuchichotsa pamalo ake oyambirira kumasinthabe chitsanzocho. Pokonza chitsanzo chonyowa chopakidwa utoto, amawonjezera mankhwala ogwiritsira ntchito pa labotale pamene zinthu zomwe zikufufuzidwazo zikadali m'madzi pansi pa galasi lophimbira. Chitsanzo chopakidwa pa galasi ndi kukhazikitsidwa chimafalikira pa galasi la maikulosikopu ndipo chimagwiritsa ntchito njira yokhazikitsira yosankhidwa chisanakonzedwenso. Chidule cha OpenStax cha kukonzekera zitsanzo chimasiyanitsa zitsanzo zonyowa ndi kukhazikitsa zitsanzo ndipo chimafotokoza chifukwa chake zamoyo zokhazikitsidwa sizingasonyezenso kayendedwe kapena kagayidwe kazinthu ka nthawi zonse.

Njira zokonzekerazi zimayankha mafunso osiyanasiyana:

Poyerekeza m'kalasi, lembani zimene mwaona m'chitsanzo chosapakidwa utoto musanayang'ane chitsanzo china chopakidwa utoto motsatira ndondomeko yophunzitsira. Gwiritsani ntchito kuunikira ndi makonda ojambulira zithunzi omwe angayerekezedwe. Ngati maselo awiri osiyana ajambulidwa, afotokozereni ngati zitsanzo, osati ngati zithunzi za selo limodzi lisanapakidwe ndi litapakidwa utoto.

Atilasi ya maikulosikopu: zitsanzo zitatu zenizeni zopakidwa utoto

Atilasi iyi ndi kusankha ndi kutanthauzira kwathu kwa zithunzi zitatu za maikulosikopu zomwe zilolezo zake zimalola anthu kuzigwiritsa ntchito. Olemba a magwero amatchula zitsanzo ndi mitundu ya utoto. Sitinatsimikizire tokha kuti zitsanzo zawo ndi zomwe amanena. Zithunzi zasindikizidwanso popanda kudulidwa, zitasinthidwa kukhala WebP popanda kutaya mfundo za chithunzi, ndiponso popanda kuwonjezera zinthu kapena kusintha mitundu.

Chithunzi 1: maselo a mkati mwa tsaya la munthu

Chitsanzo: maselo a mkati mwa tsaya la munthu. Utoto: methylene blue. Kukulitsa: 400×, monga wojambulayo ananenera. Mzere wa sikelo: palibe; gwero silipereka kukula kwa pikiselo kotsimikiziridwa ndi muyezo. Chithunzi cha Fritzmann2002, 2017, chochokera pa Maselo a Mkati mwa Tsaya la Munthu (Utoto wa Methylene Blue), chokhala ndi chilolezo cha CC BY-SA 4.0. Kusindikizidwanso uku kukusungabe chilolezo chimenecho.

Yambani ndi selo lomwe lili lokha: phata lake lakuda kwambiri ndi losavuta kulisiyanitsa ndi saitopulazimu yabuluu yolizungulira. Kenako yang'anani maselo ophimbana omwe ali pansi pake. Kuphimbana kumapangitsa kuti malire akhale ovuta kutsatira ndipo kungapange malo akuda kwambiri. Gwiritsani ntchito chithunzichi poyeserera kutsatira malire, osati powerengera kadontho kalikonse kakuda ngati phata. Kalozera wa kuyang'ana maselo a mkati mwa tsaya akufotokoza mwatsatanetsatane ntchito yophunzirira ya chitsanzochi.

Chithunzi 2: maselo a anyezi

Chitsanzo: maselo a anyezi, monga gwero lawatchulira. Utoto: methylene blue. Kukulitsa: “200x” ili m'dzina loyambirira la fayilo; sikunatsimikiziridwe paokha. Mzere wa sikelo: palibe; sipanaperekedwe mfundo zotsimikizira muyezo. Chithunzi cha Alvy16, 2019, chochokera pa Selo la anyezi 200x, chokhala ndi chilolezo cha CC BY 4.0.

Zigawo zazitalizi zimapanga wosanjikiza wokonzedwa mwadongosolo. Yerekezerani malire awo aatali omwe amagawana ndi malire osakhazikika a mu Chithunzi 1. Onaninso zinthu zakuda zoonekera bwino ndi kuwala kosafanana m'malo ojambulidwawo. Chithunzichi sichitsimikizira kuti chinthu chilichonse chakuda chomwe chaunjikana ndi chiyani. Chikusonyeza chifukwa chake zolemba zothandiza za zimene zaonedwa zimaphatikizapo zinthu zooneka chifukwa cha kukonzekera kapena kujambula ndi zimene sizikudziwika bwino, m'malo motchula dzina la chilichonse chomwe chatenga utoto.

Chithunzi 3: yisiti yotchulidwa ndi gwero kuti ndi Candida spp.

Chitsanzo: Candida spp., malinga ndi wojambulayo. Utoto: kupaka utoto kosavuta komwe kumapaka zinthu zomwe zikufufuzidwazo ndi methylene blue. Kukulitsa: sikunaperekedwe. Mzere wa sikelo: palibe; sipanaperekedwe kukula kwa pikiselo kotsimikiziridwa ndi muyezo. Chithunzi cha Marta, wogwiritsa ntchito Wikimedia wotchedwa Martunia.g, 2021, chochokera pa Kupaka utoto wa methylene blue pa zinthu zomwe zikufufuzidwa 2, chokhala ndi chilolezo cha CC BY 4.0.

Yerekezerani magulu abuluu ounjikana kwambiri ndi m'mphepete momwe zinthu sizikunjikana kwambiri. Malire a chinthu chilichonse ndi osavuta kutsatira pamene zinthuzo sizikuphimbana kwambiri. Dzina lakuti Candida lachokera m'zolemba za gwero, osati pa ntchito yozindikira mtundu wa chamoyo kuchokera pa chithunzichi. Chithunzichi sichiperekanso zotsatira zosonyeza ngati yisitiyo ingakhalebe ndi moyo. Mayeso a kuthekera kwa yisiti kukhalabe ndi moyo ndi kupuma kwake amafunikira mikhalidwe yawo, zitsanzo zowongolera, ndi kutanthauzira kwawo.

Kuwerenga sikelo molondola

Zithunzizi zimathandiza kuyerekeza maonekedwe, osati kuyeza m'ma micrometer kapena kuyerekeza kukula kwenikweni kwa maselo pakati pa zithunzi. Kukulitsa komwe kwatchulidwa sikungabwezeretse mfundo zosowa zotsimikizira muyezo wa kamera. Kusintha kukula komwe chithunzi chikuonetsedwa kumasintha mmene chimaonekera chokulitsidwa.

Pa zithunzi zanu, tsimikizirani muyezo woyezera pogwiritsa ntchito muyezo wodziwika ndi kakonzedwe koyenera ka zida zowunikira. Kalozera wa Nikon wa kuyeza ndi maikulosikopu akufotokoza mmene micrometer ya pa malo oikapo chitsanzo imasinthira magawo a chithunzi kapena mizere yoyezera kukhala utali weniweni. Lembani lensi ya pafupi ndi chitsanzo, kakonzedwe ka kamera, ndi mfundo zotsimikizira muyezo, ndipo onjezani mzere wa sikelo kuchokera pa mfundozo. Musapange mzerewo pongotengera kukula kwa maselo kwapakati komwe kuli m'buku lophunzitsira.

Kodi botolo likugwirizana ndi njirayo?

Botolo lolembedwa kuti methylene blue silipereka mfundo zonse zofunika pa labotale. Fufuzani kuchuluka kwake ndi mayunitsi ake, chosungunulira, zinthu zina zowonjezedwa, ntchito yomwe lakonzedwera, zolemba za gulu lomwe linapangidwa limodzi, ndi malangizo. Pepala la mfundo zachitetezo la mankhwala ogwiritsidwa ntchito pa labotale limafotokoza zoopsa; malangizo a njirayo amafotokoza mmene angagwiritsidwire ntchito pokonza chitsanzo chomwe akufuna.

Chitsanzo chenicheni ndi madzi a Löffler a methylene blue opangidwa ndi Merck. Wopanga amawatchula kuti ndi mankhwala ogwiritsidwa ntchito pa kufufuza ndi maikulosikopu ndipo amafotokoza ntchito yawo ngati utoto wowonjezera wosiyanitsira pakupaka utoto mwa njira ya acid-fast. Mfundo yolembedwa yakuti amatha kuyaka imasonyezanso chifukwa chake “madzi abuluu” si mfundo yokwanira pokonzekera kagwiridwe kapena kutenthetsa. Katundu ameneyo ndi wa kapangidwe kameneko, osati wa madzi onse a methylene blue mwachisawawa.

Mofananamo, agara ya eosin methylene blue ndi malo okulitsira tizilombo omwe apangidwa ndi zosakaniza zosankhidwa. Si utoto wa zitsanzo za pa galasi wopangidwa mwa kungowonjezera methylene blue yokha pa chitsanzo. Ngati cholinga chojambulira ndi china, yerekezerani zinthu zina zogwiritsidwa ntchito m'malo mwa methylene blue pofufuza ndi maikulosikopu.

Pa zida za maikulosikopu za oyamba kumene, yambani ndi njira yophunzitsira yolembedwa, magalasi okonzedwa kale okhala ndi zitsanzo zodziwika, ndi mankhwala otchulidwa. Ngati botolo lataya chizindikiro chake kapena zosakaniza zake sizingadziwike, lisintheni ndi mankhwala oyenera omwe ali ndi zolemba zake. Gwiritsani ntchito zotetezera maso ndi malangizo ogwirira ntchito operekedwa pa kapangidwe kenikeniko. Zinthu zochokera kwa anthu ndi zitsanzo zosadziwika zochokera m'chilengedwe zimafunikira njira za labotale yophunzitsira zogwirira ndi kutaya zitsanzo; kupaka utoto sikulowa m'malo mwa njirazo.

Lembani zimene mwaona musanapereke chigamulo

“Zinthu zabuluu zooneka ngati dzira zomwe zili m'magulu” ndi kufotokoza kwa chithunzi komwe kungathandizidwe ndi umboni. “Matenda enaake opatsirana” amafunikira umboni womwe chithunzicho sichinapereke. M'buku lolemberamo, lembani mosiyana kumene chitsanzo chinachokera, mmene chinakonzedwera, mmene chinatengera utoto, ndi njira yozindikirira. Kusiyanitsa kumeneku kumapangitsa chithunzi chosavuta cha m'kalasi kukhala chothandiza ndipo kumalepheretsa chithunzi chokongola cha maikulosikopu kugwiritsidwa ntchito kunena chinthu chomwe sichingachirikize.