Methylene blue tsiku ndi tsiku komanso kwa nthawi yaitali: umboni ndi malire ake

Kafukufuku sanakhazikitse dongosolo lodziwika bwino la kugwiritsa ntchito methylene blue tsiku ndi tsiku kwa akuluakulu athanzi. Kukumana mobwerezabwereza ndi mankhwalawa mwa anthu kwaphunziridwa, kuphatikizapo kafukufuku waing’ono wa miyezi isanu ndi umodzi wa matenda amisala. Palinso mayesero a nthawi yaitali a mtundu wina wa mankhwala womwe ndi wofanana koma wosiyana mwakemikali. Palibe mwa magulu amenewa omwe amatsimikizira kuti yankho la methylene blue logulitsidwa kwa ogula popanda kufotokoza bwino mtundu wake ndi lotetezeka kapena lothandiza kugwiritsidwa ntchito mopanda malire.

Funso lothandiza ndi lolunjika kwambiri kuposa lakuti “Kodi alipo amene anaphunzira zimenezi kwa nthawi yaitali?” Ndi lakuti: ndi chinthu chiti, choperekedwa m’njira iti, kwa ndani, kwa nthawi yaitali bwanji, ndipo ndi zotsatira ziti zomwe zinayesedwa?

Werengani nthawi ya kukhudzidwa ndi nthawi yotsatirira mosiyana

Nthawi ya kukhudzidwa imafotokoza nthawi imene chithandizo chinaperekedwa. Kutsatiridwa pambuyo pake kumafotokoza nthawi imene ofufuza anayang’ananso otenga nawo mbali pambuyo pake. Kutsatiridwa kwa miyezi itatu pambuyo pa masiku asanu a chithandizo sikutanthauza kupatsidwa mankhwala kwa miyezi itatu. Momwemonso, kafukufuku amene umatha pamene mbewa zili ndi miyezi 30 sikutanthauza kuti zinathandizidwa kwa miyezi 30.

Chithunzi chakutsogolo chikuwonetsa kusiyana kumeneku mwachitsanzo. Madontho ake ndi ofotokozera, osati deta yoyesedwa ya kafukufuku. Tchati chili pansipa chikuwonetsa nthawi zenizeni kuchokera m'maphunziro osankhidwa. “Palibe nthawi yapadera yotsatirira yomwe inanenedwa” zikutanthauza kuti lipoti lotchulidwalo silikhazikitsa nthawi ina yowonera popanda chithandizo; sizikutanthauza kuti zotsatira zonse zomwe zingachitike pambuyo pake zinayesedwa ndipo zinali zabwinobwino.

Tchati cha nthawi ya kafukufuku

Kafukufuku ndi chitsanzo	Mtundu wa mankhwala ndi njira yoperekera	Nthawi ya kukhudzidwa	Kuwunika kapena kutsatiridwa	Funso lalikulu lomwe linayesedwa
Rodriguez ndi anzake: kujambula ubongo wa akuluakulu athanzi	USP methylene blue, methylthioninium chloride; pakamwa	Kuperekedwa kamodzi	MRI yoyambira ndi yobwereza kuyambira 60 minutes pambuyo pake	Kusintha kwadzidzidzi kwa kayendedwe ka magazi muubongo ndi maukonde ake, osati chitetezo cha nthawi yaitali
Ibarra-Estrada ndi anzake: odwala 91 omwe anali ndi septic shock	Methylene blue mu saline; kulowetsedwa m'mitsempha	Kulowetsedwa katatu tsiku lililonse, kulikonse kwa maola asanu ndi limodzi	Zotsatira zachipatala zinayesedwa mpaka day 28	Kugwiritsa ntchito vasopressor, zotsatira zachipatala, imfa ndi zotsatira zoyipa
Zoellner ndi anzake: otenga nawo mbali 42 omwe anali ndi PTSD	Methylene blue; pakamwa, limodzi ndi psychotherapy	Kuperekedwa pambuyo pa magawo asanu a tsiku ndi tsiku a imaginal exposure	Kuwunika mpaka kutsatiridwa kwa miyezi itatu	Zizindikiro ndi kugwira ntchito pambuyo pa chithandizo chophatikiza cha nthawi yochepa
Gureev ndi anzake: mbewa za C57BL/6	MB pa milingo iwiri yonenedwa ya kukhudzidwa tsiku lililonse; njira yoperekera sinafotokozedwe bwino m'njira za kafukufukuyo	Masabata anayi	Kutenga zitsanzo za ndowe mlungu uliwonse; kuyesa maze m'masiku asanu omaliza; palibe nthawi yapadera yotsatirira kuchira yomwe inanenedwa	Kapangidwe ka microbiome ndi momwe zinachitira pa maze
Jena ndi Chainy: makoswe aakazi a Wistar	Methylene blue m'madzi akumwa; pakamwa	30 days	Kutenga zitsanzo zomaliza za magazi, chiwindi ndi impso	Miyeso yosankhidwa ya oxidative stress ndi serum; nyama zisanu pa gulu lililonse
Alda ndi anzake: otenga nawo mbali 37 omwe anali ndi bipolar disorder	Makapisozi a methylene blue; pakamwa; mlingo wapamwamba wogwira ntchito poyerekeza ndi wotsika	26-week crossover: nthawi ziwiri za chithandizo za 12-week kuphatikiza milungu ya titration ndi crossover	Maulendo okhazikika panthawi ya chithandizo; cognition inayesedwa poyambira, weeks 13 and 26	Zizindikiro zotsala za maganizo, cognition ndi kulekerera mankhwalawo limodzi ndi chithandizo chomwe chinalipo kale
Poudel ndi anzake: kukalamba kwa mafupa mwa mbewa	MB m'madzi akumwa kwa mbewa zazikazi zokalamba za C57BL/6J; MB m'chakudya cha mbewa zazimuna ndi zazikazi za UM-HET3	Miyezi isanu ndi umodzi kapena 12 mwa zazikazi zokalamba; miyezi 15 mwa mbewa za UM-HET3, kuyambira zaka seven mpaka 22 months	Miyeso ya mafupa pa nthawi zomalizira zomwe zinakhazikitsidwa; palibe nthawi yapadera yotsatirira yopanda chithandizo	Kapangidwe ka mafupa kokhudzana ndi ukalamba, osati kuwunika kwathunthu kwa chitetezo mwa anthu
Gauthier ndi anzake: odwala 891 omwe anali ndi Alzheimer’s disease	Leuco-methylthioninium bis(hydromethanesulfonate), LMTM; pakamwa	Nthawi ya chithandizo cha randomized ya 15-month	Kuwunika kwachipatala ndi chitetezo panthawi ya mayeserowo	Cognition, kugwira ntchito tsiku ndi tsiku ndi adverse events; low-dose LMTM control
Auerbach ndi anzake: makoswe a F344/N ndi mbewa za B6C3F1	Methylene blue trihydrate mu methylcellulose; oral gavage	Zaka ziwiri, masiku asanu pa sabata	Kuyang'anira kupulumuka ndi matenda a minofu mpaka kafukufuku utatha	Chronic toxicity ndi carcinogenicity

Mizere imeneyi si malingaliro a mlingo omwe angasinthanitsidwe. Oral gavage imapereka chinthucho molunjika m'mimba; madzi akumwa ndi chakudya zimapangitsa kuti kuchuluka ndi nthawi ya kumwa zisiyane. Kulowetsedwa m'mitsempha kumadutsa njira ya kuyamwa m'matumbo. Kutalika kwa nthawi ya kukhudzidwa sikungachotse kusiyana kumeneku.

Zomwe kugwiritsa ntchito mobwerezabwereza mwa anthu kumatiuza

Mayesero a bipolar disorder amapereka zambiri zogwirizana kwambiri ndi kugwiritsa ntchito methylene blue mobwerezabwereza pakamwa kuposa kujambula ubongo kamodzi. Komabe, mwa otenga nawo mbali 37, 27 okha ndi amene anamaliza mayeserowo. Otenga nawo mbali anali ndi bipolar disorder, anali kale kulandira lamotrigine, ndipo ankayang'aniridwa panthawi ya chithandizo. Kuyerekezera kunagwiritsa ntchito mlingo wotsika wa methylene blue m'malo mwa inert placebo. Kapangidwe kameneka sikungakhazikitse chitetezo cha kugwiritsa ntchito mosalekeza mwa anthu athanzi kapena kuchotsa modalirika mwayi wa mavuto osowa.

Mayesero a Alzheimer amafunikira kusiyanitsa kwina. LMTM ndi mtundu wokhazikika wa methylthioninium wochepetsedwa wokhala ndi counterions zosiyana, osati yankho wamba la methylene blue chloride. Nthawi yake ya 15-month siyenera kufotokozedwa ngati miyezi 15 yoyesera mankhwala a methylene blue ogulitsidwa kwa ogula. Kusanthula kwakukulu komwe kunakhazikitsidwa pasadakhale sikunasonyeze phindu la milingo yapamwamba poyerekeza ndi low-dose control. Zotsatira zoyipa za m'mimba ndi mkodzo komanso kuchepa kwa hemoglobin zinanenedwa. Kuwunika kwa nthawi yaitali kunapereka zambiri za chitetezo; sikunakhazikitse kuti palibe chiopsezo.

Zomwe kafukufuku wa nyama akuwonjezera

Kafukufuku wa nyama angathe kufufuza minofu ndi kukhudzidwa mobwerezabwereza komwe kungakhale kovuta kufufuza mwa anthu. Amasonyezanso chifukwa chake zotsatira zabwino pa muyeso umodzi sizokwanira.

Mu kafukufuku wa makoswe wa 30-day, liver lipid peroxidation inawonjezeka pamene muyeso wa impso unachepa. Miyeso ingapo ya antioxidant sinasinthe. Kutchula kafukufuku wonse kuti “chitetezo cha antioxidant” kungabise kusiyana kumeneku pakati pa ziwalo. Mu kafukufuku wa mbewa wa masabata anayi, kukhudzidwa kwakukulu kunabweretsa kusintha kwakukulu kwa microbiome. Kafukufukuyo sanakhazikitse ngati kusintha kumeneku kunapitiriza pambuyo posiya.

Kukhudzidwa kwa nthawi yaitali nakonso sikunabweretse zokha phindu lomwe linkafunidwa. Mayesero a kukalamba kwa mafupa sanalepheretse kuchepa kwa mafupa kokhudzana ndi ukalamba. Kufunika kwake pa zonena za longevity kumadalira zomwe zikuyesedwa: kapangidwe ka mafupa, kupulumuka, ndi utali wa moyo wa anthu ndi mafunso osiyana.

Kafukufuku wa nthawi yaitali wa National Toxicology Program anapeza carcinogenic activity yokhala ndi milingo yosiyanasiyana ya umboni kutengera kugonana ndi mtundu wa nyama. Pepala logwirizana la zaka ziwiri linanenanso anemia m'magulu ena omwe anakumana ndi mankhwalawo. Zotsatira zimenezi sizipereka chiwerengero cha chiopsezo cha khansa kwa dongosolo la anthu logwiritsa ntchito mankhwala ogulitsidwa kwa ogula. Koma zimalepheretsa kugwiritsa ntchito zaka ziwiri za kupatsa nyama mankhwala ngati umboni wosavuta wakuti palibe vuto. Kufotokozera umboni wa carcinogenicity kumafufuza zotsatira zimenezi payokha.

Addiction, withdrawal, tolerance ndi cycling

Mawu amenewa amafotokoza mafunso osiyana.

Addiction imaphatikizapo kulephera kuwongolera kugwiritsa ntchito ndi kupitiriza kugwiritsa ntchito ngakhale pali kuvulaza. Maphunziro ali pamwambawa sakhazikitsa syndrome ya addiction ya methylene blue. Komanso sanapangidwe kuti atsimikizire kuti palibe kuthekera kwa dependence mwa anthu omwe amagwiritsa ntchito kwa nthawi yaitali popanda kuyang'aniridwa.
Withdrawal imatanthauza syndrome yobwerezabwereza yomwe imachitika munthu akachepetsa kapena kusiya chinthu. Sindinapeze umboni wolamulidwa womwe umafotokoza syndrome yeniyeni ya withdrawal ya methylene blue. Kutopa, nkhawa kapena kusamala bwino pambuyo posiya ndi lipoti lofunika kufufuzidwa, koma lokhalo silikwanira kuzindikira withdrawal. Kubwerera kwa vuto loyambirira, zinthu zina ndi kusintha kwa tulo zingapangitse kutanthauzira kukhala kovuta.
Tolerance imatanthauza kuyankha kochepa pa kukhudzidwa komweko pakapita nthawi. Kumva kuti “boost” ikuchepa sikudziwitsa chifukwa chake kapena kusonyeza kuti mlingo wokulirapo ndi woyenera. Mayesero angafunike zotsatira zokhazikika zobwerezabwereza ndi miyeso ya kukhudzidwa kuti ayese zonenazo.
Cycling imatanthauza kukonza nthawi zogwiritsa ntchito chinthucho ndi nthawi zosagwiritsa ntchito. Umboni wotchulidwawo sutsimikizira dongosolo lomwe limalepheretsa tolerance, dependence kapena kuvulaza komwe kumachuluka pakapita nthawi. Ndondomeko ya toxicology ya nyama ya masiku asanu pa sabata ndi ndondomeko ya mayesero, osati malingaliro a cycling mwa anthu. Zotsatira zakusaka zingasokonezenso chinthu chomwe chikufufuzidwa ndi chinthu chomwe chikuyambitsa dependence. Mwachitsanzo, kafukufuku wa opioid tolerance ndi withdrawal unagwiritsa ntchito methylene blue mu cell model yomwe inakhudzidwa ndi opioids. Sunali kafukufuku wa withdrawal kuchokera ku methylene blue.

Mafunso omwe sanayankhidwebe

Kwa akuluakulu athanzi omwe amagwiritsa ntchito methylene blue mobwerezabwereza, kafukufuku wotchulidwawo sakhazikitsa nthawi yomwe phindu limapitiriza, nthawi yabwino yosiya, dongosolo la cycling lotsimikiziridwa, kapena mitengo yodalirika ya zotsatira zoyipa zomwe zimachedwa kuonekera. Komanso sakhazikitsa ngati zotsatira zabwinobwino za labotale za nthawi yochepa zimaneneratu chitetezo patapita zaka.

Chiopsezo chomwe chimachuluka pakapita nthawi ndi kusonkhanitsidwa kwa mankhwala m'thupi ndi zinthu zogwirizana koma zosiyana. Kukumana mobwerezabwereza kungakhale kofunika ngakhale mankhwalawo sasungika m'thupi mopanda malire, ndipo mankhwala atsopano omwe amalumikizana nawo angasinthe chiopsezo pambuyo pa nthawi yomwe sipanachitike vuto. Label yapano ya intravenous PROVAYBLUE imalemba serotonergic interactions aakulu, chiopsezo cha hemolytic anemia ndi kukhudzidwa kwakukulu ngati ntchito ya impso yafooka. Simalola kugwiritsa ntchito pakamwa mopanda malire.

Pa chisankho cha munthu payekha, zambiri zothandiza ndi mtundu weniweni wa mankhwala, njira yoperekera, kuchuluka kwake, pafupipafupi, tsiku loyambira, mankhwala ena ndi zizindikiro zilizonse. Werengani kutalika kwa nthawi yomwe methylene blue imakhala m'thupi limodzi ndi zotsatira zake zoyipa ndi contraindications. Mbiri yakuti munthu anailekerera m'mbuyomu ndi umboni wokhudza kukhudzidwa kwa nthawi imeneyo, osati chitsimikizo cha zomwe zidzachitike nthawi yotsatira.