Kufalikira kwa methylene blue ndi permanganate: zimene kuyesa kwa agar kumasonyeza

Mphunzitsi amadula timabowo tiwiri m'mbale ya agar, n'kudzaza kamodzi ndi utoto wabuluu ndi kenako ndi madzi ofiirira, ndipo amauza ophunzira kuti ayang'ane. Patatha ola limodzi, mphete yofiirira imakhala yotambasuka kwambiri. Ophunzira amalemba kuti potassium permanganate imafalikira mofulumira kuposa methylene blue chifukwa ili ndi kulemera kochepa.

Chiganizocho chili ndi mbali yolondola ndi mbali yosokeretsa, ndipo mbali yosokeretsayo ndiyo yosangalatsa. Kuyesaku ndi phunziro lodziwika bwino la kufalikira, lofotokozedwa mwachitsanzo mu ntchito ya labotale yoyesa kufalikira mu agar, koma zimene ophunzira amaona sizikusonyeza kulemera kwa mamolekyulu kukugwira ntchito. Amaona malire a utoto wooneka akuyenda mu gel, ndipo kuyendako kumakhudzidwa ndi kukula kwa ayoni, kuzunguliridwa kwawo ndi madzi, kumamatira kwa utoto, kuchuluka kwa zinthu zosungunuka, kutentha, komanso njira yoyezera malirewo.

Malire a utoto si koefishienti ya kufalikira

Kufalikira ndi kufalikira kwa tinthu tosungunuka kuchokera pamalo amene tili tambiri kupita pamalo amene tili tochepa. Koefishienti ya kufalikira, yomwe nthawi zambiri imalembedwa D, imalongosola liwiro la kufalikirako kwa chinthu chosungunuka chinachake m'chinthu china, pa kutentha kwina.

Mbale ya m'kalasi sisonyeza D mwachindunji. Imasonyeza malire amene utoto umakhala wofooka kwambiri moti suoneka. Malirewo amadalira mmene utotowo umayamwira kuwala, kuunikira, kuchuluka kwa kuwala komwe kamera imalandira, kuchuluka kwa utoto woikidwa m'kabowo, ndi mmene munthu wogwira rula amaonera, komanso kufalikira komweko.

Tchulani muyeso wa m'kalasi monga ulili: kuyenda kwa malire ooneka a kufalikira. Kufotokozera kwa masamu kumagwirizanitsa avareji ya mtunda umene tinthu tayenda wokwezedwa ku mphamvu ya 2 ndi D pogwiritsa ntchito maubale amtundu wopezeka mu kusanthula kufalikira motsatira malamulo a Fick, koma kupeza D kuchokera pa miyeso kumafuna kudziwa kuchuluka kwa zinthu zosungunuka m'malo osiyanasiyana pakapita nthawi, osati kuyeza m'mimba mwake kamodzi kokha kumapeto kwa phunziro. Kafukufuku wina wofalitsidwa wa m'kalasi anapeza koefishienti ya kufalikira kwa methylene blue mu gel ya pafupifupi 4.5 kuchulukitsa ndi 10^-10 m^2/s pojambula graph ya mtunda wokwezedwa ku mphamvu ya 2 poyerekezera ndi nthawi, m'malo mongofanizira kukula komaliza kwa madontho a utoto. Chithunzi chimodzi cha nthawi imodzi sichingathe kugwira ntchito imeneyo.

Ili ndilo lingaliro lalikulu la kuyesaku, ndipo zina zonse ndi mfundo zokhudza mmene mbale ikusonyezera lingalirolo molondola.

Ayoni awiri amitundu, osati mamolekyulu awiri

Palibe mwa zinthu ziwirizi chimene chimayenda mu agar chili mumpangidwe wa fomula yolembedwa pa botolo. Zonse ndi ma electrolyte amphamvu amene amagawanika kukhala ayoni m'madzi.

Potassium permanganate (KMnO4, kulemera kwa fomula pafupifupi 158.03 g/mol) imagawanika kukhala ayoni a potassium ndi ayoni a permanganate. Chinthu chofiirira chimene chikuyenda ndi ayoni ya permanganate MnO4^-, ya kulemera pafupifupi 118.94 g/mol, yozunguliridwa ndi mamolekyulu a madzi. Methylene blue chloride (mchere wopanda madzi C16H18ClN3S, pafupifupi 319.85 g/mol) imagawanika kukhala chloride ndi ayoni yabuluu ya organic yokhala ndi chaji yabwino MB^+, ya kulemera pafupifupi 284.41 g/mol, yomwenso yazunguliridwa ndi madzi. Mbiri ya methylene blue ya NIST ndi zolemba za methylene blue za ChEBI zimafotokoza mitundu imeneyi, ndipo buku lofotokoza za kemistri ndi kapangidwe kake limafotokoza chifukwa chake ayoni ya chaji yabwino, mchere wopanda madzi, ndi mitundu yokhala ndi madzi m'makristalo amafunikira mayina osiyana.

Pali mfundo zitatu zotsatira zimenezi.

Choyamba, kufanizira 158 ndi 320 kumapangitsa kusiyana kwenikweni kwa kukula kwa ayoni amitunduyo kuoneka kochepa, chifukwa ayoni yofiirira ya pafupifupi 119 g/mol ndi yaing'ono kwambiri kuposa ayoni yabuluu ya chaji yabwino ya pafupifupi 284 g/mol, ndipo zonse zili ndi madzi ozizungulira omwe amawonjezera kukula kwawo kogwira ntchito.

Chachiwiri, ayoni a methylene blue a chaji yabwino amamatira ku zinthu. Pamene kuchuluka kwawo kukukwera, amapanga magulu a awiri ndi magulu okulirapo, ndipo amamatira pamwamba pa agar; kumamatira kwa ayoni amodzi ndi magulu a awiri kwafotokozedwa mu kafukufuku wa kumamatira pa agar. Utoto womamatirawo suyasuntha. Umaika mtundu mu gel popanda kupititsa patsogolo malire a utotowo.

Chachitatu, ufa wa reagent umene umagwiritsidwa ntchito kawirikawiri umakhala ndi madzi m'makristalo ake, motero gramu imene yayezedwa imaphatikizapo madziwo. Kufanizira trihydrate ndi mtundu wopanda madzi kumasonyeza mmene zimenezi zimasinthira molarity. Kuti kuyerekezera kwa m'kalasi kukhale koyenera, konzani madzi a mchere uliwonse okhala ndi kuchuluka kofanana kwa mol pa voliyumu, ndipo lembani mtundu wa chinthu cholimba umene wagwiritsidwa ntchito.

Chifukwa chake kulemera kochepa sikutanthauza liwiro lalikulu pano

M'madzi amene muli zinthu zosungunuka zochepa, chitsanzo choyambira chabwino kuposa kugwiritsa ntchito kulemera ndi cha Stokes-Einstein, mmene koefishienti ya kufalikira imatsatira kutentha kogawidwa ndi kukhuthala kwa madzi ndi radius ya tinthu kuphatikiza madzi otizungulira. Tinthu tokhala ndi kukula kochepa titazunguliridwa ndi madzi timafalikira mofulumira. M'gulu limodzi la zinthu za kemistri, kulemera kochepa nthawi zambiri kumayendera limodzi ndi kukula kochepa, choncho kulemera kochepa kungaoneke ngati kufotokozera. Kumeneku ndi kuyenderana, osati njira imene imachititsa kufalikira.

Lamulo la Graham, limene limati liwiro la mpweya wotuluka kudzera m'kabowo kakang'ono limatsatira 1 yogawidwa ndi muzu wa kulemera kwa mol, sililamulira zimene zikuchitika m'mbale imeneyi. Kufotokozera mmene lamuloli limapezekera kuli m'chiphunzitso cha kayendedwe ka tinthu ta mpweya, chofotokozedwa mwachidule mu phunziro la OpenStax la kutuluka kudzera m'mabowo ndi kufalikira kwa mipweya. M'zinthu zamadzimadzi mumawonjezeka kukana kuyenda chifukwa cha kukhuthala, kuzunguliridwa ndi madzi, zotsatira za mawonekedwe a tinthu, ndi kupanikizana. Mu gel mumawonjezekanso kapangidwe ka timabowo, njira zokhotakhota, kumamatira pamwamba, ndi kugwirizana kwa chaji ndi polima.

Manambala amasonyeza kusiyanako. Kugwiritsa ntchito lamulo la Graham pa 158 poyerekezera ndi 320 kumaneneratu chiŵerengero cha liwiro cha pafupifupi 1.42. Koefishienti zoyezedwa za kufalikira m'madzi okhala ndi zinthu zosungunuka zochepa zimasonyeza zosiyana: permanganate ili pafupifupi 1.6 mpaka 1.8 kuchulukitsa ndi 10^-9 m^2/s, poyerekezera ndi methylene blue ya pafupifupi 4.5 mpaka 5 kuchulukitsa ndi 10^-10 m^2/s, chiŵerengero choyandikira 3 kapena 4. Kulemera kokha sikungapereke chiŵerengerocho. Kukula kwa tinthu titazunguliridwa ndi madzi, kupangana m'magulu, ndi kumamatira ku gel n'zimene zimafotokoza kusiyana kotsalako.

Tengani lingaliro lakuti chinthu chopepuka chimayenda mofulumira ngati chitsanzo chokhala ndi zinthu zoyerekezeredwa: tinthu tozungulira ngati mipira, kusamamatira, kusapangana m'magulu, ndi mikhalidwe yofanana. Mbale imeneyi siitsatira osachepera ziwiri mwa zimenezi.

Mmene mungafanizirire moyenera

Kuyesaku kumalakwika mofanana ndi mapulogalamu a kompyuta: lingaliro loyambira ndi labwino, koma njira yochokera pa lingaliro kufika pa muyeso ili ndi misampha yambiri. Chilichonse mwa izi chimasintha yankho popanda kusintha khalidwe lililonse la molekyulu.

Gwiritsani ntchito agar yochokera pa gulu limodzi lokonzedwa, yothiridwa kuti ikhale ya kuya kofanana, chida chimodzi chodulira timabowo, mavoliyumu ofanana a madzi, kuchuluka kofanana kwa mol pa voliyumu, ndi kuchuluka kochepa mokwanira kuti methylene blue isapange magulu ambiri ndiponso utoto usakhale wolimba kwambiri. Dulani timabowo tosachepera titatu tobwerezera kuyesa kwa chinthu chilichonse chosungunuka, mutatisiyanitsa kuti malire a utoto asakumane. Phimbani mbale, zisungeni mosapendekera, ndipo sungani kutentha kosasintha, chifukwa kafukufuku wa utoto mu agar amasonyeza kuti umadalira kwambiri kutentha ndi kuchuluka kwa zinthu zosungunuka. Tchulani nthawi yoyambira ngati nthawi yodzaza timabowo, ndipo fotokozani malire musanayambe kuyeza: kugwiritsa ntchito mulingo wokhazikika wa kuoneka kwa utoto pa chithunzi n'kwabwino kuposa kungoyang'ana ndi maso, chifukwa buluu ndi fiirira ali ndi milingo yosiyana yoti maso athe kuwaona. Lembani miyeso iwiri ya m'mimba mwake yodutsana pa ngodya yolunjika pa dontho lililonse, ndipo isintheni kukhala radius ya avareji, chifukwa kusokoneza radius ndi m'mimba mwake kumalakwitsa graph iliyonse ya mtunda wokwezedwa ku mphamvu ya 2 ndi kuchulukitsa kwa kanayi.

Zilembo: mbali yakumanzere imasonyeza radius yoyezedwa kuchokera pamwamba, kuyambira m'mphepete mwa kabowo kufika kumalire a utoto uliwonse; mbali yakumanja imasonyeza gawo lodulidwa la agar, kuya kwa kabowo, ndi mphete zimene utoto wake umachepa popita kunja; kalozera wa zizindikiro amatchula zinthu zosungidwa mofanana (peresenti ya agar, makulidwe, molarity ya utoto, voliyumu, kukula kwa kabowo, kutentha, nthawi yoyambira, kuunikira).

Samalani ndi zinthu zooneka ngati kufalikira koma sizili kufalikira. Madzi akatayikira ndi kuyenda pamwamba pa agar amaoneka ngati kufalikira kofulumira, ndipo vutoli lalembedwa kuti limachitika m'mabowo aang'ono a agar. Permanganate ndi chinthu champhamvu chopangitsa oxidation ndipo ingathe kugwiritsidwa ntchito ndi zotsalira zochepa za zinthu za organic, zomwe zimayimitsa malire ake kapena kuchotsa mtundu wake. Methylene blue imatha kuchita redox ndipo mtundu wake ukhoza kuzimiririka ikawunikiridwa kapena ikakhala m'mikhalidwe ya reduction; kemistri ya redox ya methylene blue ndi mtundu wake wopanda utoto utachita reduction imafotokoza khalidwe limenelo.

Mfundo yachidule yokhudza chosungunulira: madzi okhala ndi utoto m'mabowo onse awiri a kuyesa kwanthawi zonse amagwiritsa ntchito madzi ngati chosungunulira. Ngati ndondomeko ina yasintha chosungunulira, yang'anani kaye buku lotsogolera kusungunuka ndi kukonza madzi a zinthu zosungunuka, chifukwa kusungunuka ndi kupangana m'magulu zimasintha malinga ndi chinthu chimene zili mmenemo.

Pepala lolemberapo zimene zaonedwa m'kalasi

Koperani tebulo ili m'mabuku kapena sindikizani mzere umodzi pa kabowo kalikonse. Kugwiritsa ntchito tebulo limodzi pa mbale iliyonse kumathandiza kulemba moyenera kuyesa kobwerezedwa.

Pakusanthula, jambulani graph ya radius ya avareji yokwezedwa ku mphamvu ya 2 poyerekezera ndi nthawi yapita pa kabowo kalikonse ndipo fanizirani mapendekedwe ake, mukufotokoza tanthauzo la malire a utoto pambali pa graph. Ngati mizere yonse isanu ndi umodzi ya graph isonyezedwa pamodzi ndi kusiyanasiyana kwake, ophunzira amaona kusiyanasiyana ngati deta m'malo mochita nako manyazi.

Chitetezo ndi mbali ya ndondomekoyi: valani magolovesi ndi zoteteza maso, chifukwa methylene blue imadetsa khungu ndi zovala ndipo permanganate ndi chinthu chopangitsa oxidation chimene chimadetsa komanso kukwiyitsa khungu ndi maso. Musalole madzi a zinthu zosungunukazi kulowa m'kamwa, gwirirani ntchito pamwamba pa thireyi, ndipo tayani mbale ndi madzi kudzera m'njira ya sukulu yotayira zinyalala za makemikolo m'malo mowathira m'sinki.

Chiganizo choyenera kulemba

Pamikhalidwe imeneyi ya agar, kuchuluka kwa zinthu zosungunuka, ndi kutentha, malire ooneka a permanganate nthawi zambiri amafalikira mofulumira kuposa malire a methylene blue. Zimenezi zikugwirizana ndi permanganate kukhala ndi koefishienti ya kufalikira yogwira ntchito yokulirapo, makamaka chifukwa ayoni yake yozunguliridwa ndi madzi ndi yaing'ono kwambiri ndipo sipangana m'magulu kapena kumamatira ku agar monga methylene blue. Kulemera kwa mamolekyulu kumayenderana ndi kusiyana kwa kukulako pano, koma kulemera kokha sikukhazikitsa liwiro la kufalikira m'zinthu zamadzimadzi kapena mu gel.

Kalasi imene imalemba chiganizo chimenecho yaphunzira zinthu ziwiri: mfundo yokhudza ayoni awiri amitundu, ndi chizolowezi chofunsa zimene kuyesa kumayezera isanakhulupirire zimene kumaoneka ngati kukunena.