Te whakatae ki te kikorangi metilīni: ngā tikanga mātai karu whakarahi me tētahi kohinga whakaahua tūturu

Mā te whakatae ki te kikorangi metilīni ka māmā ake te wehewehe i ngā āhuatanga pūtau kāore e tino kitea ana i te mātai karu whakarahi ā-papa māramarama. Ka āwhina pea tēnei i ngā ākonga ki te kimi i te karihi o tētahi pūtau pāpāringa, ki te tirotiro rānei i ngā tapa me te whakaritenga o ngā moroiti. Heoi anō, he kitenga noa iho tētahi mea kikorangi. He mahi motuhake te whakaingoa i te rauropi, te ine i a ia, me te whakatau mēnā e tohu ana ia i tētahi mate.

E whakaatu ana te whakaahua uhi i te mātāpono o te rerekētanga ā-kite. Kei te kohinga whakaahua i raro nei ngā whakaahua tūturu o ngā tauira kua tuhia motuhaketia ō rātou mōhiohio, me ngā kōrero taketake mō ō rātou puna.

He aha ngā mea ka whakakitea e te kikorangi metilīni?

He waikano pāhare te kikorangi metilīni: he utu hiko tōrunga tō tōna katote whai tae. E ai ki te whakamārama a OpenStax mō te whakatae tauira, ka pāhekoheko ngā waikano pāhare ki ngā matū pūtau he utu hiko tōraro tō rātou, ā, mā ēnei waikano ka mārama ake ngā pūtau ki tētahi papamuri māmā ake te tae. I ngā whakaritenga e tika ana, ka whakakaha te kikorangi metilīni i te kitenga o ngā wāhanga he nui ngā waikawa karihi kei roto, me ētahi atu hanganga e here ana i te waikano.

I te whakatae māmā, kotahi te waikano hei whakaputa i te rerekētanga ā-kite. Nā reira, ka āhua kikorangi ētahi rauropi rerekē, ahakoa ehara i te momo rauropi kotahi. I te tīmatanga, ko ngā pātai whai hua he pātai whakaahua āhuatanga: he porowhita, he roa rānei ngā mea e kitea ana; he takitahi, he kāhui rānei; he ōrite te whakatae, he rerekē rānei ngā wāhanga o roto? Tirohia te rerekētanga o te whakatae māmā me te whakatae Gram i mua i te whakamāori i te tae hei hua whakarōpū.

He rerekē te rerekētanga ā-kite me te taumira. Mā te rerekētanga ā-kite ka wehewehea tētahi mea i tōna taiao; mā te taumira ka kitea motuhaketia ngā taipitopito e tata ana tētahi ki tētahi. Kāore te whakaahua pōuri ake e whakarite kia nui ake ngā hanganga ka kitea motuhaketia. Waihoki, kāore e tika kia whakaingoatia ia korakora pōuri hei wāhanga pūtau.

Ngā whakaritenga taketake, ngā whakaritenga mākū kua whakataea, me ngā paninga

Ka mau i tētahi whakaritenga mākū kāore i whakataea, arā, he whakaritenga taketake, tētahi tirohanga kāore he waikano tāpiri. Heoi, ka rerekē tonu te tauira nā tōna tangohanga mai i tōna taiao taketake. I tētahi whakaritenga mākū kua whakataea, ka tāpirihia te tauhohenga i te wā e noho tonu ana te matū ki roto i te wai i raro i tētahi karāhe uhi. Mō tētahi paninga kua whakapūmautia, ka horahia te matū ki runga i tētahi karāhe tauira, ā, ka whakamahia tētahi tikanga whakapūmau kua tohua i mua i ngā tukatuka ka whai ake. Ka wehewehe te tirohanga whānui a OpenStax mō te whakarite tauira i ngā whakaritenga mākū me te whakapūmau, ā, ka whakamārama he aha e kore ai ngā rauropi kua whakapūmautia e whakaatu tonu i tō rātou nekehanga noa, i tō rātou pākia noa rānei.

He rerekē ngā pātai ka whakautua e ēnei whakaritenga:

Mō tētahi whakatauritenga ā-akomanga, tuhia ngā kitenga o tētahi whakaritenga kāore i whakataea i mua i te tirotiro i tētahi whakaritenga kē kua whakataea kia rite ki te kawa whakaako. Kia āhua ōrite te rama me ngā tautuhinga hopu whakaahua. Ki te whakaahuatia ngā pūtau rerekē e rua, whakaahuatia hei tauira, kaua hei pūkete mō tētahi pūtau kotahi i mua, i muri hoki i te whakatae.

Kohinga whakaahua karu whakarahi: e toru ngā tauira tūturu kua whakataea

He kōwhiringa taketake tēnei kohinga, me te whakamāoritanga o ngā whakaahua karu whakarahi e toru kei raro i ngā raihana tuwhera. Nā ngā kaituhi o ngā puna i tautuhi ngā tauira me ngā waikano. Kāore mātou i manatoko motuhake i ā rātou tauira. Ka whakaputaina ngā whakaahua kāore i kotia, kua tahurihia ki te WebP kore ngaronga, kāore hoki he āhuatanga kua tāpirihia, he tae rānei kua whakarerekētia.

Whakaahua 1: ngā pūtau pāpāringa tangata

Tauira: ngā pūtau pāpāringa tangata. Waikano: te kikorangi metilīni. Whakarahinga: 400×, e ai ki te kaitango whakaahua. Pae tauine: kāore i te wātea; kāore te puna e whakarato i te rahi pika kua whakatauritea ki tētahi paerewa ine. Nā Fritzmann2002 te whakaahua, 2017, mai i Ngā Pūtau Pāpāringa Tangata (Whakatae ki te Kikorangi Metilīni), i raro i te raihana CC BY-SA 4.0. Ka mau tonu taua raihana ki tēnei tāruatanga.

Tīmata ki tētahi pūtau e noho takitahi ana: he māmā ake te wehewehe i tōna karihi pōuri ake i te wē pūtau kikorangi e karapoti ana i a ia. Kātahi ka tirotirohia ngā pūtau e īnaki ana i raro iho. Nā te īnaki ka uaua ake te whai i tētahi taitapa, ā, ka puta pea tētahi wāhanga pōuri ake i taua wāhi. Whakamahia tēnei whakaahua hei whakaharatau i te whai i ngā tapa, kaua hei tatau i ia wāhi pōuri hei karihi. Ka whakawhānui te aratohu tirotiro pūtau pāpāringa i te mahi whakaharatau e hāngai ana ki tēnei tauira.

Whakaahua 2: ngā pūtau riki

Tauira: ngā pūtau riki, e ai ki te tautuhi a te puna. Waikano: te kikorangi metilīni. Whakarahinga: kei te ingoa kōnae taketake te “200x”; kāore tēnei i manatoko motuhaketia. Pae tauine: kāore i te wātea; kāore he raraunga whakataurite ki tētahi paerewa ine i whakaratoa. Nā Alvy16 te whakaahua, 2019, mai i Pūtau riki 200x, i raro i te raihana CC BY 4.0.

Ka hanga ngā wāhanga roa i tētahi paparanga nahanaha. Whakatauritea ō rātou taitapa roa e hono ana ki ngā tapa kōhikohiko o te Whakaahua 1. Tirohia hoki te matū pōuri e tino kitea ana me te kōhikohiko o te māramatanga puta noa i te papa tirohanga. Kāore te whakaahua e whakatau i te tuakiri o ia putunga pōuri. Ka whakaatu tēnei he aha i whai hua ai tētahi pūkete kitenga e tuhi ana i ngā āhuatanga nā te whakarite, nā te whakaahua rānei i puta, me ngā mea kāore anō kia mōhiotia, kaua ko te whakaingoa i ngā mea katoa ka mau i te tae.

Whakaahua 3: he rewena kua tautuhia e te puna hei Candida spp.

Tauira: Candida spp., e ai ki te kaitango whakaahua. Waikano: te whakatae tōrunga māmā ki te kikorangi metilīni. Whakarahinga: kāore i te wātea. Pae tauine: kāore i te wātea; kāore he rahi pika kua whakatauritea ki tētahi paerewa ine i whakaratoa. Nā Marta te whakaahua, te kaiwhakamahi Wikimedia ko Martunia.g, 2021, mai i Whakatae tōrunga ki te kikorangi metilīni 2, i raro i te raihana CC BY 4.0.

Whakatauritea ngā kāhui kikorangi mātotoru ki ngā tapa kāore e tino kikī ana. He māmā ake te whai i ngā tapa takitahi i ngā wāhi he iti ake te īnaki o ngā mea. Nō te pūkete puna te ingoa Candida, ehara i te hua o tētahi tautuhi momo i mahia mā tēnei whakaahua. Kāore hoki tēnei whakaahua e whakarato i tētahi hua mō te oranga o ngā pūtau. Me whai āhuatanga, whakamātautau whakahaere, me te whakamāoritanga motuhake ngā whakamātautau oranga me te hā pūtau o te rewena.

Te pānui tika i te tauine

Ka tautoko ēnei whakaahua i te whakataurite ā-kite, engari kāore e tautoko i ngā inenga ki te maikromita, i ngā whakatauritenga rānei o te rahi tūturu o ngā pūtau i waenga i ngā whakaahua. Kāore te whakarahinga kua pūrongotia e whakahoki mai i ngā raraunga whakataurite kāmera e ngaro ana. Mā te whakarerekē i te rahi whakaatu o tētahi whakaahua ka rerekē tōna whakarahinga e kitea ana.

Mō āu ake whakaahua, whakatauritea ngā inenga ki tētahi paerewa e mōhiotia ana, mā te whakamahi i te whakaritenga whatu e hāngai ana. Ka whakamārama te aratohu a Nikon mō te ine ā-karu whakarahi me pēhea te whakamahi i tētahi maikromita papa tauira hei tahuri i ngā wehenga o te whakaahua, o te mātiti whatu rānei, kāore anō kia herea ki tētahi tauine, ki ngā roa tūturu. Tuhia te arotahi matua, te whirihoranga kāmera, me ngā raraunga whakataurite, ā, tāpirihia he pae tauine mai i aua raraunga. Kaua e whakatau i tētahi pae tauine mai i te rahi toharite o ngā pūtau kei roto i tētahi pukapuka ako.

E hāngai ana te pounamu ki te tikanga?

Kāore tētahi pounamu kua tapaina ki te kikorangi metilīni e whakarato i ngā whakaritenga taiwhanga katoa. Tirohia tōna kukū me ngā waeine, te whakarewa, ngā kai whakauru tāpiri, te whakamahinga i whakaritea, ngā tuhinga mō te puranga, me ngā tohutohu. Ka whakaahua te pepa raraunga haumaru o tētahi tauhohenga i ngā mōrearea; mā ngā tohutohu o te tikanga ka whakatakotoria me pēhea te whakamahi mō te whakaritenga e whāia ana.

Ko tētahi tauira motuhake ko te wairewa kikorangi metilīni a Löffler nā Merck. Ka tautuhi te kaihanga i tēnei hei tauhohenga mātai karu whakarahi, ā, ka whakaahua i tōna mahi hei waikano tāpiri i te whakatae ātete-waikawa. Ko tōna muramura kua whakarārangitia e whakaatu ana hoki he aha i kore ai e rahi te kōrero “he wai kikorangi” mō te whakamahere i te whāwhā, i te whakamahana rānei. E hāngai ana aua āhuatanga ki taua hanganga, kāore e hāngai aunoa ki ia wairewa kikorangi metilīni ā-wai.

Waihoki, he matū whakatipu kua āta hangaia te agara eosin me te kikorangi metilīni. Ehara i te waikano karāhe tauira ka hangaia mā te tāpiri noa i te kikorangi metilīni ki tētahi tauira. Mō tētahi whāinga whakaahua rerekē, whakatauritea ngā kōwhiringa hei whakakapi i te kikorangi metilīni mō te mātai karu whakarahi.

Mō tētahi kete karu whakarahi mā te hunga tīmata, tīmata ki tōna tikanga whakaako kua tuhia, ngā karāhe tauira kua oti te whakarite, e mōhiotia ana hoki, me te tauhohenga kua tohua. Ki te ngaro te tapanga o tētahi pounamu, ki te kore rānei e taea te whakatau i tōna hanganga, whakakapia ki te tauhohenga e tika ana, kua tuhia hoki ōna mōhiohio. Whakamahia he taputapu tiaki karu, me ngā tohutohu whāwhā kua whakaratoa mō te hanganga e whakamahia ana. Me whai ngā tukanga whāwhā tauira me te tuku para a te taiwhanga whakaako mō ngā matū tangata me ngā tauira taiao kāore e mōhiotia ana; kāore te whakatae e whakakapi i aua tukanga.

Tuhia te kitenga i mua i te whakatau

He whakaahuatanga ka taea te tautoko o tētahi whakaahua te “ngā mea kikorangi porotītaha kei roto i ngā kāhui”. Me whai taunakitanga kāore anō kia whakaratoa e te whakaahua hei kī “he whakapokenga motuhake”. Tuhia motuhaketia ki te pukapuka tuhi te takenga mai o te tauira, te whakaritenga, te tauhohenga whakatae, me te tikanga tautuhi. Mā taua wehewehenga ka whai hua tētahi whakaahua māmā ā-akomanga, ā, ka ārai i te whakamahi i tētahi whakaahua karu whakarahi ātaahua hei tautoko i tētahi kerēme kāore e taea e ia te whakamana.