Te mararatanga o te kikorangi metilīni me te permanganāta: he aha tā te whakamātautau agara e whakaatu ai

Ka tapahia e tētahi kaiako ngā rua e rua ki tētahi pereti agara, ka whakakī i tētahi ki te waikano kikorangi, i tētahi ki te wairewa waiporoporo, ā, ka kī atu ki te akomanga kia mātakitaki. Kotahi hāora i muri mai, kua whānui ake te porowhita waiporoporo. Ka tuhi te akomanga he tere ake te mararatanga o te permanganāta konurehu i tō te kikorangi metilīni nā te mea he māmā ake.

He tika tētahi haurua o taua rerenga kōrero, he whakapohehe tētahi haurua, ā, ko te haurua whakapohehe te mea whakamere. He akoranga mararatanga noa tēnei whakaaturanga, e whakaahuatia ana, hei tauira, i tēnei mahi taiwhanga mō te mararatanga i te agara, engari ehara tā ngā ākonga e kite ai i te mahi a te taumaha rāpoi ngota. Ko tā rātou e kite ai ko te nekehanga o tētahi tapa tae ka kitea i roto i te rāpoi, e whakaaweawehia ana e te rahi katote, te karapotitanga ki te wai, te herenga waikano, te kukūtanga, te pāmahana, me te tikanga ine i te tapa.

Ehara te tapa tae i te whakarea mararatanga

Ko te mararatanga te horapa o ngā korakora kua memeha mai i te kukūtanga teitei ki te kukūtanga iti. Ko te whakarea mararatanga, e tuhia ana i te nuinga o te wā ko D, e whakaahua ana i te tere o taua horapa mō tētahi matū memeha i tētahi taiao i tētahi pāmahana kua whakaritea.

Kāore te pereti ā-akomanga e whakaatu hāngai ana i te D. E whakaatu ana kē i tētahi paenga e tino kōmā ai te tae kia kore e kitea. Ka whakawhirinaki taua paenga ki te kaha ngongo mārama o te waikano, te whakamārama, te rohanga kāmera, te kukūtanga ka whakaurua ki te rua, me te whakatau a te tangata e pupuri ana i te rūri, tae atu hoki ki te mararatanga tonu.

Whakaingoatia te inenga ā-akomanga mō tōna tino āhua: te nekehanga o te tapa mararatanga ka kitea. Ka hono ngā tātaritanga ōkawa i te toharite o te nekehanga kua whakareatia ki a ia anō ki te D, mā ngā hononga pērā i ērā o te tātaritanga mararatanga Fick, engari kia whakatau tata i te D, me whai kōtaha kukūtanga puta noa i te wā, kaua ko tētahi diameter kotahi i te mutunga o te akomanga. I tētahi rangahau ā-akomanga kua whakaputaina, i whakatauria he āheinga marara o te kikorangi metilīni e tata ana ki te 4.5 whakareatia ki te 10^-10 m^2/s i te rāpoi, mā te whakatakoto kauwhata o te tawhiti kua whakareatia ki a ia anō ki te wā, kaua mā te whakataurite i ngā rahinga whakamutunga o ngā wāhi tae. Kāore e taea taua mahi mā tētahi whakaahua kotahi.

Koinei te ariā kei muri i te whakaaturanga, ā, ko ngā mea katoa e toe ana he taipitopito mō te tika o te whakaatu a te pereti i taua ariā.

E rua ngā katote whai tae, ehara i te rāpoi ngota e rua

Kāore tētahi o ngā matū memeha e haere mā roto i te agara i te āhua o te tātai kua tāngia ki te pounamu. He matū kawe hiko kaha ēnei e rua, ā, ka wehe hei katote i te wai.

Ka wehe te permanganāta konurehu (KMnO4, he papatipu tātai tata ki te 158.03 g/mol) hei katote konurehu me ngā katote permanganāta. Ko te mea waiporoporo e haere ana ko te katote permanganāta MnO4^-, he papatipu tata ki te 118.94 g/mol, e karapotia ana e tētahi paparanga wai. Ka wehe te pūhaumāota kikorangi metilīni (te tote waikore C16H18ClN3S, tata ki te 319.85 g/mol) hei pūhaumāota me te katote pararopi tōrunga kikorangi MB^+, he papatipu tata ki te 284.41 g/mol, e karapotia ana hoki e te wai. Ka tuhia ēnei āhua ki te pūkete NIST mō te kikorangi metilīni me te tāurunga ChEBI mō te kikorangi metilīni, ā, ka whakamārama te tohutoro matū me te hanganga i te take me whai ingoa motuhake te katote tōrunga, te tote waikore, me ngā haidrāti.

E toru ngā hua ka puta.

Tuatahi, mā te whakataurite i te 158 ki te 320 ka iti iho te āhua o te tino rerekētanga rahi i waenga i ngā katote whai tae, nā te mea he iti rawa atu te momo waiporoporo, tata ki te 119 g/mol, i te katote tōrunga kikorangi, tata ki te 284 g/mol. He paparanga wai hoki tō ia katote e whakapiki ana i tōna rahi whai pānga.

Tuarua, ka piri ngā katote tōrunga kikorangi metilīni ki ngā mea. Ka hanga takirua rāpoi, ka hanga hoki i ngā huinga nui ake i te pikinga o te kukūtanga, ā, ka piri ki te mata o te agara. Kua pūrongotia te herenga o ngā rāpoi takitahi me ngā takirua rāpoi i ngā rangahau mō te piri ki te mata o te agara. Ka noho pūmau te waikano kua piri ki te mata. Ka whakatae i te rāpoi, engari kāore e neke whakamua te tapa.

Tuatoru, he haidrāti te paura tauhohenga e whakamahia nuitia ana, nō reira kei roto i te karaihe o tētahi karamu kua paunatia he wai. E whakaatu ana te whakataurite i te haidrāti-toru ki te āhua waikore i te pānga o tēnei ki te kukūtanga ā-mōra. Kia tōkeke te whakataurite ā-akomanga, whakaritea ngā wairewa kia ōrite ngā kukūtanga ā-mōra o ngā tote, ā, tuhia ko tēhea āhua totoka i whakamahia.

He aha te māmā ake e kore ai e tohu i te tere ake i konei

I ngā wai waimeha, he pai ake te tauira Stokes-Einstein hei tauira tuatahi i te papatipu. I taua tauira, ka hāngai te āheinga marara ki te pāmahana e whakawehea ana ki te pokey me te pūtoro ā-wai. Ka toa te mea he iti ake tōna rahi ina karapotia ki te wai. I roto i tētahi whānau matū kotahi, he maha ngā wā ka hono te papatipu iti ake ki te rahi iti ake, nō reira ka āhua rite te māmā ake ki tētahi whakamārama. He hononga tēnei, ehara i te tikanga mahi.

Kāore te ture a Graham e whakahaere ana i tēnei pereti. E kī ana taua ture ka hāngai ngā tere puta o te haurehu mā tētahi kōhao iti ki te kōaro o te pakiaka pūrua o te papatipu ā-mōra. Nō te ariā nekehanga o ngā haurehu te takenga mai o taua ture, e whakarāpopototia ana i tēnei whakamārama OpenStax mō te putanga mā te kōhao iti me te mararatanga o ngā haurehu. Ka tāpiri ngā wai i te tō ā-pokey, te karapotitanga ki te wai, ngā pānga āhua, me te kikī. Ka tāpiri ngā rāpoi i te hanganga kōhao, ngā ara kōpikopiko, te piri ki te mata, me ngā tauwhitiwhitinga utu hiko ki te waerau.

Ka whakakite ngā tau i te rerekētanga. Ina whakamahia te ture a Graham ki te 158 me te 320, ka matapaetia he ōwehenga tere tata ki te 1.42. He kōrero kē tā ngā āheinga marara kua inea i te wai waimeha: ko te permanganāta e tata ana ki te 1.6 ki te 1.8 whakareatia ki te 10^-9 m^2/s, ko te kikorangi metilīni e tata ana ki te 4.5 ki te 5 whakareatia ki te 10^-10 m^2/s, he ōwehenga e tata ake ana ki te 3, ki te 4 rānei. Kāore te papatipu anake e taea te whakaputa i taua ōwehenga. Mā te rahi ina karapotia ki te wai, te hanga huinga, me te herenga ki te rāpoi te toenga e whakamārama.

Whakaarohia te māmā-ake–tere-ake hei tauira whai whakapae: he korakora porowhita, kāore he herenga, kāore he hanga huinga, he ōrite ngā āhuatanga. Ka takahia e te pereti te rua neke atu o aua whakapae.

Me pēhea te whakahaere i tētahi whakataurite tōkeke

Ka hapa tēnei whakaaturanga pēnei i te hapa o te pūmanawa: he tika te ariā taketake, engari he maha ngā tāwhiti i te hono i te ariā ki te inenga. Ka panoni ia mea o ēnei i te whakautu, ahakoa kāore tētahi āhuatanga rāpoi ngota e panoni.

Whakamahia he puranga agara kotahi kua ringihia kia kotahi te hōhonutanga, he taputapu tapahi rua kotahi, he rōrahi wai ōrite, he kukūtanga ā-mōra ōrite, me ngā kukūtanga iti kia whakawhāitihia te hanga huinga o te kikorangi metilīni, kia kaua hoki te tae e tino kukū rawa. Tapahia kia toru neke atu ngā rua tārua mō ia matū memeha, kia nui te tawhiti i waenga kia kore rawa ngā tapa e tūtaki. Uhia ngā rīhi, puritia kia papatahi, ā, kia pūmau te pāmahana, nā te mea e whakaatu ana ngā rangahau waikano agara i te kaha o te whakawhirinaki ki te pāmahana me te kukūtanga. Whakaritea te wā kore hei te wā whakakī, ā, tautuhia te tapa i mua i te ine: he pai ake tētahi paepae whakaahua pūmau i tētahi paenga ka whakatauria mā te titiro noa, nā te mea he rerekē ngā paepae kitea o te kikorangi me te waiporoporo. Tuhia ngā diameter e rua e hāngai pū ana tētahi ki tētahi mō ia wāhi tae, ā, hurihia hei pūtoro toharite, nā te mea mā te pōhēhē he diameter te pūtoro ka hē tētahi kauwhata tawhiti kua whakareatia ki a ia anō, mā te tauwehe whā.

Ngā tapanga: e whakaatu ana te paewhiri mauī i te pūtoro e inea ana mai i runga, mai i te tapa rua ki te tapa tae mō ia tapa mararatanga; e whakaatu ana te paewhiri matau i te tapahanga whakawhiti o te agara, me te hōhonutanga rua me ngā porowhita rōnaki e toro ana ki waho; e rārangi ana te whakamārama tohu i ngā taurangi e whakahaeretia ana (te ōrau agara, te mātotoru, te kukūtanga ā-mōra waikano, te rōrahi, te rahi rua, te pāmahana, te wā kore, te whakamārama).

Kia mataara ki ngā āhuatanga whakapohehe. Ka āhua rite te wai kua maringi ki runga i te mata agara ki te mararatanga tere, ā, kua tuhia tēnei hei hapa whakamātautau o ngā rua agara iti. He kaiwhakahāora kaha te permanganāta, ā, ka pau pea i ngā toenga matū pararopi, ka aukati, ka whakakōmā rānei i tōna tapa. Ka whai wāhi te kikorangi metilīni ki ngā tauhohenga hāora-whakaiti, ā, ka memeha pea tōna tae i raro i te mārama, i ngā āhuatanga whakaiti rānei; ka whakamārama te matū hāora-whakaiti o te kikorangi metilīni me tōna āhua whakaiti kore tae i taua whanonga.

He kōrero poto mō te whakarewa: he wairewa wai kei ngā rua e rua o te whakaaturanga paerewa. Ki te panoni tētahi kawa i te whakarewa, tirohia tuatahitia te aratohu mō te memehatanga me te whakarite wairewa, nā te mea ka panoni te memehatanga me te hanga huinga i runga i te taiao.

Pepamahi mātakitaki ā-akomanga

Tāruatia tēnei ripanga ki ngā pukapuka tuhi, tāngia rānei kia kotahi te rārangi mō ia rua. Mā te ripanga kotahi mō ia rīhi e tika ai te tuhi i ngā tārua.

Mō te tātaritanga, whakatakotoria te pūtoro toharite kua whakareatia ki a ia anō ki te wā kua hipa ki tētahi kauwhata mō ia rua, ā, whakatauritea ngā tītahatanga, me te tuhi i te tautuhinga tapa ki te taha o te kauwhata. Ki te whakaaturia ngā ānau e ono katoa me tō rātou whānuitanga, ka kite te akomanga i te rerekētanga hei raraunga, kaua hei take whakamā.

He wāhanga te haumaru nō te kawa: mau karapu me ngā taputapu tiaki karu, nā te mea ka whakapoke te kikorangi metilīni i te kiri me ngā kākahu, ā, he kaiwhakahāora te permanganāta ka whakapoke, ka whakapāwera hoki. Kaua e tukua ngā wairewa ki te waha, mahia ngā mahi ki runga i tētahi paepae, ā, tukuna ngā pereti me ngā wai mā te ara para matū o te kura, kaua ki te ipu horoi.

Te rerenga kōrero e tika ana kia tuhia

I raro i ēnei āhuatanga agara, kukūtanga, pāmahana hoki, he tere ake te horapa o te tapa permanganāta ka kitea i tō te tapa kikorangi metilīni i te nuinga o te wā. E hāngai ana tēnei ki te nui ake o te āheinga marara whai pānga o te permanganāta, ko te tino take he iti rawa atu tōna katote kua karapotia ki te wai, ā, kāore e hanga huinga, e here rānei ki te agara pēnei i te kikorangi metilīni. E hono ana te papatipu rāpoi ngota ki taua rerekētanga rahi i konei, engari ehara mā te papatipu anake e whakatau ngā tere mararatanga i ngā wai, i ngā rāpoi rānei.

Kua ako te akomanga e tuhi ana i taua rerenga kōrero i ngā mea e rua: tētahi meka mō ngā katote whai tae e rua, me te tikanga o te pātai he aha tā tētahi whakaaturanga e ine ai i mua i te whakapono ki tāna e āhua kī mai ana.