Te kikorangi metilīni me te kikorangi leucometilīni: kotahi te takirua whakahāora-whakaheke, e rua ngā tae

Ka tāpiri tētahi tauira i ētahi pata waikano kikorangi ki tētahi ipu taiwhanga, ka kōrori, ka mātakitaki i te ngaronga o te tae. Ka rūria e ia te ipu, ā, ka hoki mai te kikorangi. Kāore he mea i tāpirihia, i tangohia rānei i waenganui i ngā āhua e rua, hāunga ngā irahiko me te pānga ki te hau. Kei taua ipu te kaupapa katoa o tēnei tuhinga: te kikorangi metilīni me tōna hoa kua whakahekea, te kikorangi leucometilīni, e huri ana tētahi ki tētahi i roto i tētahi takirua whakahāora-whakaheke ka taea te whakahoki, ko te tae te tohu pānui.

Ko te take ā-mahi te mea tuatahi. Ehara te panonitanga tae i te pānga āpiti i konei. Koia tonu te tohu tātari. Me āhei te tangata e hanga ranunga ana ki te kikorangi metilīni, e whakamahi ana hei tātai mā te titration, e whakaako ana rānei mā taua waikano, ki te tuhi i te tauhohenga haurua mai i te mahara, ki te whakaatu i ngā āhuatanga e pana ana ki te taha mauī, ki te taha matau rānei, me te whakaingoa i ngā poke e whakararuraru ana i te hua.

Te takirua i roto i te whārite kotahi

Ko te kikorangi metilīni kua whakahāoratia te katote tōrunga methylthioninium: he pūnaha phenothiazinium papatahi, he whanariki, he hauota hoki kei te mowhiti waenga, he rōpū dimethylamino kei ia pito, ā, ka tukuna hei tote pūhaumāota. Ka tuhia e PubChem hei methylthioninium chloride, C.I. Basic Blue 9. I te wai, ka ngongo te waeine kotahi i te māramatanga e tata ana ki te 664 nm, ā, koinei te kikorangi ka kitea e te karu.

He ōrite te anga o te kikorangi leucometilīni (LMB) kua whakahekea, engari kua tāpirihia he iraoho ki te hauota o te mowhiti waenga, ā, kua haukotia te rōpū whakaputa tae. Kāore ōna utanga hiko ina tata te pH ki te kūpapa, ā, tata kore rawa ōna tae. He tino iti tōna ngongo i te māramatanga kitea, engari he kaha tōna pae ngongo hihi katikati e tata ana ki te 258 nm (te tāurunga PubChem mō te kikorangi leucometilīni, CAS 613-11-6). Ka whakawhirinaki te maha o ngā iraoho i te tauhohenga haurua ki te pH, nā te mea ka whiwhi iraoho te āhua whakaheke i te waikawa (he uara pKa tata ki te 4.5 me te 5.8). E toru ngā āhuatanga e kapi ana i te awhe e whakamahia ana:

MB(+) + 2 e(-) + H(+) <=> LMB, kikorangi <=> kore tae (pH tata kūpapa, 1 iraoho)

MB(+) + 2 e(-) + 2 H(+) <=> LMBH(+), kikorangi <=> kore tae (āhua waikawa, 2 iraoho)

MB(+) + 2 e(-) + 3 H(+) <=> āhua leuco kua whiwhi i ngā iraoho e rua (tino waikawa, 3 iraoho)

E whakaahua ana ēnei tuhinga e toru i te takirua kotahi i raro i ngā āhua whiwhi iraoho rerekē. Ka āta whakamāramatia tēnei take i ngā tuhinga mō te whanonga whakahāora-whakaheke o ngā waikano thiazine. Ka whai te pānga o te pH i te whārite Nernst mō Ox + mH(+) + 2e(-) <=> Red, ka puta he rōnaki tata ki te 29.6, 59.2, 88.7 mV rānei mō ia waeine pH, ina m = 1, 2, 3 rānei. Ko ngā rōnaki kua inea, e tata ana ki te 28, 58, me te 87 mV mō ia waeine pH, e whakaū ana i taua whakarōpūtanga. Nō reira, kāore he tikanga o te pūmanawa kua pūrongotia ki te kore e hoatu tōna pH.

Ngā kōrero a te whārite ki te kaihanga ranunga

E toru ngā meka ka puta i ngā ōwehenga tauhohenga. Tuatahi, nā te mea e rua ngā irahiko mō ia rāpoi ngota, he tohu, he takawaenga irahiko-rua te kikorangi metilīni, ehara i te kaikawe irahiko-kotahi, i tōna tauhohenga kupenga. Tuarua, ka whai wāhi ngā iraoho, nō reira ka neke te pūmanawa ōkawa i runga i te pH, pēnei i te whakamārama i runga ake nei. Tuatoru, kei te tata ki te +0.011 V te pūmanawa ōkawa i te pH 7, ina whakatauritea ki te kawehiko hauwai paerewa (tata ki te +0.53 V i te pH 0). Nā tēnei ka noho te takirua ki waenga i ngā matū whakahāora ngāwari: he kaha tonu ki te tango irahiko i ngā kaituku pai pērā i te NAD(P)H, i te ascorbate rānei, engari he ngoikore tonu kia tuku ai i aua irahiko ki te hāora rewa, ki ngā pokapū rino(III) rānei. Ko taua tūnga waenga tonu te take ka huri taiāwhio te waikano, kaua e mau ki tētahi pito.

He take anō ka hua i te kukūtanga. Ina hipa i te kotahi rau micromolar pea i te wai, ka tāpae te katote tōrunga kua whakahāoratia hei waeine takirua, hei huinga nui ake hoki, me tētahi pae ngongo kua neke ki te tata ki te 610 ki te 615 nm. E hāngai ana tēnei ki tētahi pūmau whakawehenga waeine kotahi–waeine takirua kua pūrongotia, e tata ana ki te 170 ki te 250 uM i te pH 7. Nō reira, ki te hē te tūnga o te tihi tūāwhiorangi, tērā pea he whakahuihui te take, ehara i te poke. Waimehatia i te tuatahi, kātahi ka whakatau.

Ngā āhuatanga e kōkiri ana i ia ahunga

Ko te ripanga i raro nei te tohutoro mō te tēpu taiwhanga. Me whai kaituku irahiko te whakahekenga; me whai kaiwhiwhi irahiko te whakahāoratanga anō, ā, ko te hau he rawaka i te nuinga o te wā.

Ka whai ia tūemi i te whārite kotahi. Ko te kaha kōkiri anake ka panoni. Koinei te tikanga o te kī ka taea te whakahoki i te takirua: he ōrite te ara, engari ka whāia ki ngā ahunga tauaro i raro i ngā āhuatanga tauaro.

He whakamārama i te pounamu kikorangi

Me mārama te whakaatu i te tukanga o tēnei whakaaturanga, nā te mea koia te takirua i runga i te tauine iti. I te wairewa kūhuka kawakore, ka whakatairanga te kawakore i te hurihanga o te kūhuka ki te enol. Ka whakaheke te enediolate ka hua i reira i te kikorangi metilīni ki te kikorangi leucometilīni, nō reira ka kore te tae o te ipu. Mā te rū ka rewa te hāora o te wāhi hau kei runga ake i te wairewa. Ka whakahāoratia anō e te hāora te āhua leuco, ā, ka hoki mai te kikorangi. Ina waiho kia tū, ka pau te hāora rewa e tata ana ki te wāhi tauhohe o te mata, ā, ka toa anō te kūhuka. Ka tāruaruatia te huringa kia pau rā anō te kūhuka. He whārite Nernst e kitea ana ia rūnga: whakanuia te hohe o te matū whakahāora, ka neke te taurite ki te kikorangi.

Te tuwhena kei waenganui

Ka whakawhiti te tauhohenga kupenga i ngā irahiko e rua, engari ka whakawhiti ngā hipanga taketake i tētahi irahiko i ia wā. Kei waenganui i te katote tōrunga kikorangi me te āhua leuco kore tae tētahi takawaenga tuwhena semiquinone. Ko te nuinga ka tauhohe kia hoki ki te takirua mā te whakahāoratanga me te whakahekenga o taua momo kotahi, kaua e whakaemi. Ko tōna pūmanawa irahiko-kotahi, e tata ana ki te tōraro 0.23 V i te pH 7, kei raro noa atu i te pūmanawa waenga kupenga irahiko-rua. Koinei te take ka noho te tuwhena hei momo iti noa i te āhua pūmau. E rua ngā take e whai tikanga ana tēnei. I raro i te māramatanga, ka tae te waikano ki ngā āhua pūngao teitei e whakatuwhera ana i ngā ara tuwhena. Koinei te take ka tairongo ngā wairewa kikorangi metilīni ki te māramatanga, ā, me whai wāhi te matū-māramatanga ki ia kawa pūmautanga. Waihoki, ina tiketike te kukūtanga, ka hanga waeine takirua te āhua whakahāora. Ka panoni tēnei i te tūāwhiorangi me ngā tere tauhohenga e kitea ana, engari kāore e panoni i te takirua taketake. Kāore tētahi o ēnei meka e whakakore i te āheinga whakahoki. Ka whakamārama rāua tahi i ngā kitenga e āhua rite ana ki te kore e taea te whakahoki.

Ka nekehia te tauine e ngā momo whanaunga kua tangohia ngā rōpū methyl

Tangohia ngā rōpū methyl i ngā ringa dimethylamino e rua, ka mau tonu te takirua, engari ka rerekē ōna āhuatanga. Ka neke haere tonu te tihi ngongo ki te pito kikorangi i ia tangohanga methyl: ko te kikorangi metilīni e tata ana ki te 664 nm, ko Azure B e tata ana ki te 654, ko Azure A e tata ana ki te 630, ko Azure C e tata ana ki te 615, ā, ko te thionine e tata ana ki te 600 nm. Ko Azure B, kua ngaro tētahi rōpū methyl, te whanaunga tata rawa: he hua pākia matua o te kikorangi metilīni, he poke hoki kua tuhia i roto i te matū kikorangi metilīni. Ka haere tonu te raupapa mā Azure A me Azure C, me taua anga hohe whakahāora-whakaheke anō. Ko te thionine, kua tangohia katoatia ngā rōpū methyl i ōna rōpū amino e rua, kei te pito o te raupapa. Ko tōna pūmanawa ōkawa e tata ana ki te +0.06 V i te pH 7, ina whakatauritea ki te +0.011 V mō te kikorangi metilīni; nō reira he māmā ake tōna whakahekenga. Ka whakawhirinaki ngā pūmanawa whakahāora-whakaheke puta noa i te raupapa ki te taiao me te kawehiko. Nō reira, whakatauritea ngā uara i raro anake i tētahi huinga āhuatanga kotahi. Koinei te take he take whakahāora-whakaheke te tātari i ngā poke, ehara i te pouakataki parakore noa iho. Ki te whai ōrau ruarua o Azure B, he ōrau ruarua anō o tētahi takirua whakahāora-whakaheke rerekē kei te pounamu. Ka tuhia e Azure B hei poke, hei hua pākia hoki te āhua o te whakahaere i taua hautanga.

Te wāhi ka hono mai te koiora

I roto i tētahi pūtau toto whero, ka whakaheke te NADPH i te kikorangi metilīni ki te kikorangi leucometilīni. Ka tuku te āhua leuco i ngā irahiko ki te rino(III) o te heme, ka whakahokia te hemoglobin ki tōna āhua rino(II). Ko taua tukunga irahiko kotahi te pūtake matū o te whakamahinga o te kikorangi metilīni mō te methemoglobinemia kua riro mai. Ko ngā mea katoa e whai mai ana i taua tukunga, arā, te pākia pūngao, te rere irahiko i ngā mitochondria, me ngā putanga ā-koiora katoa, kei te kaupapa kawe irahiko o ngā mitochondria, ā, kua āta waiho ki reira.

Hokona te takirua, kaua ko te tae anake

Ka whakawhirinaki te kounga o te waikano whakahāora-whakaheke ki tōna whakaritenga paerewa. He mea nui te tino parakore, nā te mea ko te kikorangi metilīni kāore e hāngai ana ki te USP, i te nuinga o te wā, he kōeke pueru. Tērā pea kei roto ko Azure B, he konganuku taumaha, he toenga whakarewa rānei e neke ana i ngā pānui whakahāora-whakaheke, e whakapōraruraru ana hoki i ngā pito mutunga; kāore ngā kawa whakatae e tirotiro i ēnei. Ko te nuinga o ngā kaihoko e kī ana e hāngai ana ā rātou hua ki te USP, ka whakamātau i ngā konganuku taumaha anake, kātahi ka kī kua tutuki. Ka kapi te ūnga katoa ki te paerewa i te tuakiri, te ine ihirangi, ngā poke waro, ngā toenga whakarewa, ngā poke huānga, te toenga i muri i te tahunga, ngā tepe moroiti, me ngā endotoxin huakita. Ka ārahi te tuhinga me pēhea te kōwhiri i te kikorangi metilīni kōeke rongoā i te pānui i aua tuhinga taunakitanga. Ka mahi tahi a Blupreme me tētahi kaihanga rongoā o te kikorangi metilīni, ka whakamātau i te whakaritenga USP katoa, ā, ka whakaputa i te tiwhikete tātari (COA) katoa. Ina ko te tae te inenga, he wāhanga aua tuhinga o te taputapu ine.