Te kahurangi metilīni mō te paitinitanga naitireti me te naitiraiti o ngā kararehe nunui

Ka neke tētahi kāhui kau ki tētahi wāhi sorghum kua pāngia e te matewai i te ahiahi. Hei te pō, kua mahue ētahi kau ki muri, he tere te whakahā, he pōuri ngā kiriuhi, ā, he parauri te toto ina werohia te ia toto. Kāore he tohu māuiui o ngā hōiho i te pātiki pātata. Ehara tēnei rerekētanga i te waimarie. Ko te take, ko te wāhi e huri ai te naitireti hei naitiraiti, ā, mā taua wāhi e whakatau te tātaritanga mate me te mahere whakamahi rongoā patu paitini.

He māmā te kaupapa matua: ko te naitireti te matū tīmatanga i te nuinga o te wā, ko te naitiraiti te paitini, ā, ko te kahurangi metilīni mō ngā kau kua pāngia e te naitireti hei whakatika i te pānga o te naitiraiti ki te haemoglobin. Ka ahu mai ngā kōrero katoa o tēnei tuhinga i aua takahanga e toru.

Ka huri te naitireti hei naitiraiti i roto i te kararehe

He matū hāora ngoikore te naitireti ake kei roto i te kai tipu. Ka whakaiti ngā moroiti o te puku tuatahi i taua matū i ngā takahanga e rua: i te tuatahi, ka huri te naitireti hei naitiraiti, kātahi ka huri te naitiraiti hei haukini. Ina tae mai he kawenga naitireti nui i te wā kotahi, ka tere ake te takahanga tuatahi i te takahanga tuarua. Ka putu te naitiraiti, ka whakawhiti ki te toto, ā, ka whakahāoratia te rino o te haemoglobin mai i tōna āhua ferrous kawe hāora ki te āhua ferric. Ko te hua ko te methemoglobin, kāore e taea te kawe hāora.

E ai ki te arotake a te MSD Veterinary Manual mō te paitinitanga naitireti me te naitiraiti, tata ki te tekau whakareatanga te kaha paitini o te naitiraiti i tō te naitireti, ā, ka whakamāramatia taua raupapa anō. Ko ngā pūtake noa ko ngā kai tipu e whakaemi ana i te naitireti, pērā i te ōti, te millet, te ryegrass, te kānga, te putirā me ngā sorghum, me ngā taru pērā i te pigweed, te lambsquarter, te kochia me te Johnson grass; ko te horomanga tongi; me ngā hāpua, ngā puna pāpaku rānei kua poke i te wai rere mai i te whenua. Ka whakapiki te matewai, te nui o te tongi hauota, me te tūnga o te tupu i muri i te huarere kāpuapua, mātao rānei i te naitireti o te kai tipu.

Kāore e tino hāngai te ōrau methemoglobin ki te taumahatanga o te mate, engari ka āwhina ngā hononga nei ki te whakaraupapa i te whāwhai o te tiaki. E ai ki te MSD, ka puta ngā tohu tōmua pērā i te tere o te manawa, te ngoikore, te wiri me te ngoikore o te ruruku nekehanga i te methemoglobin tata ki te 30 ki te 40 ōrau; ka puta te tino uaua o te whakahā me ngā kiriuhi parauri, kikorangi rānei i runga ake i te 50 ōrau pea; ā, he mea noa te matenga i te 80 ōrau neke atu rānei. He tohu motuhake te toto parauri tiakarete ka noho parauri tonu i te hau, engari ehara i te tohu e whakaū ana i tēnei mate anake. Ka tere tonu te hokinga o te methemoglobin ki tōna āhua o mua, nō reira ka iti iho i te taumata tūturu te taumata e whakaaturia ana e ngā tauira ka tangohia tōmuri. Hei whakaū i te mate, ko tā te MSD e pai ake ai ko te whakamātautau naitireti i te wē toto i mua i te mate, me te wē karu i muri i te mate, me te tātari kai tipu me te wai i te taha. Ko ngā uara i runga ake i te 20 ppm naitireti, i te 0.5 ppm naitiraiti rānei, i roto i ngā tauira koiora e tika ana, he tohu whānui kua nui rawa te pānga.

Me pēhea te kahurangi metilīni e wetewete ai i te aukati

I ngā āhuatanga noa, ka whakaitihia te nuinga o te methemoglobin kia hoki anō mā te pūnaha NADH me te cytochrome b5 reductase. Ka whakahohe te kahurangi metilīni i tētahi ara tuarua, he iti noa tōna mahi i te nuinga o te wā. Ko te NADPH i roto i ngā pūtau, ka whakaputaina mā te ara pentose phosphate, ka tuku irahiko mā te reductase e whakawhirinaki ana ki te NADPH ki te kahurangi metilīni. Ka huri tēnei hei leucomethylene blue, ā, mā taua matū e whakaiti te rino ferric kia hoki hei haemoglobin ferrous. Ka whakamārama tētahi arotake a StatPearls mō te tukanga i tēnei mahi kawe irahiko.

Ko taua matū tauhohenga anō te pūtake o te tūpato matua. He rongoā tauhohenga hāora-whakaiti te kahurangi metilīni, ehara i te matū ārai hāoratanga parakore. Ina nui te kukū, ka mahi tonu hei matū hāora, ka hanga anō i te methemoglobin, ka tūkino hoki i ngā pūtau toto whero. Koia te take, ki te ngoikore te urupare, me arotake anō e te rata kararehe te tātaritanga mate, te ngongo haere tonu mai i te puku tuatahi, me te āhua o ngā pūtau toto whero, kaua e tāruarua noa i ngā rahinga nui ake. Kei te kahurangi metilīni mō te methemoglobinemia te whakamārama o te huarahi whānui i ngā hōhipera, tae atu ki te tātaritanga mā te co-oximetry me te werohanga i raro i te mātakitaki ngaio.

Te whakataurite i ngā momo kararehe me ngā pānga

He āwhina tēnei ripanga mō te whakatau. Ka whakakotahi ia haupae i te ara pānga, te wāhi hurihanga, me ngā mea ka taea, kāore hoki e taea, e te kahurangi metilīni.

Ngā kararehe whakahoki kai: ngā kau, ngā hipi me ngā koati

Ko ngā kau te momo e tino pāngia ana, ā, he maha ngā tohutoro tohutohu ahuwhenua e whakaraupapa ana i a rātou hei rōpū kararehe pāmu tino whakaraerae. E mārama ana ka pāngia ngā hipi me ngā koati, engari he maha ngā whakamārama e mea ana he iti ake te pānga, tērā pea nā te tere ake o tā rātou whakahaere i ngā kawenga naitireti. Whakamahia taua whakaraupapatanga hei ia whai hua, kaua hei uara koiora-matū pūmau kua oti te whakaū.

Me aro motuhake ki ngā ngaronga whakaputa uri. Ka whakatahe pea ngā kau ka ora i te methemoglobinemia taumaha, roa hoki, ka whakawhānau kūao mate rānei, tata ki te 5 ki te 14 rā i muri mai, e hāngai ana ki te kore hāora o te kukune. Kāore tētahi kūao ora pai i te ata o muri mai e whakaū ana he pānga māmā noa, ā, kāore tētahi whakatahe i tētahi wiki i muri mai e whakaū ana he pānga tuarua.

He rerekē ngā horopeta kahurangi metilīni mō ngā kau kua whakaputaina, nā te mea i ahu mai i ngā momo taunakitanga rerekē. Ko te kōwae MSD o nāianei e tuku ana i te 4 ki te 15 mg/kg neke atu rānei, mā te werohanga pōturi ki te ia toto, mai i tētahi wairewa 1 ki te 2 ōrau. Ka whakatauria te horopeta me te tāruarua e te taumahatanga me te ngongo haere tonu, ā, e kī mārika ana ko ngā kararehe whakahoki kai anake ka taea te whakamanawanui haumaru ki ngā rahinga teitei ake. Kei te taha o taua tohutoro ngā whakamātautau iti me ngā pūrongo pāmu: i kitea i tētahi whakamātautau kau tawhito he rawaka te 1 mg/kg i raro i ōna āhuatanga; i arotake tētahi rangahau mātai rongoā hipi i te 15 mg/kg mā te ia toto; i whakamātautau ngā rangahau koati i te 1 ki te 4 mg/kg, ā, ko ngā rōpū 4 mg/kg te mea pai rawa te urupare; ka whakamārama hoki ngā pūrongo pāmu i te whakaoranga tata ki te 4 mg/kg, me tētahi kēhi kau rerekē tata ki te 20 mg/kg. He tauira pai o tēnei momo taunakitanga te rangahau 1984 mō te tukatuka rongoā i ngā hipi: ka tautoko i te whakaaro mō te whakamanawanui ki te rongoā, ehara i te tapanga whakamahi.

Mō ngā whakatau haumanu kararehe e pā ana ki te kahurangi metilīni mō te methemoglobinemia o ngā hipi, ko te whakamāramatanga whai take, kāore he tau kotahi e hāngai ana ki ngā kēhi katoa. Nā te hanga haere tonu i roto i te puku tuatahi, ka hoki anō pea te mate o tētahi kararehe e whakaora haere ana ina ngongo atu he naitiraiti anō. Koia te take ka herea e te MSD te tāruarua ki te pānga haere tonu, kaua ki tētahi wātaka pūmau. Ka haere tahi te tiaki tautoko: ko te whakahaere kia iti te ahotea hei whakaiti i te hiahia hāora, ko te tango i te kararehe i te kai me te wai e whakapaetia ana, ko te tuku kai whakakapi haumaru, me te aro ki te rere toto ki ngā kiko. Ka whakapataritari te kahurangi metilīni ā-werohanga i te wāhi tuku, nō reira he mea nui te uru pūmau ki te ia toto me te tuku pōturi ki roto i taua ia. Me tūmanako hoki ka panoni te tae o ngā kiko, te mimi me ngā pūoko. Ka whakatakoto ngā herenga mō ngā waikano me ngā rehu haumanu kararehe i ngā here whānui ā-momo ki tō rātou horopaki.

He take motuhake ngā hōiho

Ka whakatōngia e ngā hōiho te muka i te whēkau o muri, kaua i tētahi puku tuatahi. Ka taea e ngā moroiti o te cecum te whakaiti i te naitireti, engari he tino iti ake te hurihanga i tērā o ngā kau. Nō reira, he iti ake te whakaraerae o ngā hōiho pakeke ki te naitireti kai tipu i te nuinga o te wā. Ka hipa te naitiraiti kua hangaia kētia i taua ārai, ā, ka mōrearea tonu.

Ka rerekē hoki te whakaaro mō te rongoā patu paitini. I tētahi rangahau whakataurite tawhito mō te whakahaere methemoglobin i ngā pūtau toto whero, i whakapiki te kahurangi metilīni i te whakaitinga i ngā pūtau tangata, engari kāore i ngā pūtau hōiho (rangahau pūtau toto whero hōiho). Ka whakamārama motuhake ngā tohutoro mātai paitini hōiho ko te kahurangi metilīni tonu tētahi pūtake o te hemolysis hāora e whai pānga ana ki ngā tinana Heinz me ngā eccentrocyte, ā, ka tūpato ki tōna whakamahinga mō ngā mate hāora pērā i te paitinitanga nā te maple whero. Kāore tētahi o ēnei kōrero e whakaū ana kāore rawa te rongoā e āwhina i tētahi hōiho takitahi. Engari, ina whakakotahitia, ka aukati i te hapa noa o te whakaiti i tētahi kawa kau kia hāngai ki te taumaha. Me whai tātaritanga mate ake, tautuhinga matū hāora ake, me te aromatawai mōrearea ake tētahi hōiho e whakapaetia ana he methemoglobinemia nā te naitiraiti, kaua e whakamahi i tētahi ripanga horopeta mō ngā kararehe whakahoki kai.

Ka whakaatu ngā mōkai me ngā momo ika taika i te take e kore ai e tika te whakarite mā te taumaha

Ko ngā ngeru te tauira tino mārama o te whakatūpato. He tino whakaraerae te haemoglobin ngeru ki te panonitanga hanganga nā te hāoratanga, ā, ka whakaputa te pānga kahurangi metilīni nui, tāruarua rānei i ngā tinana Heinz me te hemolysis, kaua i te whakaoranga. He iti ake te whakaraerae o ngā kurī i tō ngā ngeru, engari ka whakarārangihia tonutia hei momo tairongo i ngā rangahau whakataurite. He rerekē hoki ngā momo pānga matū hāora o ngā mōkai, nā te mea ko ngā rongoā, ngā matū me ngā horomanga ohorere ngā pūtake matua, kaua ko te naitireti o te pātiki.

He tino rerekē te āhua o te pānga ki ngā ika. Ka uru te naitiraiti mā ngā pihapiha, nō reira ko te matū o te wai te mea matua hei whakatika i mua i tētahi rongoā, otirā ko te whakataetae a te pūhaumāota me te tango naitiraiti. Ka whakatauria te horopeta kahurangi metilīni mō ngā ika hei kukū rumaki, me te whai whakaaro ki te momo, te roanga, te pāmahana me ngā pānga ki te tātari koiora. Ka whakamāramatia taua pūnaha i te maimoatanga kahurangi metilīni mā te rumaki me te taika. Kāore e taea te huri i tētahi uara rumaki mg mō ia rita hei uara werohanga ki te ia toto mg mō ia kg mō tētahi kūao kau, ā, kāore e taea te waimeha i tētahi kawa kūao kau kia whakamahia i tētahi taika.

Ka tāpiri ngā kararehe whakaputa kai i tētahi whakatau ā-ture

Kāore he tapanga rongoā patu paitini kahurangi metilīni noa kua whakaaetia e te FDA mō ngā kau, ngā hipi, ngā koati rānei. Ka whakarārangi te FDA i te kahurangi metilīni mō ēnei momo hei matū taketake kua tohua mō ngā rongoā patu paitini kararehe whakaputa kai, ā, kei te arotakengia i tēnei wā (whārangi FDA mō te whakaranu rongoā). He tūnga tēnei i te rārangi tatari, ehara i te whakaaetanga, ehara hoki i te wā tatari i mua i te whakamahi kai.

Nō reira, i te Hononga o Amerika, ka whakahaerehia te whakamahinga e te rata kararehe i raro i ngā whakaritenga mō te whakamahi ki tua atu i te tapanga. E whakarite ana te Ture Whakamārama i te Whakamahinga Rongoā Kararehe me whai hononga whaimana i waenga i te rata kararehe, te kiritaki me te kararehe e rongoātia ana. Mō ngā kararehe whakaputa kai, me whai wā tatari whakaroa e tautokona ana e te pūtaiao, me ngā tikanga tautuhi me ngā ārai mō ngā toenga rongoā. I tētahi rangahau toenga rongoā o ēnei rā ki ngā kau hauora e waru i hoatu ki a rātou te 6 mg/kg kahurangi metilīni kua whakaranua mā te ia toto, i tātaihia ngā wā i ahu mai i te rangahau hei 5 rā mō te miraka me te 6 rā mō te mīti (rangahau mō te nekehanga rongoā me ngā wā tatari i ngā kau). Nō taua hoahoa rangahau aua tau. Ehara aua tau i te wā tatari kua whakaaetia e te FDA, ā, me ahu mai ngā tohutohu toenga rongoā o nāianei mō tētahi kararehe kua rongoātia i te rata kararehe e tiaki ana me ngā rauemi pērā i te FARAD.

He kaha ake ngā ture Pākehā mō te matū ake. I te nuinga o te wā, me whai tāurunga mō te mōrahi toenga rongoā, tētahi whakarōpūtanga ōrite rānei, ngā matū hohe ā-rongoā mō ngā momo whakaputa kai i raro i te anga toenga rongoā o te EU (tohutohu EMA mō ngā toenga rongoā). Kua kōrerohia hoki te kahurangi metilīni i ngā aromatawai EU hei tētahi o ngā matū kāore i rēhitatia mō te whakamahi ki ngā kararehe whakaputa kai. Whakamāramatia kāore i whakamanatia mō te whakamahi auau ki ngā kararehe whakaputa kai i te EU, kaua e hanga noa i tētahi kāwai aukati. Me whakahaere taua arowhai anō mō ngā hōiho e āhei ana ki te uru ki te mekameka kai i mua i te whakamahinga i raro i te pūnaha cascade.

He raupapa whakatau poto mō te rata kararehe e tiaki ana

Whakaūngia te methemoglobinemia, ā, rapua ngātahitia te matū hāora: ko te toto parauri me ngā panonitanga kiriuhi, te tere o te manawa me te uaua o te whakahā he tohu e ahu ana ki taua mate; ko te whakamātautau naitireti i te wē toto, te wē karu rānei, me te whakamātautau kai tipu me te wai, he tohu e ahu ana ki te pūtake. Whakamutua te pānga i te tuatahi, nā te mea ko te kahurangi metilīni ka tukuna i te wā e haere tonu ana te ngongo mai i te puku tuatahi ka whakatika i te tohu, engari ka hanga tonu te puku tuatahi i te pūtake. Kōwhiria te anga mō te momo kararehe i mua i te rahinga: kāore e taea e ngā hōiho te whakamahi i te awhe tohutoro kahurangi metilīni mō ngā kararehe whakahoki kai; me tino tūpato mō ngā pānga hāora ki ngā ngeru; me whakatikatika te wai mō ngā ika, me te whai i ngā tikanga rumaki o ngā whakamahinga me ngā herenga ahumoana. Tukuna pōturitia mā te ia toto me te uru pūmau, mātakitakihia te hokinga o te mate me te hemolysis, ā, tuhia te tūnga o te miraka me te mīti i raro i ngā ture ā-rohe mō ngā toenga rongoā i mua i te hokinga o te kararehe ki te mekameka kai.