He aha i panoni ai te ngongo o te kikorangi metilīni i te kukūtanga

Tangohia tētahi pounamu wairewa pūtake kikorangi metilīni, ka riringi ki ngā karāhe e rua. Whakakīa te tuatahi ki te wairewa pūtake, me te tuarua ki tētahi wairewa kua waimehatia kia tekau ngā wā. He koma ake te karāhe tuarua, e ai ki te tūmanako. Āta titiro, kua panoni hoki tētahi atu mea. Kua neke te hue. Ka anga tētahi wairewa ki te kikorangi mārama o te rangi, ā, ko tētahi ki te kikorangi whai āhua waiporoporo. He nui ake te mahi a te waimehatanga i te whakaiti noa i te kaha. Kua panonihia te momo matū e kawe ana i te nuinga o te ngongo.

He māmā te ariā kei muri i tēnei nekehanga. Ehara te kikorangi metilīni kua memeha i te momo matū kotahi. Ka taea e te katote tōrunga waikano kotahi, e kīia nei ko te waetahi, te tāpae kanohi-ki-te-kanohi ki tētahi katote tōrunga tuarua hei hanga waerua, ā, ka taea e ngā waerua te tipu hei huinga nui ake. Kei ia āhua tōna ake tūāwhiorangi ngongo. Ko tā te ine-tūāwhiorangi e whakaatu ai, ko te tapeke o ngā momo kei roto i taua kūwete, i raro i aua āhuatanga. Panonihia te ranunga, ka neke te tūāwhiorangi, ahakoa e whai ana te tapeke waikano i tētahi ōwehenga waimeha rārangi tōtika.

He rerekē te ngongo a te waetahi me te waerua

Whakaarohia te waetahi hei kāri papatahi me tētahi utu tōrunga kua hora ki tōna pūnaha mowhiti. Ka taea e ngā kāri pēnei e rua te takoto kanohi-ki-te-kanohi. Ka pana ngā utu tōrunga tētahi i tētahi, engari ka kukume ngā mata kakara papatahi i a rāua mā ngā pāhekoheko tāpae, ā, ka whakangāwari te wai me ngā katote tauaro e karapoti ana i te pananga. Ko te hua he takirua kua herea, me ngā āhua irahiko e tiritiria ana. He pūngao teitei ake tō ōna whakawhitinga whakaaetia i tō te whakawhitinga waetahi, nō reira ka puta te pae waerua ki tētahi roangaru poto ake i tō te pae waetahi. Ka whai wāhi anō ngā huinga nui ake ki te taha kikorangi hei pakihiwi o te pae.

I te kukūtanga tino iti i roto i te wai mā, ko ngā waetahi te nuinga, ā, ko te pae roangaru roa te mea matua. I te pikinga o te kukūtanga tapeke, ka nui haere te wāhanga o te āhua takirua, ā, ka tipu te pae roangaru poto ake i tōna whakataurite ki te tuatahi. Nō reira, ka whakaatu te ōwehenga o ngā pae e rua i te hanganga o te ranunga, ehara i te kukūtanga tapeke tonu. Kāore e taea e tētahi inenga roangaru kotahi te wehe i ngā mea e rua, ki te kore he whakapae mō te āhua e noho ana.

Koia te take me whai āhuatanga tonu ngā tūāwhiorangi tohutoro. Ka whakarārangitia e te tohutoro tūāwhiorangi mō te kikorangi metilīni ngā tūnga pae me te whakarewa, te papamuri tote, te pH, te pāmahana, me te awhe kukūtanga i puta ai aua tūnga. Ki te whakahua koe i tētahi tihi me te kore aua āhuatanga, kāore i rawaka te whakamārama o te tau. Ka taea e ngā taiwhanga e rua te tika mō ngā tūāwhiorangi rerekē o te waikano kotahi, nā te mea i ine rāua i ngā ranunga rerekē.

He aha ngā mea e neke ai te taurite

Ko te kukūtanga te tino take whakahaere. Me tūtaki ngā waetahi e rua kia hangaia ai te waerua, nō reira ka tere ake te tipu o tōna wāhanga i te tipu rārangi tōtika o te tapeke waikano. Ko ngā pūmau hanga waerua i roto i te wai kua pūrongotia, kei ngā mano mō ia molar, tata ki te pāmahana rūma. Nō reira ka tino piki te wāhanga waerua puta noa i te awhe micromolar. I tētahi whakaōritenga whānui ki te katoa o ngā raraunga, mai i te waikano micromolar ki te millimolar, i kitea kē he takoha waewhā ehara i te kore i raro iho i te 34 micromolar. He whakatūpato tēnei kia kaua e tino whakawhirinaki ki tētahi whakaōritenga e rua anake ngā momo i ngā kukūtanga tekau micromolar. Ka whakawhirinaki ngā hautanga tika ki te taiao wairewa, nō reira ka tuku tēnei tuhinga i ngā ahunga panoni, kaua i tētahi ripanga hurihanga mō ngā āhuatanga katoa.

Ko te tote te take whakahaere tuarua. Ka whakangāwari ngā katote kua memeha i te pananga i waenga i ngā katote tōrunga e rua. Nō reira, mā te tāpiri konutai pūhaumāota me ngā kawehiko ōrite ka pana te ranunga ki ngā waerua me ngā huinga, ahakoa he ōrite tonu te kukūtanga waikano. Ka kitea tēnei pānga i ngā rangahau mō te whakahuihui o te kikorangi metilīni i ngā taiao wai tote me ngā taiao wai, i inea ai te waikano mai i te āhua 1 micromolar ki te 3.4 millimolar, puta noa i te 0 ki te 0.15 molar konutai pūhaumāota. I taua whakaōritenga, i eke te hautanga waewhā ki te āhua 0.93 i te pito waikano nui, tote nui. Nō reira, kāore e taea te whakamahi whakawhiti i tētahi tūāwhiorangi i tuhia ki te wai me tētahi i tuhia ki te wai tote whaiaroaro hei paerewa.

Ka kukume te pāmahana ki tērā atu ahunga. Mā te tāpae ka tuku te wai kua herea, ā, ka ātetea e te nekeneke waiariki. Nō reira, i te whakamahana i te wairewa, ka wehe ētahi waerua kia hoki hei waetahi, engari mā te whakamātao ka whakatairanga te hononga. He tōraro te enthalpy wehe i whiwhi mai i te whakaōritenga, āhua tōraro 30 kilojoules per mole puta noa i te 282 ki te 333 kelvin, e whakaū ana he tuku wera te hononga. Ka kitea pea he nui ake te whakahuihui o tētahi tauira mātao ka inea tonutia i muri i te whakamātao, i tō taua tauira anō ka inea i muri i te whakatau ki te pāmahana rūma.

Mā te whakarewa e whakatakoto te tūāpapa. Nā te kaha o te pānga kaupare-wai o te wai, ka akiakina ngā katote tōrunga waikano papatahi kia tāpae. Ka pai ake te karapoti a ngā waipiro, pērā i te ethanol me te methanol, i ngā mowhiti mā ngā rāpoi whakarewa, ā, ka wāwāhia ngā huinga. Nō reira, i te kukūtanga waikano ōrite, he nui ake te āhua waetahi i roto i te ethanol i tō roto i te wai. He pēnei hoki ngā whakarewa tāpiri kāore e tuku iraoho: i ngā ranunga wai me te DMSO i te 293 kelvin, nā te DMSO tāpiri i pēhi te hanga waerua. E tohu ana tēnei ko te hanganga o te wai tētahi take akiaki i te tāpae. Me tūpato ki ngā matū hohe-mata i ngā ahunga e rua. Ki runga ake i tō rātou kukūtanga micelle arohaehae, ka taea e ngā micelle te whakamemeha takitahi i ngā waetahi, me te whakahoki i tētahi tūāwhiorangi āhua waetahi. Ki raro iho i taua pae, ka taea kē e tētahi matū hohe-mata he utu tauaro tōna te whakatairanga i te tāpae: i te 100 micromolar waikano, i eke te hanga waerau nā te SDS ki tōna tihi tata ki te 4 millimolar SDS, āhua haurua o te pae micelle, i mua i te tohatoha anō i ngā taumata matū hohe-mata teitei ake. Ka whakaatu ngā rangahau mō ngā pānga waikano-whakarewa me ngā taiao whai hanganga ki ngā tūāwhiorangi kikorangi metilīni i te kaha o te taiao rāpoi tata ki te whakatakoto i ngā pae ka kitea, ehara i te kukūtanga whānui anake.

Kei ngā pito te tino hiranga o te pH. Puta noa i te awhe tata-kūpapa e whakamahia ana i te nuinga o ngā mahi taiwhanga, ka noho tonu te kikorangi metilīni ki tōna āhua kikorangi katote tōrunga e mōhiotia ana, ā, ko te whakahuihui te tino take o ngā panoni tūāwhiorangi. Ka tāpiri āhua anō ki tua atu i te takirua waetahi-waerua te waikawa kaha, te pāpāhua kaha, ngā tauhohenga whakapiti-hāora, whakaiti-hāora e whakaputa ana i te āhua leuco kore tae, me te here ki ngā pūmua me ngā matūriki. Ina panoni tētahi tūāwhiorangi i muri i te tāpiri pūreirei, tirohia te hanganga o te pūreirei mō te tote me ngā wāhanga here, i mua i te whakapae nā te pH anake ngā mea katoa. Ka wehe te tohutoro matū me te tāpiri iraoho i ēnei pātai tuakiri i te pātai whakahuihui e tirohia ana i konei.

He aha i piko ai te rārangi tōtika Beer-Lambert

E ai ki te hononga Beer-Lambert, he ōrite te ngongotanga ki te whakarea ngongo, whakareatia ki te kukūtanga, whakareatia ki te roa ara. He ture tatau tēnei. E whakapae ana ka noho ōrite tonu ngā mea e tatauria ana i te panonitanga o tō rātou maha: kotahi te momo ngongo, he tūāwhiorangi pūmau, kāore he tauhohenga matū nā te kukūtanga, he marama ine roangaru kotahi, kāore he marara, he tuku marama anō rānei, ā, ka haere tonu te marama mā te ara kua tohua.

Ka takahia e te whakahuihui te whakapae tuatahi. I runga i te tātai, he tapeke tonu te ngongotanga katoa o ngā momo: ko te roa ara, whakareatia ki ia whakarea ngongo, whakareatia ki te kukūtanga o taua momo ake. Ka whai ia momo i te ture. Kāore te ranunga e whai, nā te mea ehara ngā kukūtanga momo i ngā pānga rārangi tōtika o te tapeke waikano. Nō reira, ka tīmata tōtika tētahi ānau whakatika o te ngongotanga i te pae waetahi, whakatairitea ki te tapeke waikano, i te pito waimeha. Ka piko whakararo i te pikinga o te kukūtanga, nā te mea he iti haere te waetahi i roto i ia tāpiritanga, hei ōwehenga. Ka piko tētahi ānau i inea ki te pae waerua ki tērā atu ahunga. Ka tautuhi ngā rangahau whakahuihui i tēnei pūtake tonu hei take mō ngā wehenga Lambert-Beer ka kitea. Ko te hapa noa, he whakaōrite i tētahi rārangi tōtika puta noa i te wāhanga piko, kātahi ka toroa ki tua. He whaimana taua rārangi i roto anake i te awhe me te taiao wairewa i hangaia ai.

Ka hanga te waimehatanga i tētahi mahanga e pā ana ki tēnei. Mā te waimeha i tētahi wairewa pūtake kukū kia uru ki te awhe o te taputapu, kāore te ōwehenga momo e mau tonu. Ka whakatau taurite anō te wairewa waimeha i te kūwete, ka anga ki te waetahi. Nō reira ka tika tōna tūāwhiorangi mō te tauira waimeha, engari ka hē mō te wairewa pūtake. Mā te tātai whakamuri i te tūāwhiorangi o te wairewa pūtake, mā te whakarahi i ngā ngongotanga, ka whakahokia te whakatau tata o te tapeke ihirangi mēnā anake kua whai whakaaro kē te whakatikatika ki te nekehanga. E kore rawa e whakahoki i te āhua pae taketake. Ko te tangata e whakatairite ana i tētahi tūāwhiorangi wairewa kukū ki tētahi tohutoro waimeha, e whakatairite ana i ngā ranunga rerekē e rua.

He wāhanga te roa ara o te hua

Ka tauine te ngongotanga ki te tawhiti e haere ai te marama mā roto i te tauira. Ka hoatu e tētahi kūwete 10 mm te ngongotanga tekau ngā wā o tētahi kūwete 1 mm e pupuri ana i taua wairewa anō. Ka tika pū taua tauine mō te wairewa ōrite anake, ā, nā te whakahuihui ka tino hira taua here.

I ngā mahi tūturu, he taputapu te roa ara hei noho ki roto i te awhe whaimana. Ka hoatu e te ara roa te tairongo mō ngā wairewa waimeha, he waetahi te nuinga. Mā te ara poto ka noho tētahi tauira kukū ki roto i te awhe ine, me te kore he waimehatanga nui e tautuhi anō ai i te taurite. I pēnei tonu te kaupapa rangahau whakahuihui i hua mai ai ngā tau i runga ake nei: he pūtau 1 centimeter mō te waikano 1.1 ki te 34 micromolar, me ngā pūtau 0.01 centimeter mō te 94 micromolar ki te 3.4 millimolar. Ka tāpiri ngā tūāpapa rōrahi moroiti me ngā kaipānui pereti i ō rātou ake āhuahanga, me ngā ara poto, ka panoni i ētahi wā, me ngā mata e taea ai e te waikano katote tōrunga te piri. Pūrongotia te roa ara me te tau, pēnei i tā te tohutoro tūāwhiorangi pūrongo i te whakarewa me te tote. Ehara tētahi ngongotanga kore roa ara i te hua. He kōrero rangona noa.

Ka whai te āta whakahaere inenga i te pūtake o tēnei tukanga. Whakatāritea ngā tauira ki te pāmahana kotahi i mua i te pānui. Whakamahia te momo kūwete me te ahunga ōrite, ngā tauira pātea taurite e mau ana i te papamuri tote me te pūreirei ōrite, me ngā taputapu karāhe mā. He take tēnei, nā te mea ka piri te kikorangi metilīni ki te karāhe me te kirihou, ā, ka mau ki tētahi kūwete kua pokea he toenga o te tauira kukū whakamutunga. Pānui wawe i muri i te whakarite ina whai take te tere o te whakahuihui, ā, hangaia ia ānau whakatika i te taiao wairewa ōrite me te roa ara ōrite ki ngā tauira kāore anō kia mōhiotia. Mō ngā arowhai ā-kanohi, maumahara he ine-tūāwhiorangi ngoikore te kanohi. He pātai motuhake mēnā ka taea e te tae wairewa te whakaū i te parakore, ā, ko te whakautu he kāo. Ko ngā nekehanga hue nā te whakahuihui tētahi take.

He hoahoa hei pupuri ki te taha o te taputapu

Ka whakapotohia e te whakaahua i raro nei te tuhinga hei tohutoro kotahi mō te tēpu taiwhanga. He waikano ōrite tō ngā wairewa e toru, engari he rerekē te kukūtanga tapeke me te papamuri tote. Ka whakaatu ō rātou tūāwhiorangi hoahoa i te hekenga o te wāhanga o te pae waetahi roangaru roa, ka riro kē i te pae waerua roangaru poto ake, i te pikinga o te tāpae. Kua tāngia ngā āhuatanga ki te whakaahua, nā te mea ki te kore aua āhuatanga, kāore e taea te whakamahi anō i ngā ānau. Mō ngā tūnga pae kua inea i raro i ngā āhuatanga kua tohua, whakamahia te tohutoro tūāwhiorangi. Mō te urunga o te waikano ki ngā pūtau i muri i tōna memeha ki te wairewa, tirohia te urunga pūtau mā te whakaiti-hāora me te tohatoha ki ngā wāhanga. Mō te āhua e whakaawe anō ai te rahinga marama me te āhuahanga i ngā pānuitanga tauhohenga matū ā-marama, tirohia te whakapā ki te marama me te āhuahanga ine.

E rua ngā wāhanga o te ture hei maumahara. Ka tautuhi te tūāwhiorangi i te ranunga kei roto i te kūwete i raro i ngā āhuatanga kua tohua. Mā tētahi whakatikatika i hangaia i raro i aua āhuatanga ōrite anake e huri te ngongotanga hei kukūtanga tapeke.