Maƙala
Shuɗin methylene a kiwon halittun ruwa da kifin abinci: amfani da takunkumi
Koi da carp na iya zama nau'in kifi ɗaya. Bambancin da yake da muhimmanci ba na ilimin halittu ba ne. Abin da za a yi da su ne. Ɗaya yana iyo a tafkin lambu kuma ba zai taɓa shiga sarkar abinci ba. Ɗayan kuma ana kiwonsa ne don mutane su ci, kuma duk sinadarin da ya taɓa shi yana ƙarƙashin dokar amincin abinci. Shuɗin methylene yana daidai a kan wannan iyaka: a gefe ɗaya, sanannen magani ne na wuraren ƙyanƙyashe kifaye da tankunan kifaye; a ɗayan gefen kuwa, sinadari ne da ba a amince da shi ga kifin abinci ba.
Ruɗani yana tasowa saboda yanayin biyu suna kama da juna. Tsoma ƙwai a ruwan shuɗi a wurin ƙyanƙyashe kifayen ado yana kama da tsoma ƙwai a ruwan shuɗi a wurin ƙyanƙyashe kifin abinci. Ruwan yana da launi ɗaya. Hanyar aikin tana kama da juna. Amma ƙa'idojin sun bambanta gaba ɗaya.
Abin da ake amfani da shuɗin methylene don yi a wuraren ƙyanƙyashe kifaye da tankunan kifaye
An yi amfani da shuɗin methylene a kiwon kifaye tsawon shekaru da dama, musamman wajen kula da ƙwai. Babban abin da ake amfani da shi a kansa shi ne Saprolegnia, wata halittar ruwa mai kama da naman gwari da take mamaye matattun ƙwai ko ƙwai da ba a yi wa hadi ba, sannan ta bazu zuwa masu rai. Tsofaffin littattafan wuraren ƙyanƙyashe kifaye sun bayyana irin wannan tsomawa ga carp a cikin littafin FAO kan samar da ƙananan kifayen carp da kuma ga sturgeon a cikin littafin FAO na wurin ƙyanƙyashe sturgeon. Waɗannan takardu sun rubuta hanyoyin kiwo na zamaninsu. Ba amincewar zamani ba ce ga kifin abinci, batun da jadawalin da ke ƙasa ya sake bayyanawa.
Ga kifayen ado, kayayyakin da ake samu yanzu suna da'awar magance cututtukan naman gwari a saman jiki da wasu protozoa na wajen jiki. Shafin samfurin shuɗin methylene na Kordon ya lissafa cututtukan naman gwari na ƙwai, cututtukan naman gwari a saman jikin kifaye, da cututtukan da protozoa na wajen jiki ke haddasawa a matsayin cuta ta biyu, ciki har da Ichthyophthirius (ich), Chilodonella, da Costia. Ya kuma bayyana rinin a matsayin abin taimako wajen ɗaukar mataki kan gubar nitrite da cyanide a tankunan kifaye. Akwai iyakoki biyu a wannan lakabi da ya kamata a lura da su. Na farko, Kordon ya ce ba a nuna samfurin don Oodinium (velvet) ba, don haka da'awar da ake yaɗawa a intanet cewa shuɗin methylene shi kaɗai yana warkar da velvet ta wuce abin da wannan masana'anta ta goyi baya. Na biyu, kuma mafi muhimmanci ga wannan labarin, Kordon ya ce ba a yi samfurin don amfani da shi a kan kifin abinci ba ƙarƙashin ƙa'idojin FDA da EPA na Amurka. Saboda haka, samun sa don tankunan kifaye ba hujja ba ce ta amincewa da shi a sarkar abinci.
Ƙarfin ruwan tsomawa da aka wallafa ya bambanta sosai, kuma wannan da kansa gargadi ne game da ɗaukar girke-girke daga wani yanayi zuwa wani. Kordon ya lissafa kusan 3 ppm na kwanaki da dama don magani a tankin kifaye, amfani da 3 ppm sau ɗaya ga ƙwai, da tsomawa a 50 ppm na daƙiƙa 10 aƙalla ba a wuce ba. Rubuce-rubucen ƙyanƙyashe kifaye sun ba da ƙimomi daga jiƙawa a 0.1 ppm zuwa tsomawa na awa ɗaya a 50 zuwa 100 mg/L a cikin tsofaffin littattafai. Ku ɗauki waɗannan a matsayin misalan abin da aka wallafa, ba shawarwarin da za a iya musanya su ba. Nau'in kifi, matakin rayuwarsa, yanayin sinadaran ruwa, da matsayin amincewa na doka duk suna canza abin da za a yi la'akari da shi. Masu aiki da kifayen ado su bi hanyar auna adadin amfani a tankunan kifaye, masu aiki da ƙwai kuma su bi ƙa'idojin ƙwai da wuraren ƙyanƙyashe kifaye maimakon ƙirƙirar hanyarsu daga wannan taƙaitaccen bayani.
Wani ƙarin gargadi ya fito daga kifayen dakin gwaje-gwaje. Wuraren zebrafish suna yawan ƙara shuɗin methylene a ruwan renon amfrayo a kusan kashi 0.00005 zuwa 0.0001 cikin ɗari. Wani bincike na 2025 ya gano cewa ko waɗannan matakan sinadarin da ake amfani da su wajen kiwo sun canza yadda jiki ke sarrafa kuzari ta amfani da oxygen a matakan farko na girma, inda suka fara ƙara amfani da oxygen sannan daga baya suka rage kashe kuzari a ƙananan kifayen bayan ƙyanƙyashewa, kamar yadda aka ruwaito a bayanin PMID 39856203 da kowa zai iya karantawa. Wannan sakamakon ba ya shafi kiwon kifin abinci kai tsaye, amma yana goyon bayan wani batu na gaba ɗaya: maganin da ake ganin ba ya yin wani tasiri saboda kifayen suna bayyana lafiya har yanzu yana iya canza yadda jikinsu ke aiki. Wannan ne ya sa hukumomin sa ido suke neman bayanan ragowar sinadari da aminci maimakon dogaro da abin da ido ke gani.
Abin da ke yanke komai: dabbar da ake kiwo don samar da abinci
Hukumomin sa ido ba sa rarraba shuɗin methylene ta hanyar tambayar ko yana aiki. Suna tambayar abin da ake nufi da dabbar da aka yi wa maganin. Kifin da ake kiwo don mutane su ci dabba ce da ake kiwo don samar da abinci, kuma duk maganin da za a yi amfani da shi a kansa yana buƙatar amincewa ƙarƙashin ƙa'idojin dabbobin abinci, tare da ƙayyadaddun iyakokin ragowar sinadari da lokutan dakatar da magani kafin a yi amfani da dabbar a matsayin abinci. Kifin ado da ba za a taɓa ci ba yana ƙarƙashin wata ƙungiyar ƙa'idojin kayayyaki dabam, inda iyakokin ragowar sinadari a abinci ba su shafe shi ba, amma har yanzu ana iya buƙatar amincewa da sinadarin maganin dabbobi.
Rashin fahimtar wannan bambanci yana haifar da kurakurai uku. Wurin ƙyanƙyashe kifaye yana kula da ƙwai ko ƙananan kifayen da za su shiga sarkar samar da abinci kamar na ado ne, saboda ƙanana ne kuma lokacin girbe su yana da nisa. Mai dabbar gida yana sakin ko sayar da kifayen ado, kamar carp, zuwa inda za a yi amfani da su don abinci ba tare da sanin cewa sunan nau'in kifi kaɗai ba ya ƙayyade ƙa'idar da ta shafe shi ba. Kuma mai saya yana karanta lakabin samfurin tankin kifaye ya ɗauka cewa samunsa a kasuwa yana nufin an amince da amincinsa ga abinci. A kowane hali, kuskuren ɗaya ne: amfani da tunanin kifin ado a inda ƙa'idojin kifin abinci suke aiki. Bayani dabam kan iyakokin jituwa da matatun ruwa, tsirrai, da tankuna ya nuna wannan ƙa'ida a cikin tankin kifaye: yanayin amfani ne yake ƙayyade ko maganin ya dace.
Jadawalin duba ƙasashe da yanayin samarwa
Wannan jadawali shi ne tushen bayanan duba na wannan labarin. Ya taƙaita ko an amince da shuɗin methylene ga kifin abinci da yadda ake kallon amfani da shi ga kifayen ado a yankunan doka biyar. An zaɓi kalmomin da taka-tsantsan: a mafi yawan wurare, abin da ya dace shi ne “ba a amince da shi ba” ko “ba a ba shi izini ba,” wanda ya bambanta da haramcin da doka ta ambata da sunansa kai tsaye.
| Yankin doka | Kifin abinci: an amince da shi? | Yanayin kifayen ado da waɗanda ba na abinci ba | Hukuma |
|---|---|---|---|
| Amurka | A'a. Babu maganin shuɗin methylene da FDA ta amince da shi ga kifin abinci a cikin jerin magungunan kiwon halittun ruwa da FDA ta amince da su. Kayayyakin da ba su cikin jerin amma ake sayarwa don kifin abinci magungunan dabbobi ne da ba a amince da su ba bisa wasiƙar FDA ga ƙwararrun kiwon halittun ruwa. A lura: wannan ba lissafawa ba ne ƙarƙashin ƙa'idar haramta amfani da magani sabanin abin da lakabi ya tanada a 21 CFR 530.41; “ba a amince da shi ba” shi ne ainihin lafazin da ya dace. | Akwai kayayyakin tankunan kifaye, amma sayarwa a kasuwa ba ta tabbatar da amincewar FDA ba, kuma aiwatar da ƙa'idojin ragowar sinadari da aka bayyana a jagorar FDA kan abincin ruwa da ake kiwo yana aiki da zarar kifaye sun shiga sarkar abinci. Amfani da magani sabanin abin da lakabi ya tanada ta hannun likitan dabbobi ƙarƙashin 21 CFR 530.20 yana buƙatar matakan kare amincin abinci kuma ba ya samar da amincewa ta gaba ɗaya. | Cibiyar Magungunan Dabbobi ta FDA |
| Tarayyar Turai | A'a. Sinadaran da aka halatta ga dabbobin samar da abinci suna cikin Jadawali na 1 na Dokar (EU) No 37/2010, kamar yadda aka bayyana a jagorar EMA kan iyakokin ragowar sinadari mafi girma. Shuɗin methylene ba shi da irin wannan rajista, don haka lafazin da ya dace shi ne “ba a halatta shi ga dabbobin samar da abinci ba.” | Kifayen ado da ba na abinci ba ba sa fuskantar batun iyakokin ragowar sinadari, amma har yanzu samfurin maganin dabbobin yana buƙatar amincewar da ta dace ƙarƙashin ƙa'idojin da suke aiki. | Hukumar Tarayyar Turai, EMA |
| Birtaniya | A'a ƙarƙashin tsarin dabbobin abinci. Ireland ta Arewa tana bin ƙa'idojin Jadawali na 1 na EU; Great Britain tana buƙatar tushen MRL a rajistar GB ko matsayin cewa sinadarin ba ya cikin abin da ƙa'idar ta shafa kafin amfani da shi ga dabbobin abinci ƙarƙashin jagorar Cascade ta VMD da ƙa'idojin VMD na iyakokin ragowar sinadari mafi girma. Ba a gano tushen da ya cika sharudda don shuɗin methylene a kifin abinci ba. | Amfani ga kifayen ado batu ne dabam na amincewa da samfur, kuma bai kamata a ɗauka cewa yana shafar kifayen da za su shiga sarkar abinci ba. | Daraktar Magungunan Dabbobi |
| Kanada | A'a. Shuɗin methylene ba ya cikin jerin magungunan da Health Canada ta ba izinin amfani da su ga dabbobin ruwa na samar da abinci, kamar yadda aka bayyana a manufar Health Canada kan magungunan kiwon halittun ruwa. Amfani da magani sabanin abin da lakabi ya tanada bisa umarnin likitan dabbobi ƙarƙashin manufar ELDU ta Kanada da hanyoyin sakin magani don gaggawa keɓantattun damar amfani ne masu iyaka, ba amincewa ba. | Zai yiwu ne kawai ƙarƙashin ƙa'idojin amincewa na Kanada da suka dace; kasancewa “ba na abinci ba” kaɗai ba ya tabbatar da matsayin sayar da samfur bisa doka. | Health Canada, CFIA |
| Ostiraliya | Ba a gano amincewa ga kifin abinci ba. APVMA tana buƙatar rajista ko izini ga kayayyakin sinadaran maganin dabbobi, bisa jagorarta ta rajista. Akwai kayayyakin kifayen ado masu ɗauke da shuɗin methylene da aka yi wa rajista, kamar haɗaɗɗen samfurin tankin kifaye a lakabin APVMA Multi Cure, yayin da izinin shuɗin methylene na yanzu da ya shafi karnuka kaɗai ya ware nau'o'in dabbobin samar da abinci a sarari (izinin APVMA PER13488). Wannan warewar ta shafi wannan izinin ne, kuma bai kamata a ambace ta a matsayin haramci ga kowane yanayi ba. | Akwai kayayyakin tankunan kifayen ado da aka yi wa rajista; amfani ga kifin abinci zai buƙaci tushen doka nasa. | APVMA |
Masu karatu wani lokaci suna tambaya game da malachite green a matsayin misalin abin da ya faru a baya. Kwatancen yana da amfani ne har zuwa wani mataki kawai. Malachite green yana da nasa tarihin aiwatar da ƙa'idojin ragowar sinadari a sarari a yankunan doka da dama, yayin da shuɗin methylene yake a wani matsayi dabam: ba ya cikin jerin abubuwan da aka halatta, maimakon an ambace shi a cikin waɗancan haramce-haramcen. Ambaton tarihin malachite green a matsayin hujjar cewa shuɗin methylene yana da irin wannan matsayin zai zama ba daidai ba.
Dalilin da ya sa jira mai tsawo ba lokacin dakatar da magani ba ne
Lokacin dakatar da magani kafin amfani da dabba a matsayin abinci lokaci ne da hukuma ta amince da shi bisa bayanan raguwar ragowar sinadari, waɗanda suke nuna cewa ragowar sinadarin a naman da ake ci yana sauka ƙasa da iyakar doka zuwa wani ƙayyadadden lokaci. Health Canada da APVMA duka suna danganta lokutan dakatar da magani da irin waɗannan bayanai. Ga sinadarin da ba a amince da shi ba kuma ba a kafa masa iyaka ba, babu adadin kwanakin jira da mai amfani ya zaɓa da zai ƙirƙiri lokacin dakatar da magani da aka amince da shi daga babu.
Akwai keɓantacciyar dama ɗaya mai sharudda. Wasu yankunan doka suna barin likitan dabbobi ya ƙayyade lokacin dakatar da magani don amfani sabanin abin da lakabi ya tanada ta wata hanyar da aka amince da ita, kamar AMDUCA a Amurka, amfani da magani sabanin lakabi a Kanada, Cascade a Birtaniya, ko tanade-tanaden likitan dabbobi da amfani mai iyaka a Ostiraliya. Wannan aiki ne na ƙwararre da ya shafi takamaiman lamari a cikin tsarin doka mai matakan kariya game da ragowar sinadari. Ba daidai yake da da'awar lokacin dakatar da magani da masana'anta ta amince da ita ba, kuma a yanayin EU da Ireland ta Arewa, rashin matsayin MRL yana nan a matsayin matsalar farko da ƙarin jira ba zai iya warwarewa ba.
Jagora mai amfani ga kowane nau'in mai karatu
Wuraren ƙyanƙyashe kifaye da suke renon trout, salmon, tilapia, catfish, ko carp don ci su ɗauki shuɗin methylene a matsayin abin da ba za su iya amfani da shi a sarkar samarwarsu ba, sai dai idan likitan dabbobi ya gano wata hanya ta doka a yankinsu kuma ya ɗauki alhakin bin ƙa'idojin ragowar sinadari. Tsofaffin girke-girken tsoma ƙwai ba su soke wannan ba. Ƙwai da ƙananan kifayen da aka nufa don sarkar abinci suna cikin wannan sarkar.
Masu kula da tankunan kifaye, masu kiwon koi, da masu goldfish da suke riƙe kifayen da ba za a taɓa ci ba suna aiki ne a gefen kifayen ado na wannan iyaka. A yi amfani da kayayyakin da lakabinsu ya nuna wannan manufar, a bi lakabin, kuma kada a mayar da kifayen ado zuwa tafkunan kifin abinci.
Likitocin dabbobi su tabbatar da tsarin da ya shafi lamarin: da farko jadawalin amincewa, sai ƙa'idojin amfani sabanin lakabi ko Cascade, sannan takardun ragowar sinadari. Samun kaya a shagon dabbobin gida, adadin amfani a dandalin masu sha'awar kiwon kifaye, da tsofaffin littattafan ƙyanƙyashe kifaye bayanan kiwo ne, ba izini ba.
Ƙa'idar da ke tushen wannan abu ce mai sauƙi idan an bayyana ta a fili. Shuɗin methylene ya samu matsayinsa a tiren ƙwai da ma'ajiyar kayan tankunan kifaye ta hanyar sakamakon da aka gani tsawon shekaru da dama kan halittun ruwa masu kama da naman gwari da ƙwayoyin cuta masu zaman kansu a wajen jiki. Samar da abinci yana kawo tambaya ta biyu da sakamakon da ido ke gani ba zai iya amsawa ba: me ya rage a naman, kuma wa ya tabbatar cewa ba shi da haɗari? Har sai yankin doka ya amsa wannan tambayar ta hanyar tsarin amincewarsa, tsomawa a ruwan shuɗi zai ci gaba da kasancewa a gefen kifayen ado na iyakar.