Maƙala
Gwajin rage methylene blue a madara: ƙa'ida da iyakokinsa
Wata ɗaliba ta ɗaga bututun gwaji biyu masu ɗauke da madara. Ɗaya ya koma fari cikin awa ɗaya. Ɗayan ya ci gaba da zama shuɗi har tsawon sa'o'i biyar. Ta nuna mai launin shuɗin ta ce madarar tana da aminci a sha.
Wannan hukunci yana nuna kuskuren fahimta. Gwajin methylene blue a madara ba ya gano aminci. Yana nuna saurin da ƙwayoyin halitta da ke cikin bututun suke rage ƙarfin redox a ƙarƙashin tsayayyun yanayi. Sakamakon da ya ɗauki lokaci yana nufin ƙarancin jimillar aikin sauya sinadarai a samfurin. Ba ya bayyana irin ƙwayoyin halittar da ke ciki, ko akwai mai haddasa cuta a cikinsu, ko kuma an yi wa madarar pasteurization yadda ya kamata.
Wannan bambanci yana da muhimmanci domin gwajin yana da kamannin abin dogaro. Launin shuɗi yana ɓacewa. Agogo yana bayar da adadi. Adadi kan sa a fassara sakamako fiye da abin da yake nufi. Wannan labarin yana riƙe fassarar da ke da amfani, yana kuma hana fassarar da ba ta da aminci.
Abin da ragewa yake aunawa a zahiri
Methylene blue yana da launin shuɗi idan yana cikin yanayin oxidation, kuma kusan ba shi da launi idan an rage shi zuwa leucomethylene blue. Sabuwar madara tana ɗauke da narkakken oxygen, wanda ke sa rinin ya ci gaba da zama shuɗi. Bakteriya masu yin numfashi da fermentation suna amfani da wannan oxygen, suna kuma sakin mahadi masu iya rage wasu sinadarai. Idan ƙarfin redox ya sauka zuwa wani mataki, rinin yana karɓar electrons kuma ya rasa launinsa. Littafin nazarin ƙwayoyin halitta na madara na University of Guelph ya bayyana wannan jerin abubuwa a matsayin cire oxygen, sannan samar da sinadarai masu ragewa yayin aikin sauya sinadarai na bakteriya.
Binciken da aka daɗe ana dogaro da shi a Journal of Dairy Science ya bayyana hakan a matsayin tsari mai matakai biyu: da farko, ƙwayoyin halittar suna ƙarar da oxygen, sannan sinadaran madara suna rage rinin cikin sauri. Saboda haka, ya fi dacewa a fahimci gwajin rage methylene blue a madara a matsayin gwajin jimillar aikin sauya sinadarai, ba a matsayin na'urar ƙirga ƙwayoyin halitta ba. Halayyar redox ta methylene blue tana bayyana ilimin sinadarai da ke bayan wannan sauyi.
Oxygen yana juyar da sakamakon ƙarshen gwajin. Rinin leuco da aka rage idan ya taɓa iska yana sake shiga oxidation kuma ya koma shuɗi. Saboda haka, girgizawa, zubawa, bututu masu faɗi, da babban sararin iska a saman madara suna jinkirta sakamakon. Sau da yawa, siririn zoben shuɗi yana ci gaba da kasancewa a saman da ke taɓa iska bayan launin ya ɓace daga sauran madarar cikin bututun. Hanyoyin gwaji na ƙa'ida suna amincewa da wannan zobe maimakon jira ya ɓace.
Irin ƙwayoyin halitta yana ƙara wani abin da ke rikita sakamako. Coliforms da yawancin ƙwayoyin halitta masu samar da lactic acid suna rage rinin da sauri. Yawancin ƙwayoyin halitta masu girma a sanyi da masu jure zafi suna rage shi a hankali ko kusan ba sa rage shi. Samfurin madara biyu masu adadin ƙwayoyin halitta iri ɗaya a gwajin farantin noma na iya rasa launin shuɗin a lokuta masu tazarar sa'o'i. Wannan hujja kaɗai ta isa ta hana sauya lokacin gwajin zuwa adadin tarin ƙwayoyin halitta.
Hanyar gwaji a dakin gwaje-gwaje mai sarrafa yanayi
Hanyoyin gwaji na fili da na littattafan koyarwa suna bambanta a wasu bayanai, don haka sakamako yana da inganci ne kawai a cikin tsarin hanyar da ta samar da shi. Wata hanyar da aka saba amfani da ita a dakin gwaje-gwajen abinci tana tafiya kamar haka:
- Tattara ɗanyar madara ta yadda iska za ta shiga kaɗan, sannan a sanyaya ta da wuri. Haɗa ta ta hanyar juya kwandon a hankali kafin ɗaukar samfurin.
- Zuba 10 mL na madara a cikin bututun da aka kashe duk ƙwayoyin halitta a cikinsa, tare da 1 mL na ruwan rini da aka shirya don amfani. Ɗaya daga cikin matakan ƙarfin rini da ake amfani da su sosai shi ne 0.005 percent, tare da rabon madara zuwa rini na 10 zuwa 1.
- Rufe bututun da marufi, juya shi a hankali sau biyu, sannan saka shi a bahon ruwa cikin 'yan mintuna. Yawanci ana ajiye shi a 35 zuwa 38 degrees Celsius, gwargwadon ƙa'idar da ake bi. Rubuta wadda ka bi.
- Kare bututun daga haske yayin wannan ajiyar, domin haske yana hanzarta ragewa.
- Duba shi bayan mintuna 30, sannan a lokuta masu tsayayyen tazara. Ƙarshen gwajin shi ne lokacin da launin madarar cikin bututun ya yi daidai da na dafaffiyar madarar kwatance, ko ya kai matakin ɓacewar launi da hanyar gwajin ta ayyana.
- Ajiye bututu mai ɗauke da wannan madarar ba tare da ƙarin wani abu ba a matsayin abin kwatancen gani idan hanyar gwajin ta buƙaci hakan.
Littafin FAO na gwajin madara ya bayar da bayyananniyar hanyar gwajin fili mai bin wannan tsari: 10 mL na madara tare da 1 mL na rini, rufewa da marufi, juyawa a hankali, ajiyewa a kusan 37 zuwa 38 degrees, da dubawa kowane mintuna 30. Bututun kwatancensa suna amfani da dafaffiyar madara don lalata tsarin ragewa na halitta da kuma kafa ma'aunin kwatanta launi.
Zanen da ke sama yana nuna iyakokin sarrafa gwajin. Adadin ruwa iri ɗaya, rini iri ɗaya, zafin jiki iri ɗaya, hanyar haɗawa iri ɗaya, kariya daga haske iri ɗaya, da ƙa'idar ƙarshen gwaji iri ɗaya. Idan aka canja ɗaya daga cikinsu, lokacin gwajin ma zai canja. Shi ya sa gwaje-gwajen gida da ke amfani da ƙarfin rini da aka zaɓa ba bisa ƙa'ida ba ba za a iya kwatanta su da matakan tantancewa na dakin gwaje-gwaje ba.
Abin da lokacin ragewa yake nunawa
Tsawon lokaci yana nufin ƙarancin jimillar aiki a ƙarƙashin yanayin da aka bayyana. Gajeren lokaci yana nufin ƙarin jimillar aiki. Jadawalin koyarwa kan madara suna haɗa waɗannan lokuta da matakan tantancewa na kusan-kusan; alal misali, a wani tsarin da aka samo daga BIS, sa'o'i 5 ko fiye suna nufin mai kyau ƙwarai, yayin da ƙasa da mintuna 30 ke nufin mara kyau.
Bambancin nan shi ne darasin. Sakamakon sa'o'i 5 ba shi da wani matakin tantancewa guda ɗaya da ya shafi dukkan hanyoyi. Yana cikin tsarin hanyar da ta ayyana shi. Saboda haka, tsarin rahoton da za a iya karewa da hujja shi ne:
MBRT ya yi daidai da sa'o'i X a ƙarƙashin hanyar da aka ambata, kuma ya dace da matakin tantancewa na wannan hanyar.
Ba zai taɓa zama MBRT ya yi daidai da X na ƙwayoyin halitta masu iya samar da tarin girma a kowane mL ba. Jagororin da aka samo daga Standard Methods sun bayyana cewa bai kamata a bayar da rahoton sakamakon rage rini a matsayin adadin bakteriya ba. Hanyar rini mai sauƙi da methylene blue ma tana amsa wata tambaya dabam, domin tana nuna siffar ƙwayoyin halitta a ƙarƙashin madubin hangen ƙananan abubuwa, maimakon jimillar aiki a cikin bututu.
Jadawalin fassara da iyakoki
Wannan jadawalin shi ne ainihin abin dogaro na labarin. Karanta dukan layin daga farko zuwa ƙarshe. Babu wani bayani a ƙwayar jadawali guda ɗaya da yake tsayawa shi kaɗai.
| Abin da aka lura da shi ko aka yi iƙirari | Abin da yake nunawa | Abin da ba zai iya tabbatarwa ba | Manyan abubuwan da ke rikita sakamako |
|---|---|---|---|
| Saurin ɓacewar shuɗi, ƙasa da sa'o'i 2 a wani tsarin gwajin ɗanyar madara | Yawan aikin ragewa, wanda ya dace da yawan ƙwayoyin halitta ko rashin jure ajiya | Nau'in ƙwayoyin halitta, ainihin adadinsu, gubobi, ko gazawar pasteurization | Ajiya a wuri mai ɗumi, yawan coliforms a cikin ƙwayoyin halittar, haske, ƙarancin adadin rini |
| Matsakaicin lokaci, sa'o'i 2 zuwa 4 | Matsakaicin aiki; matakin tantancewa yana da ma'ana ne kawai a cikin tsarin da aka ambata | Aminci ko rashin ƙwayoyin halitta masu ragewa a hankali | Babban zafin ajiyar gwaji, bambancin shigar iska, rabewar kitse |
| Ragewa a hankali, sa'o'i 5 ko fiye | Ƙarancin jimillar aiki a wannan tsarin | Rashin ƙwayoyin halitta masu haddasa cuta, an yi pasteurization, ko amincin sinadarai | Ragowar magungunan kashe bakteriya, sinadaran hana lalacewa, ƙarin narkakken oxygen, yawan adadin rini |
| Zoben shuɗi yana nan a saman yayin da launin sauran madarar ya ɓace | Sake faruwar oxidation a wurin haɗuwar madara da iska, abin da ya saba faruwa a gefen samfurin | Gazawar gwaji ko rashin kammalar martanin sinadarai | Bututu mai faɗi, marufi marar matsewa, yawan buɗewa don dubawa |
| Bututu mai fari bayan ajiyar madarar da aka dumama don gwaji | Tsarin ragewa da ya sauya tare da aikin ƙwayoyin halittar da suka tsira | Cewa dumamawar ta yi daidai da pasteurization da aka tabbatar da ingancinsa | Lalacewa sakamakon zafi, gyaran lalacewar yayin ajiyar gwaji, gurɓatawa daga baya |
| Duk wani ƙimar MBRT guda ɗaya da aka ambata ba tare da hanyar gwaji ba | Ba a san yanayin gwajin ba | Kowane matakin tantancewa ko adadi | Ba a bayyana yadda aka haɗa rinin, rabo, zafin jiki, haɗawa, ko ƙa'idar ƙarshen gwaji ba |
Gwaje-gwajen da suka dogara da girma, kamar amfani da matsakaicin noman bakteriya, su ne hanyar ƙirga da ware ƙwayoyin halitta. Bututun ragewa yana yin tantancewar farko. Farantin noma yana gano kuma yana ƙirgawa.
Abin da gwajin ba zai iya tabbatarwa game da aminci ba
Sakamakon da ya ɗauki lokaci ba zai iya tabbatar da rashin ƙwayoyin halitta masu haddasa cuta ba. Ƙwayar halitta mai haddasa cuta da ke cikin adadin da yake da muhimmanci a fannin lafiya na iya bayar da ƙaramin gudummawa ga jimillar amfani da oxygen. Gano ƙwayoyin halitta masu haddasa cuta yana buƙatar hanyoyin da suka keɓanta da irin ƙwayar halittar, wanda Standard Methods na yanzu yake ɗauka a matsayin fanni dabam da tantance inganci na gaba ɗaya.
Ba zai iya tabbatar da pasteurization ba. Tabbatar da aikin sarrafawa da zafi yana amfani da gwajin alkaline phosphatase ko wata hanyar da aka tabbatar da ingancinta a ƙarƙashin jagororin Codex na tsaftar madara. Bututu mai fari ko shuɗi ba ya bayyana tarihin lokaci da zafin jikin rukunin madarar.
Ba zai iya ba da shaidar amincin abinci ba. Aminci ya dogara da ƙwayoyin halitta masu haddasa cuta, gubobin da suka riga suka samu, ragowar magunguna, gurɓatattun sinadarai, tarihin ajiyar sanyi da jigila, da gurɓatawa bayan ɗaukar samfurin. Codex yana ɗaukar amincin madara a matsayin jerin matakan sarrafawa, ba sakamakon tantancewa guda ɗaya ba.
Yanayin dakin gwaje-gwajen abinci ba gwajin gida ba ne
A dakin gwaje-gwajen madara, ana amfani da gwajin don tantance madarar da aka karɓa, kwatanta masu kawo madara a tsawon lokaci, ko koyar da redox a ilimin ƙwayoyin halitta a ƙarƙashin kulawa. Ana iya bibiyar tushen samfurori. An daidaita sinadaran gwaji bisa ƙa'ida. Ana rubuta zafin jiki. Ana zubar da sharar bisa tsarin dakin gwaje-gwaje.
Gwajin gida ba shi da waɗannan abubuwa. Adadin ruwa da ake aunawa a kicin na kusan-kusan ne. Ƙarfin rinin da ake sayarwa a intanet yana bambanta sosai. Sau da yawa, ana ajiye samfurin a ɗaki mai ɗumi maimakon bahon ruwa da aka daidaita ma'auninsa. Duk da haka launi yana sauyawa, abin da ke sa sakamakon ya yi kama da abin dogaro alhali babu ko ɗaya daga cikin matakan sarrafawa da suka ba shi ma'ana.
Haɗarin da ya fi tsanani yana cikin abin da mutum zai yi bayan gwajin. Bututu mai shuɗi a gida yana iya ƙarfafa shan ɗanyar madara wadda dakin gwaje-gwaje har yanzu zai aika don ƙirga ƙwayoyin halitta a farantin noma, binciken ƙwayoyin halitta masu haddasa cuta, da duba ragowar sinadarai. An tsara gwajin methylene blue a madara don tantance ingancin ɗanyar madara yayin karɓarta, ba don amincewa a sha ta ba. Gwajin tantancewa na resazurin mai sauri yana da wannan iyaka: yana bayar da sakamakon launi da wuri, amma har yanzu ba ya amsa tambayar ko akwai ƙwayoyin halitta masu haddasa cuta.
Taƙaitacciyar ƙa'ida don teburin gwaji
Daidaita rini, rabo, zafin jiki, haɗawa, haske, da ƙarshen gwaji bisa ƙa'ida. Bayar da rahoton lokaci tare da sunan hanyar gwaji da matakin tantancewa. Fassara mintunan tare da tarihin ajiya, irin ƙwayoyin halitta, ragowar sinadarai, da ingancin ɗaukar samfurin. Gajeren lokaci yana nuna aikin da ya kamata a bincika. Tsawon lokaci ba ya taɓa tabbatar da aminci.