Isihloko
Ukuhlolwa kwe-MBAS: ukukala ama-surfactant e-anionic nge-methylene blue
Ukuhlolwa kwe-MBAS kukala izinto ezisebenzisana ne-methylene blue ngaphansi kwenqubo yokukhishwa echaziwe. Amalabhorethri akusebenzisa ukulinganisela ama-surfactant e-anionic emanzini. Kunikeza isilinganiso seqembu lezinto, hhayi ukuhlonza wonke ama-molecule ezihlanzi akusampula.
Lo mehluko ubalulekile lapho umbiko uthi “ama-surfactant e-anionic njenge-MBAS.” Umphumela ungasekela ukuqhathaniswa kwezinqubo zokuhlanzwa ngaphandle kokuthola ukuthi yiliphi i-surfactant elikhona. Ungashintsha futhi ngenxa yoshintsho kwezinye izingxenye zesampula, ngisho noma ukugxila kwe-surfactant eqondiwe kungashintshanga.
Lokho okukalwa yisignali eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka
I-MBAS isho izinto ezisebenzisana ne-methylene blue. I-methylene blue iwudayi oneshaji kagesi ephozithivu. Izinto ezifanele ezineshaji enegethivu zihlangana nayo zakhe amapheya ama-ion angangena kusincibilikisi esiyinhlanganisela ye-organic. Ilabhorethri ikala umbala oluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka okuleso sincibilikisi kunokumane ifunde umbala wamanzi okuqala.
Incazelo yomlando ye-EPA Method 425.1 ichaza lo mgomo wokukhishwa futhi isho ngokucacile ukuthi ukuhlolwa akukwazi ukuhlukanisa izinhlobo zama-surfactant ezihlobene nama-isomer. Ububanzi bayo buhlanganisa amanzi okuphuza, amanzi angaphezulu komhlaba nemfucuza yasekhaya neyezimboni, kodwa abuhlanganisi amanzi anosawoti. Lezi zitatimende zobubanzi ziphathelene naleyo ndlela; akufanele zidluliselwe ngokuzenzakalela kukho konke ukuhlolwa kwama-surfactant okuthengiswayo.
Umphumela uncike entweni esetshenziselwa ukulinganisa ithuluzi. Uma ilabhorethri ilinganisa ithuluzi isebenzisa i-linear alkylbenzene sulfonate, noma i-LAS, “mg/L njenge-LAS” iveza impendulo eboniwe ngokwesikali saleyo nto eyisithenjwa. Akufakazeli ukuthi zonke izinto ezinikeza impendulo ziyi-LAS. Buza ngento esetshenziselwa ukulinganisa ithuluzi nangesisekelo sokubika njalo lapho uqhathanisa imiphumela yamalabhorethri ahlukene.
Iyiphi indlela okufanele ilabhorethri iyicaphune?
Ekuhlolweni ngaphansi kwe-Clean Water Act yase-United States, ithebula lamanje lezindlela eliku-40 CFR 136.3 libala Standard Methods 5540 C-2021 kanye ASTM D2330-20 zokuhlola ama-surfactant ngokukala umbala we-methylene blue. Qinisekisa imvume esebenzayo nobubanzi bomsebenzi welabhorethri ngaphambi koku-oda ukuhlaziywa kokuthobela imithetho.
I-EPA 425.1 isewumbhalo womlando owusizo, kodwa isitatimende sayo esidala sokugunyazwa asithathi indawo yokuhlola ithebula lamanje. Ukuthi “indlela ye-MBAS” kuphela akusona isikhombo sendlela esiphelele: faka inombolo yendlela nenguqulo yayo embikweni.
Hlukanisa futhi i-MBAS kwezinye izivivinyo zama-surfactant ezikala umbala. Ngokwesibonelo, i-Hach ihlonza i-Method 8028 njengendlela esebenzisa i-crystal violet. Ukufana kwezinhlobo zamasampula noma kwamayunithi okubika akwenzi izindlela ezimbili zamakhemikhali zokukhishwa zikwazi ukusetshenziswa esikhundleni somunye nomunye.
Izinyathelo zokuhlolwa: lapho isinqumo ngasinye singena khona
Isifinyezo se-5540 C ku-National Environmental Methods Index sichaza ukukhishwa kathathu nge-chloroform engxubeni elungisiwe yamanzi ene-asidi, ukugezwa kwesikhishwe ngamanzi nokukala ku-652 nm. Izinyathelo ezilandelayo zichaza injongo yaleyo misebenzi. Amanani ama-reagent nezimfuneko zokwamukelwa kufanele zithathwe enqubweni elawulwayo yelabhorethri.
| Isigaba | Okwenzekayo | Okufanele kuqoshwe noma kuhlolwe |
|---|---|---|
| 1. Chaza isampula | Khetha indawo yokuthatha isampula nengxenye yesampula edingekayo. | Uhlobo lwamanzi, isikhathi sokuthatha isampula, izinto eziqinile ezibonakalayo nanoma yikuphi ukulungiswa kwangaphambili. |
| 2. Misa isithenjwa | Lungisa izilinganiso eziyisithenjwa namasampula angenayo into eqondiwe njengoba kuchaziwe. | Ukuhlonza into yokulinganisa ithuluzi, isisekelo sokugxila nobubanzi bokusebenza. |
| 3. Khipha amapheya ama-ion | Hlanganisa isampula elungisiwe ne-methylene blue kanye ne-chloroform ngokulandelana kwezinyathelo zokukhishwa okunqunyiwe. | Ukuqoqwa okufanele kongqimba oludingekayo nanoma yibuphi ubunzima bokuhlukanisa. |
| 4. Geza bese ukala | Geza okukhishiwe ngamanzi bese ufunda ukumuncwa kokukhanya kwakho ebudeni begagasi obunqunyiwe. | Ukugeza okuphelele, isimo seseli yokukala ukukhanya nempendulo yethuluzi. |
| 5. Hlola ukufaneleka komphumela | Sebenzisa izibalo zokulinganisa ithuluzi nezokuhlanjululwa, bese uhlola izilawuli zekhwalithi. | Umkhawulo wokubika, amayunithi, isici sokuhlanjululwa nemibandela ephathelene nezinye izingxenye zesampula. |
Inombolo yokugcina ingahunyushwa kahle kuphela ngokwezinga lala marekhodi. Ijika lokulinganisa ithuluzi eliziphatha kahle lisungula impendulo yethuluzi ezilinganisweni eziyisithenjwa. Lona lodwa alisunguli ukuthi amanzi angcolile asezimbonini aziphatha njengalezo zilinganiso eziyisithenjwa.
Iziphazamisi zingakhuphula noma zehlise umphumela
Ukuphazamiseka kungokwamakhemikhali futhi kungokwamehlo. Ezinye izinto zingathwala udayi ziwuyise kokukhishiwe, kanti ezinye zivimbela into eqondiwe ekwenzeni lokho. Ingxoxo ye-EPA ngale ndlela ihlonza amaqembu amaningana ezinhlanganisela ze-organic nama-ion angama-inorganic anikeza impendulo. Isifinyezo se-NEMI sichaza nama-cation ancintisanayo nokunamathela ebusweni bezinhlayiya.
| Isiphazamisi noma isimo | Umphumela ongaba khona | Okufanele kuhlolwe ekuchazeni |
|---|---|---|
| Ezinye izinhlanganisela ezikhishwayo ezisebenzisana ne-methylene blue | Isignali eyengeziwe ebalwa njengevela ku-surfactant | Gwema ukubala yonke impendulo njengevela esithakweni esithile esiqanjwe ngegama. |
| I-nitrate noma i-chloride | Ukuchema okukhuphula umphumela ezinqubweni ezithinteka kalula | Hlola ukwakheka kwesampula nesinyathelo sokugeza esinqunyiwe. |
| Ama-surfactant e-cationic noma ama-amine | Impendulo eyehlisiwe ngenxa yokwakheka kwamapheya ama-ion ancintisanayo | Phenya izingxube zezithako nokutholwa okuphansi kwento eyisithenjwa efakwe kusampula. |
| Izinhlayiya ezintantayo | Impendulo eyehlisiwe engxenyeni yamanzi ngenxa yokunamathela ebusweni bezinhlayiya | Bhala ukuthi izinto eziqinile bezikhona yini noma zisusiwe. |
| Igwebu noma ukunamathela ebusweni besiqukathi | Ingxenye ethathiwe ayisamele isampula yokuqala yonke | Buyekeza ukuthathwa kwesampula, ukuxutshwa nokuthathwa kwamasampula amancane. |
Isibonelo esiwusizo kakhulu sivela ophenyweni lwe-USGS lwenqubo yayo yangaphambili ye-MBAS. Amasampula okulawula ikhwalithi ayequkethe i-nitrate kodwa engenazo ezinye izinto ze-MBAS anikeza impendulo ephozithivu. Abaphenyi baqinisekisa ukuphazamiseka okubangelwa yi-nitrate ne-chloride futhi bethula indlela enesinyathelo sokugeza ngesincibilikisi. Baxwayisa ngokuthi ubudlelwano obubonakalayo phakathi kwe-MBAS ne-nitrate bungase bubonise ukuphazamiseka kokuhlaziywa uqobo.
Lokhu okutholakele kungokomlando futhi kuqondene nenqubo ethile, akubona ubufakazi bokuthi yonke imiphumela ye-MBAS yanamuhla inokuchema. Isifundo esisebenzisekayo ukuthi kubuzwe ukuthi ubudlelwano bungaqala yini ngaphakathi kokuhlolwa ngaphambi kokubuchaza njengenqubo eyenzeka emvelweni.
Phatha amasampula njengengxenye yokukala
Ama-surfactant aqoqana ezindaweni lapho kuhlangana khona izinto ezihlukene. Isiqondiso se-NEMI sixwayisa ngokuthi igwebu linganciphisa ama-surfactant oketshezini olungaphansi kwalo nokuthi ukunamathela ezindongeni zesiqukathi kungabaluleka lapho ukugxila kuphansi. Ungasusi igwebu elingaphezulu bese ucabanga ukuthi uketshezi olusele luyafana nesampula ethathiwe.
Esimweni semithetho yase-United States ecashuniwe, iThebula II le-40 CFR 136.3 licacisa ukupholisa amasampula ama-surfactant abe ku-6 °C noma ngaphansi kanye nesikhathi sokugcinwa esiphezulu samahora angu-48, ngokwemibhalo yalo yaphansi. Hlela amabhodlela, ukuthuthwa nokwamukelwa elabhorethri ngaphambi kokuthatha amasampula. Ukukhishwa okwenziwe ngendlela efanele akukwazi ukubuyisa izinto ezilahleke ngesikhathi sokuthathwa noma sokugcinwa.
Funda izilawuli zekhwalithi ngaphambi kokusebenzisa inombolo
Izimfuneko zokulawula ikhwalithi eziku-40 CFR 136.7 zihlonza izilawuli ezifana namasampula angenayo into eqondiwe, ukuhlolwa kokulinganiswa kwethuluzi, amasampula okulawula elabhorethri, amasampula afakwe into eyisithenjwa kanye namasampula aphindwe kabili. Imisebenzi yazo iyahlukahluka. Isampula engenayo into eqondiwe ihlola ukungcoliswa; isampula efakwe into eyisithenjwa ihlola ukuthi leyo nto engeziwe ingatholwa yini kuleyo sampula; isampula ephindwe kabili ihlola ukuphindeka kwemiphumela.
Cabanga ngesibonelo sokuqhathanisa inqubo: indawo yokungena ibika u-1.0 mg/L njenge-LAS kanti indawo yokuphuma ibika u-0.2 mg/L njenge-LAS. Ukubala kunikeza ukwehla ngo-80% kokugxila kwe-MBAS okubikiwe. Ngaphambi kokubiza lokhu ngokususwa kwama-surfactant ngo-80%, hlola ukuthi amasampula amele izimo zenqubo eziqhathanisekayo, asebenzisa isisekelo esifanayo sokubika futhi anezilawuli ezamukelekayo. Ukwehla kokugxila nakho akusunguli ukuncipha ngo-80% kwesisindo sezinto ezikhishelwa ngaphandle uma ukugeleza kwamanzi kushintshile.
Umphumela ongaphansi komkhawulo wokubika usho ukuthi ilabhorethri ayikwazi ukukala ngokuthembekile inani le-MBAS elingaphansi kwalelo zinga elishiwo. Awusunguli ukuthi isampula ayinawo ama-surfactant noma ukuthi ihlangabezana nazo zonke izimfuneko zekhwalithi yamanzi.
Ekukhetheni indlela, qala ngesiqondiso se-methylene blue ekuhlolweni kokuhlaziywa. Ekulungiseleleni ilabhorethri, sebenzisa isiqondiso esifanele sokuphatha amakhemikhali nokuphepha elabhorethri. Cela indlela yokuhlaziya eqondene nohlobo oluthile lwento lapho isinqumo sidinga ukuhlonza i-surfactant ethile kunokukala impendulo ehlangene kudayi.