Isihloko
Ukuhlolwa kokuncishiswa kwe-methylene blue oketshezini lwesisu sokuqala
Owesifazane osanda kuthola iziqu ushaya ucingo esepulazini, ephethe ishubhu elinokuluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka. Ufake i-methylene blue oketshezini lwesisu sokuqala emizuzwini eyishumi edlule, futhi umbala oluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka usekhona. Ubuza ukuthi kufanele yini anike inkomo udayi owengeziwe.
Lowo mbuzo uveza ukuqonda okungalungile. Ekuhlolweni kokuncishiswa kwe-methylene blue oketshezini lwesisu sokuqala, udayi ufakwa eshubhini, awufakwa neze esilwaneni. Konke ukuhlola kwenzeka eshubhini. Ukukala ukuthi umbala oluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka unyamalala ngokushesha kangakanani kukutshela okuthile ngezِilwanyana ezincane ezikuleyo sampula, hhayi ngokwelashwa okudingwa yisilwane.
Lokhu kudideka kuyaqondakala ngoba i-methylene blue ivela ezimweni ezintathu ezihlukene kwezokwelashwa kwezilwane. Lesi sihloko siyazihlukanisa futhi sibonisa indlela yokufunda isikhathi sokuncishiswa kanye ne-pH, ama-protozoa, ikhwalithi yokuthathwa kwesampula nezimpawu ezibonwa esilwaneni.
Lokho ukuhlolwa okukukalayo ngempela
I-methylene blue iluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka lapho ifakwe i-oxidation futhi icishe ingabi nambala lapho incishisiwe. Uketshezi olusanda kuthathwa esiswini sokuqala sesilwane esiphilile lunamandla amakhulu okunciphisa ngoba amagciwane aphila ngaphandle komoya-mpilo abila ukudla ngenkuthalo. Uma uxuba inani elincane likadayi kulolo ketshezi, ukusebenza kwamagciwane kususa umbala phakathi nemizuzu embalwa.
Ngakho isimiso sokusebenza silula: umphakathi wamagciwane aphila ngaphandle komoya-mpilo osebenzayo ususa umbala oluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka ngokushesha, kanti ongasebenzi noma olimele uwususa kancane. Isikhathi esifushane sisho amandla amakhulu okunciphisa kuleyo sampula. Isikhathi eside sibonisa ukwehla kokusebenza kwezilwanyana ezincane, uma isampula ithathwe futhi yaphathwa kahle.
Akukali ngokuqondile amandla e-redox esisu sokuqala. Ucwaningo lwezindlela zokuhlola izinkomo olwaqhathanisa ukuhlolwa kokuncishiswa nezilinganiso eziqondile zama-millivolt alutholanga ukuhlobana okuqondile phakathi kwesikhathi sokuncishiswa namandla e-redox akaliwe, futhi lwaphetha ngokuthi lezi zilinganiso ezimbili akufanele zithathwe njengezingasetshenziswa esikhundleni sesinye ukukala into efanayo. Ukuqhathanisa okuphelele kufingqiwe ku-PubMed. Bheka ukuhlolwa kokuncishiswa njengokuhlolwa kokusebenza komphakathi wezِilwanyana ezincane, hhayi njenge-electrode eshibhile.
Incazelo ye-Merck/MSD yokungagayeki kokudla okulula ezilwaneni ezetshisayo ibeka isikhathi eside sokuncishiswa kuphethini efanayo ne-pH engajwayelekile yesisu sokuqala kanye nokuncipha kwenani lama-protozoa. Asikho isilinganiso esisodwa esenza kutholakale inkinga. Iphethini iyona ekwenza lokho.
Inqubo evamile yokuhlola eduze kwesilwane
Izinqubo ziyahlukahluka kancane phakathi kwezikhungo zokufundisa, ngakho bhala amanani oketshezi nezinga lokushisa olisebenzisayo ngokuqondile, bese uqhathanisa imiphumela ngaphakathi kwaleyo nqubo kuphela. Enye indlela efundiswa kabanzi yile:
- Thatha okungenani u-10 kuya ku-20 mL woketshezi olusha lwesisu sokuqala, unciphise amathe, ukuthintana nomoya nokuphola. Hlola ngokushesha.
- Lungisa i-methylene blue engamaphesenti angu-0.03, okungu-0.3 mg ku-mL ngayinye.
- Faka udayi ongamaphesenti angu-5 omthamo woketshezi. Lokho kusho u-1.0 mL kadayi ku-20 mL woketshezi, noma u-0.5 mL kadayi ku-10 mL woketshezi. Kokubili kunikeza isilinganiso esifanayo soketshezi kudayi esingu-20 kuya ku-1.
- Gcina ishubhu lesibili elinoketshezi olungafakwanga lutho oluvela kuleyo sampula ukuze uqhathanise umbala.
- Xuba ngobumnene, uqale ukukala isikhathi ngokushesha, bese ugcina ishubhu ezingeni lokushisa eliseduze nelomzimba, cishe kuma-degree Celsius angu-37 kuya ku-39 kuye ngenqubo yendawo.
- Bhala isikhathi esithathayo kuze umbala weshubhu lokuhlola ufane noweshubhu lokuqhathanisa. Indilinga encane eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka ebusweni boketshezi obuthintana nomoya ingase iqhubeke ikhona ngoba umoya-mpilo ubuyisela udayi esimweni se-oxidation lapho. Ungalindi leyo ndilinga inyamalale.
I-chemistry ye-redox ye-methylene blue ichaza ukuthi kungani umoya-mpilo ubalulekile lapha. Ukunyakazisa ngamandla, ishubhu elivuleke kakhulu noma ukubambezeleka isikhathi eside kuvumela umoya-mpilo ukuba ungene futhi kugcine udayi uluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka isikhathi eside kunalokho obekwenzeka esiswini sokuqala uqobo. Imininingwane yendlela ehlanzekile yokuthatha uketshezi lwesisu sokuqala ibalulekile ngesizathu esifanayo. Amathe anciphisa ukugxila kwesampula futhi anyuse i-pH, ngakho uma kusetshenziswa ishubhu lesisu, odokotela abaningi bezilwane balahla ingxenye yokuqala uma umthamo uvuma.
Lokho okukalwa izinto ezihlukene ezibonwayo
Isikhathi sokuncishiswa siphendula umbuzo owodwa kuphela. Ukuhlolwa kwesisu sokuqala okungezansi kubonisa lokho okunikelwa yilokho nalokho okubonwa eduze kwesilwane. Sebenzisa umugqa wonke, hhayi iseli elilodwa.
| Okubonwayo | Lokho okukukalayo | Okuvame ukutholakala ekuhlolweni eduze kwesilwane | Izinto ezivame ukudida incazelo |
|---|---|---|---|
| Isikhathi sokuncishiswa kwe-methylene blue | Ukusebenza kwamagciwane aphila ngaphandle komoya-mpilo ekunciphiseni okusampuleni | Ezinkomeni kuvame ukuba yimizuzu engu-2 kuya ku-6; ezimvini nasezimbuzini kuvame ukushesha kakhulu, kusetshenziswa imizuzu engu-6 njengomkhawulo ongokoqobo wokusebenza okwanele, kanti izikhathi ezingaphezu kwemizuzu engu-10 azijwayelekile kakhulu | Isampula ebandayo, ebambezelekile, ethintane nomoya noma encishiswe ukugxila ngamathe; okuncane amagciwane angakusebenzisa ngemva kokungadli isikhathi eside; imithi elwa nezilwanyana ezincane enikezwa ngomlomo; ukuqhathanisa izilinganiso ezihlukene zikadayi noma amazinga okushisa |
| I-pH yesisu sokuqala | Isimo samakhemikhali, umthwalo we-asidi noma we-alkali | Izinkomo ezidla ukudla okunemicu eminingi zivame ukuba seduze kuka-6.0 kuya ku-7.2; imibhalo ngezilwane ezincane ezetshisayo ivame ukusho cishe u-6.5 kuya ku-7.5; ukudla nesikhathi kusukela ekudleni kuyasishintsha isilinganiso | Ukungcoliswa ngamathe kunyusa i-pH kumasampula athathwe ngeshubhu lesisu; ukulahleka kwe-carbon dioxide ngemva kokuthatha isampula; ukudla okusanhlamvu kwehlisa i-pH |
| Inani lama-protozoa nokunyakaza kwawo | Ukuphelela komphakathi wama-ciliate, ikakhulukazi izinhlobo ezinkulu ezizwela ukuphazamiseka | Izilwanyana eziningi ezinobukhulu obuhlukahlukene ezinyakaza ngamandla ziye ohlangothini oluthile ethonsini elifudumele nelisha | Ukuphola kunciphisa ukunyakaza; i-acidosis enzima ingaqeda ama-protozoa; ukubambezeleka kwenza isampula ejwayelekile ibonakale ihamba kancane |
| Iphunga, umbala nokujiya | Isimo sokubila nokungcoliswa | Uketshezi olunephunga elimnandi kancane, olunsundu ngokuluhlaza, oluthe ukujiya kancane | Iphunga lokubola noma elimuncu lapho kunokuphazamiseka okukhulu komphakathi wezِilwanyana ezincane; uketshezi olunamanzi amaningi noma amathe amaningi ngemva kokuthathwa kabi |
| Ukufinyela kwesisu sokuqala nesifiso sokudla | Ukusebenza kwezingxenye zangaphambili zesisu sesilwane sonke nokudla esikudlayo | Ukufinyela okuvamile nokwetshisa okuqhubekayo esilwaneni esiqaphile | Ukushintsha kokudla kwakamuva, ubuhlungu, ukuphelelwa amanzi emzimbeni, ukugula okuthinta umzimba wonke |
Ithebula liyilona elibalulekile. Isikhathi eside sokuncishiswa kanye nama-protozoa ahamba kancane, i-pH engajwayelekile nokufinyela okubuthakathaka kukhomba ukwehla kwangempela kokusebenza kwezilwanyana ezincane. Isikhathi eside sodwa esilwaneni esiqaphile esetshisayo, esinama-protozoa anyakaza ngamandla, sikhomba inkinga yesampula, hhayi yesisu sokuqala. Phinda uthathe isampula ngaphambi kokuthatha isinyathelo.
Ukufunda isikhathi kanye ne-pH nomlando
Ukudla kunquma isimo sokuqala esivamile. Ukudla okuningi okugxilile kuyabila ngokushesha futhi kungasusa umbala kadayi cishe ngomzuzu, kuyilapho ukudla kotshani obomile kungathatha imizuzu eminingana, ngisho nasezilwaneni eziphilile. Ngakho isikhathi esifushane asifakazeli sisodwa impilo engcono. Sifakazela ukuthi izinto eziningi ezingabila zihlangane nezilwanyana ezincane ezisebenzayo.
Ukudla okusanhlamvu ngokweqile kakhulu kuyawuphazamisa lowo mkhuba olula. Ekuqaleni ukubila kwama-carbohydrate kungaba namandla, bese ukulimala okubangelwa i-asidi kucindezela umphakathi ojwayelekile wamagciwane nama-protozoa, futhi isikhathi sokuncishiswa sibe side. Yingakho omunye umthetho wokufundisa uthi ukuhlolwa akusebenzi uma i-pH yesisu sokuqala ingaphansi cishe kuka-5.5. Kuleso sigaba umphakathi wamagciwane ohlolwayo usushintshile.
Umhlahlandlela wamaphethini ongokoqobo:
- I-pH ejwayelekile nokuncishiswa phakathi cishe kwemizuzu engu-6 kusikisela umphakathi wamagciwane osebenzayo.
- I-pH ejwayelekile nokuncishiswa okuthatha isikhathi eside kakhulu kusikisela ukungasebenzi okubangelwa ukungadli, umphumela wemithi elwa nezilwanyana ezincane noma isampula engasekho esimweni esifanele.
- I-pH ephezulu nokuncishiswa okuthatha isikhathi eside kuvame ukulandela ukungadli isikhathi eside, sekunezinto ezimbalwa amagciwane angazisebenzisa, kodwa cabangela ukungcoliswa ngamathe okuvela eshubhini.
- I-pH ephansi nokwehla kokusebenza kwama-protozoa kuphakamisa ukukhathazeka ngokuphazamiseka komphakathi wezِilwanyana ezincane okuhlobene nama-carbohydrate. Umhlahlandlela wokuhumusha i-pH yesisu sokuqala uyasiza lapha. Izilinganiso ezingaphansi kuka-5.5 kanye nokudangala komzimba wonke kukhomba kude nokungagayeki kokudla okulula, kuya ekudleni okusanhlamvu ngokweqile nase-acidosis enzima.
Njalo bhala ukusetshenziswa kwakamuva kwama-tetracycline anikezwa ngomlomo, ama-ionophore ekudleni, imithi elwa nezilwanyana ezincane esetshenziswa isikhathi eside futhi ethinta umzimba wonke, ukushintsha kokudla ngokuzumayo, ubude besikhathi sokungadli nenani lamanzi aphuzwayo. Incwadi ye-MSD ixwayisa ngokuqondile ukuthi ama-tetracycline anikezwa ngomlomo angacindezela kakhulu umphakathi wezِilwanyana ezincane esiswini sokuqala. Ama-ionophore aguqula ngamabomu imiphakathi yamagciwane. Ngaphandle kwalowo mlando, isikhathi eside asikwazi ukuhunyushwa.
Ikhwalithi yokuthathwa kwesampula ifanelwe ukubaluleka okufanayo. Ucwaningo olwalulawulwa lwathola ukuthi amasampula athathwe ngeshubhu lesisu ayene-pH ephezulu nama-asidi anamafutha aguquguqukayo ambalwa kunamasampula athathwe nge-cannula ezilwaneni ezifanayo, ikakhulukazi ngenxa yamathe. Isikhathi sokuncishiswa saseluleke ngokuphawulekayo ngemva kwemizuzu engu-60 kuthathwe isampula kuwo wonke umthamo owahlolwa, kanti amasampula amancane yiwona athinteka kakhulu. Thatha okungenani u-10 mL, hlola phakathi kwemizuzu engu-30, wenze ukuhlolwa kokuncishiswa kusenesikhathi, ugcine isampula ifudumele futhi unciphise ukuthintana nomoya.
Ukusetshenziswa okuthathu okungafanele kudidaniswe
Udayi ofanayo, izinhlelo ezintathu ezihlukene.
Okokuqala, ukuhlolwa koketshezi lwesisu sokuqala okuchazwe lapha. Isampula iwuketshezi oluthathwe esiswini sokuqala. Udayi ufakwa ngaphandle komzimba, ube ngamaphesenti angu-0.03. Isiphetho sokuhlolwa yisikhathi kuze kunyamalale umbala. Inhloso ukuhlola ukusebenza kwezilwanyana ezincane ekunciphiseni.
Okwesibili, i-methylene blue enikezwa isilwane esiphilayo esetshisayo. Isibonelo esisunguliwe ukwelashwa ngomthambo wobuthi be-nitrate noma be-nitrite obuhambisana ne-methemoglobinemia, lapho umuthi ubuyisela i-hemoglobin esimweni sokusebenza. Kusebenza imithetho yomthamo, ukwakheka komuthi, izinsalela nesikhathi sokulinda ngaphambi kokusetshenziswa kwemikhiqizo yesilwane. Leso sinqumo asihlangene nakancane nokukala isikhathi eshubhini. Uma udayi usetshenziswa njengomkhondo ngaphakathi komzimba enqubweni ethile, isimiso sibheka ukuthi udayi uya kuphi, hhayi ukuthi amagciwane esisu sokuqala awunciphisa ngokushesha kangakanani.
Okwesithathu, ukuhlolwa kokuncishiswa kobisi. Isampula iwubisi. Udayi ufakwa kusampula yobisi. Ukunyamalala ngokushesha kombala oluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka ngokuvamile kubonisa ukusebenza okukhulu kwezilwanyana ezincane nekhwalithi embi yokuhlala kobisi lungonakali, kanti ukuncishiswa okuhamba kancane kubonisa ikhwalithi engcono. Kungokwesayensi yezilwanyana ezincane ekudleni kanye nokuhlolwa kwekhwalithi yobisi, hhayi ukwelashwa kwesisu sokuqala, futhi akusona isibalo samagciwane.
Ukusebenzisa amagama acacile kuvimbela iphutha: isikhathi sokuncishiswa koketshezi lwesisu sokuqala, ukwelashwa nge-methylene blue ethinta umzimba wonke noma ukusetshenziswa kwayo njengomkhondo, nokuhlolwa kokuncishiswa kobisi. Umthetho wokuphepha ungena emshweni owodwa. Udayi wokuhlolwa kwesisu sokuqala uhlala eshubhini laselabhorethri, bese lelo shubhu lilahlwa. Awunikezwa neze esilwaneni ukuze kwenziwe ukuhlolwa.
Umthetho omfushane wocingo oluvela epulazini
Yenza udayi ube ngamaphesenti angu-0.03 njalo, nengxenye engu-1 kadayi ezingxenyeni ezingu-20 zoketshezi, uhlole uketshezi olusha ezingeni lokushisa eliseduze nelomzimba uluqhathanise noketshezi olungafakwanga lutho, bese ufunda imizuzu kanye ne-pH, ukunyakaza kwama-protozoa, ikhwalithi yokuthathwa kwesampula, ukudla, imithi, ukufinyela, isifiso sokudla, indle nesimo samanzi emzimbeni. Inombolo eyodwa ayikutholi neze ukungagayeki kokudla. Iphethini evumelanayo iyakuthola.