Isihloko
Ukuhlolwa kokuncishiswa kwe-methylene blue obisini: isimiso nemikhawulo
Umfundi uphakamisa amashubhu amabili obisi. Elilodwa liphenduke laba mhlophe ngehora. Elinye lihlale liluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka amahora amahlanu. Ukhomba eliluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka athi liphephile ukuphuza.
Leso siphetho siveza ukuqonda okuyiphutha. Ukuhlolwa kobisi nge-methylene blue akuboni ukuphepha. Kubonisa ukuthi iqoqo lezilwanyana ezincane kulelo shubhu lehlisa ngokushesha kangakanani amandla e-redox ngaphansi kwezimo ezingaguquki. Umphumela ohamba kancane usho ukuthi umsebenzi wokuguqulwa kwezinto eziphilayo uwonke esampuleni uphansi. Awusho lutho ngokuthi yiziphi izilwanyana ezikhona, ukuthi sikhona yini esidala izifo phakathi kwazo, noma ukuthi ubisi lwenziwe yini i-pasteurization ngendlela efanele.
Lo mehluko ubalulekile ngoba ukuhlolwa kubukeka kukholisa. Umbala oluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka uyanyamalala. Iwashi linikeza inombolo. Izinombolo zenza abantu bafinyelele eziphethweni ezingaphezu kwalokho ezikushoyo. Lesi sihloko sigcina ukuhumusha okuwusizo futhi sivimba okungaphephile.
Lokho ukuncishiswa okukukalayo ngempela
I-methylene blue iluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka lapho ifakwe esimweni se-oxidation, futhi icishe ingabi nambala lapho incishiswa ibe yi-leucomethylene blue. Ubisi olusha luqukethe umoya-mpilo oncibilikile, ogcina udayi uluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka. Amagciwane aphefumulayo navutshelayo asebenzisa lowo moya-mpilo futhi akhiphe izinhlanganisela ezincishisayo. Lapho amandla e-redox ehla ngokwanele, udayi wamukela ama-electron bese ulahlekelwa umbala. Umbhalo we-University of Guelph ophathelene nesayensi yezilwanyana ezincane obisini uchaza ukulandelana okufanayo: ukususwa komoya-mpilo kulandelwa ukwakheka kwezinto ezincishisayo ngesikhathi amagciwane eguqula izinto ukuze aphile.
Ucwaningo lwakudala ku-Journal of Dairy Science luchaza lokhu njengenqubo enezigaba ezimbili: amagciwane aqale aqede umoya-mpilo, bese izingxenye zobisi zinciphisa udayi ngokushesha. Ngakho ukuhlolwa kokuncishiswa kwe-methylene blue obisini kuqondakala kangcono njengokuhlolwa kokusebenza okukala umsebenzi ohlangene wokuguqulwa kwezinto eziphilayo, hhayi njengendlela yokubala amaseli. Ukuziphatha kwe-methylene blue ku-redox kuchaza ikhemistri ebangela lolo shintsho.
Umoya-mpilo uhlehlisa iphuzu lokuphela. Udayi we-leuco oncishisiwe, lapho uvezwa emoyeni, uphinde ube sesimweni se-oxidation bese ubuya ube luhlaza okwesibhakabhaka. Ngakho ukunyakazisa, ukuthela, amashubhu abanzi, nesikhala esikhulu somoya ngaphezu koketshezi kubambezela umphumela. Indandatho encane eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka ivame ukusala lapho ubisi luthintana khona nomoya ngemva kokuba ubisi olungaphakathi eshubhini seluphelelwe umbala. Izinqubo ezijwayelekile ziyayamukela leyo ndandatho kunokuba zilinde ukuthi nayo inyamalale.
Uhlobo lwesilwanyana lungeza okunye ukuphazamiseka. Ama-coliform nezilwanyana eziningi ezikhiqiza i-lactic acid zinciphisa udayi ngokushesha. Izilwanyana eziningi ezikwazi ukukhula emakhazeni nezikwazi ukumelana nokushisa ziwunciphisa kancane noma cishe zingawunciphisi nhlobo. Amasampula amabili obisi anenani elifanayo lamagciwane abalwe esitsheni sokukhulisa angalahlekelwa umbala oluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka ngezikhathi ezihlukaniswe amahora. Leli qiniso lilodwa lenza kungafaneleki ukuguqula isikhathi sibe yinani lamakoloni.
Inqubo yelabhorethri elawulwayo
Izindlela ezisetshenziswa ensimini nezisezincwadini zezifundo ziyahlukahluka ngemininingwane, ngakho umphumela usebenza kuphela ngaphakathi kwendlela ewukhiqizile. Indlela evamile yelabhorethri yokudla ihamba kanje:
- Qoqa ubisi olungakafudunyezwa ngendlela enciphisa ukungena komoya, bese ulupholisa ngokushesha. Luxube ngokuphendulela isitsha ngobumnene ngaphambi kokuthatha isampula.
- Faka ubisi olungu-10 mL eshubhini elingenamagciwane kanye nesisombululo sikadayi esisetshenziswayo esingu-1 mL. Ukugxila okukodwa okusetshenziswa kakhulu ngamaphesenti angu-0.005 kadayi, ngesilinganiso sobisi kudayi esingu-10 kuya ku-1.
- Vala ishubhu ngesivalo, uliphendulele ngobumnene kabili, bese ulifaka emanzini alawulwa izinga lokushisa kungakapheli imizuzu embalwa. Izinga lokushisa elivamile ngesikhathi sokufukamela lingu-35 kuya ku-38 degrees Celsius, kuye ngezinga elibekiwe elisetshenziswayo. Bhala ukuthi iliphi olilandelayo.
- Vikela amashubhu ekukhanyeni ngesikhathi sokufukamela, ngoba ukukhanya kusheshisa ukuncishiswa.
- Funda umphumela emizuzwini engu-30, bese uphinda ngezikhawu ezingaguquki. Iphuzu lokuphela yisikhathi lapho ishubhu selifana khona nesampula yobisi olubilisiwe esetshenziswa ukuqhathanisa, noma selifinyelele ekulahlekeni kombala okuchazwe inqubo.
- Gcina ishubhu lobisi olufanayo olungelashwanga njengokuqhathanisa okubonwayo lapho indlela ikudinga lokho.
Ibhukwana le-FAO lokuhlolwa kobisi linikeza indlela ecacile yasensimini yalokhu kulandelana, ngobisi olungu-10 mL kanye nodayi ongu-1 mL, ukuvala ngesivalo, ukuphendulela ngobumnene, ukufukamela eduze kuka-37 kuya ku-38 degrees, nokufunda imiphumela njalo ngemizuzu engu-30. Amashubhu alo okuqhathanisa asebenzisa ubisi olubilisiwe ukuze kubhujiswe uhlelo lwemvelo lokunciphisa futhi kutholakale isisekelo sokuqhathanisa umbala.
Umdwebo ongenhla ubonisa umngcele wezimo ezilawulwayo. Imiqulu efanayo, udayi ofanayo, izinga lokushisa elifanayo, ukuxuba okufanayo, ukuvikelwa ekukhanyeni okufanayo, nomthetho ofanayo wephuzu lokuphela. Shintsha noma yikuphi kwalokhu, nesikhathi siyashintsha. Yingakho izindlela zasekhaya ezisebenzisa ukugxila kukadayi okukhethwe nje zingenakuqhathaniswa namazinga elabhorethri.
Lokho isikhathi sokuncishiswa esikubonisayo
Isikhathi eside sisho umsebenzi ophansi uwonke ngaphansi kwezimo ezishiwo. Isikhathi esifushane sisho umsebenzi ophezulu uwonke. Amathebula okufundisa ngesayensi yobisi ahlobanisa lezo zikhathi namazinga acishe alinganiselwe; ngokwesibonelo, ohlelweni olulodwa olususelwa ku-BIS, amahora angu-5 noma ngaphezulu abhekwa njengamahle kakhulu, kanti ngaphansi kwemizuzu engu-30 kubhekwa njengokubi.
Ukuhlukahluka yisifundo esibalulekile. Umphumela wamahora angu-5 awunalo izinga elisebenza kuzo zonke izindlela. Ungowenqubo ewuchazile. Ngakho indlela yokubika engasekelwa ngobufakazi ithi:
I-MBRT ilingana namahora angu-X ngaphansi kwendlela eshiwo, ihambisana nezinga laleyo ndlela.
Akukaze kube ukuthi i-MBRT ilingana namayunithi akha amakoloni angu-X nge-mL. Iziqondiso ezisuselwa ku-Standard Methods zithi imiphumela yokuncishiswa kukadayi akufanele ibikwe njengezinombolo zamagciwane. Inqubo yokufaka umbala okulula nge-methylene blue nayo iphendula umbuzo ohlukile, ngoba ibonisa ukuma kwamaseli ngaphansi kwesibonakhulu kunomsebenzi uwonke eshubhini.
Ithebula lokuhumusha nemikhawulo
Leli thebula liyinkomba yokuqala yalesi sihloko. Funda umugqa wonke. Alikho iseli elilodwa okufanele lithathwe lodwa.
| Okubonwayo noma okushiwo | Lokho elikubonisayo | Lokho elingenakukuqinisekisa | Izinto eziyinhloko eziphazamisa umphumela |
|---|---|---|---|
| Ukulahleka ngokushesha kombala oluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka, ngaphansi kwamahora angu-2 ohlelweni olulodwa lobisi olungakafudunyezwa | Umsebenzi omkhulu wokunciphisa, ohambisana nenani elikhulu lamagciwane noma nokungagcineki kahle kobisi | Izinhlobo zezilwanyana, inani eliqondile, ubuthi, noma ukwehluleka kwe-pasteurization | Ukugcinwa endaweni efudumele, amagciwane amaningi ohlobo lwe-coliform, ukukhanya, inani eliphansi likadayi |
| Isikhathi esiphakathi, amahora angu-2 kuya ku-4 | Umsebenzi omaphakathi; izinga lisebenza kuphela ngaphakathi kohlelo olushiwo | Ukuphepha noma ukungabikho kwezilwanyana ezinciphisa kancane | Izinga lokushisa eliphezulu lokufukamela, umehluko ekungeneni komoya, ukuhlukana kwamafutha |
| Ukuncishiswa okuhamba kancane, amahora angu-5 noma ngaphezulu | Umsebenzi ophansi uwonke kulolo hlelo | Ukungabikho kwezilwanyana ezidala izifo, ukwenziwa kwe-pasteurization, noma ukuphepha ngokwamakhemikhali | Izinsalela zemithi elwa namagciwane, izinto ezivimbela ukonakala, umoya-mpilo oncibilikile owengeziwe, inani eliphezulu likadayi |
| Indandatho eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka isala phezulu kuyilapho ubisi olungaphakathi luphelelwa umbala | Ukubuyela esimweni se-oxidation lapho ubisi luthintana nomoya, okuwumphumela ojwayelekile wasemaphethelweni | Ukwehluleka kokuhlolwa noma ukusabela okungaphelele | Ishubhu elibanzi, isivalo esingaqinile, ukuvulwa kaningi ukuze kuhlolwe |
| Ishubhu elimhlophe ngemva kokufukamela kobisi olufudunyeziwe | Uhlelo lokunciphisa olushintshile kanye nomsebenzi osasele wezilwanyana ezisindile | Ukuthi ukufudumeza kufinyelele ku-pasteurization eqinisekisiwe | Ukulinyazwa ukushisa, ukululama ngesikhathi sokufukamela, ukungcoliswa kamuva |
| Noma yiliphi inani elilodwa le-MBRT elishiwo ngaphandle kwendlela | Izimo zokuhlolwa azaziwa | Noma yiliphi izinga noma inani lamagciwane | Ukwakheka kukadayi, isilinganiso, izinga lokushisa, ukuxuba, nomthetho wephuzu lokuphela konke akubikiwe |
Ukuhlola okusekelwe ekukhuleni, njengokusebenzisa izinto zokukhulisa amagciwane, kuseyindlela yokubala nokuhlukanisa amagciwane. Ishubhu lokuncishiswa lenza ukuhlola kokuqala. Isitsha sokukhulisa sihlonza futhi sibale.
Lokho ukuhlolwa okungenakukuqinisekisa ngokuphepha
Umphumela ohamba kancane awukwazi ukuqinisekisa ukungabikho kwezilwanyana ezidala izifo. Isilwanyana esidala izifo esikhona ngenani elibalulekile ngokwezokwelapha singase sibe nomthelela omncane ekusetshenzisweni komoya-mpilo uwonke. Ukutholwa kwezilwanyana ezidala izifo kudinga izindlela eziqondene nesilwanyana ngasinye, okuyindawo i-Standard Methods yamanje eyiphatha ngokwehlukile ekuhloleni kokuqala kwekhwalithi jikelele.
Akukwazi ukuqinisekisa i-pasteurization. Ukuqinisekiswa kokwelashwa ngokushisa kusebenzisa ukuhlolwa kwe-alkaline phosphatase noma enye indlela eqinisekisiwe ngaphansi kweziqondiso ze-Codex zenhlanzeko yobisi. Ishubhu elimhlophe noma eliluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka alisho lutho ngomlando wesikhathi nezinga lokushisa lelo qoqo lobisi.
Akukwazi ukuqinisekisa ukuphepha kokudla. Ukuphepha kuncike ezilwanyaneni ezidala izifo, ebuthini obuvele bakheka, ezinsaleleni zemithi, ezinto ezingcolisayo zamakhemikhali, emlandweni wokugcinwa emakhazeni kuyo yonke inqubo, nasekungcolisweni ngemva kokuthathwa kwesampula. I-Codex ibheka ukuphepha kobisi njengochungechunge lwezinyathelo zokulawula kunokuba kube umphumela owodwa wokuhlola kokuqala.
Isimo selabhorethri yokudla asifani nokuhlola ekhaya
Elabhorethri yobisi, lokhu kuhlolwa kuhlola ubisi olwamukelwayo, kuqhathanise abahlinzeki ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, noma kufundise isayensi ye-redox yezilwanyana ezincane ngaphansi kokuqondiswa. Amasampula angalandelelwa. Izinto ezisetshenziswa ekuhloleni zenziwe zaba sezingeni elifanayo. Amazinga okushisa ayabhalwa. Imfucuza ilahlwa ngendlela yelabhorethri.
Ukuhlola ekhaya akunakho lokho. Imiqulu esetshenziswa ekhishini iyalinganiselwa. Ukugxila kodayi abathengiswa ku-inthanethi kwehluka kakhulu. Ukufukamela kuvame ukwenzeka ekamelweni elifudumele kunasemanzini anezinga lokushisa elikalwe futhi lalungiswa. Umbala usashintsha, okwenza umphumela uzwakale uthembekile kuyilapho zonke izimo ezilawulwayo ezaziwenza ube nencazelo zingekho.
Ingozi enkulu kakhulu isekuziphatheni. Ishubhu eliluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka ekhaya lingakhuthaza ukuphuza ubisi olungakafudunyezwa, nakuba ilabhorethri isazoluthumela ukuze kubalwe amagciwane ezitsheni zokukhulisa, kuhlolwe izilwanyana ezidala izifo, futhi kubhekwe izinsalela. Ukuhlolwa kobisi nge-methylene blue kwaklanyelwa ukubeka amazinga obisi olungakafudunyezwa lapho lwamukelwa, hhayi ukugunyaza ubisi ukuba luphuzwe. Ukuhlola kokuqala okusheshayo nge-resazurin kunomngcele ofanayo: ukufundwa kombala kuyashesha, kodwa akukaphenduli umbuzo ngezilwanyana ezidala izifo.
Umthetho omfushane webhentshi lelabhorethri
Yenza udayi, isilinganiso, izinga lokushisa, ukuxuba, ukukhanya, nephuzu lokuphela kube sezingeni elifanayo. Bika isikhathi kanye negama lendlela nezinga. Humusha imizuzu ngokubheka umlando wokugcinwa, izinhlobo zamagciwane, izinsalela, nekhwalithi yokuthathwa kwesampula. Isikhathi esifushane siveza umsebenzi okufanele uphenywe. Isikhathi eside asikaze siqinisekise ukuphepha.