Isihloko
I-methylene blue ekufuyweni kwezilwane zasemanzini nasezinhlanzini zokudla: ukusetshenziswa nemikhawulo
I-koi ne-carp kungaba izinhlanzi zohlobo olufanayo. Umehluko obalulekile awukho ezicini zazo zemvelo. Usekutheni zizogcina zikuphi. Enye ibhukuda echibini lasengadini futhi ayilokothi ingene ochungechungeni lokudla. Enye ifuyelwa ukudliwa ngabantu, futhi wonke amakhemikhali ehlangana nawo alawulwa umthetho wokuphepha kokudla. I-methylene blue ihlezi kuwo kanye lo mngcele: ngakolunye uhlangothi iyindlela yokwelapha eyaziwayo ekuchamiseleni izinhlanzi nasemathangini azo, ngakolunye iyinto engagunyaziwe ezinhlanzini zokudla.
Ukudideka kubangelwa ukuthi lezi zimo ezimbili zibukeka zifana. Ukucwilisa amaqanda okwesikhashana emanzini aluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka endaweni yokuchamisela izinhlanzi zokuhlobisa kubukeka kufana ncamashi nokwenza lokho endaweni yokuchamisela izinhlanzi zokudla. Amanzi anombala ofanayo. Inqubo ibukeka ifana. Kodwa imithetho ihluke ngokuphelele.
I-methylene blue isetshenziselwani ezindaweni zokuchamisela izinhlanzi nasemathangini azo
I-methylene blue isisetshenziswe amashumi eminyaka ekufuyweni kwezinhlanzi, ikakhulukazi ekwelapheni amaqanda. Iqondiswe kakhulu ku-Saprolegnia, isikhunta sasemanzini esikhula emaqandeni afile noma angavundisiwe bese sisakazekela kulawo aphilayo. Izincwadi ezindala zokuchamisela izinhlanzi zichaza ukucwilisa okunjalo kwe-carp encwadini ye-FAO yokukhiqiza amaqanda namachwane e-carp nokwe-sturgeon encwadini ye-FAO yokuchamisela i-sturgeon. Le mibhalo ibhala izindlela zokufuya ezazisetshenziswa ngesikhathi sayo. Ayizona izimvume zanamuhla zokusetshenziswa ezinhlanzini zokudla, okuyiphuzu eliphinde lidingidwe etafuleni elingezansi.
Ezinhlanzini zokuhlobisa, imikhiqizo yamanje ithi yelapha ukutheleleka kwesikhunta okungaphezulu komzimba kanye nama-protozoa athile angaphandle. Ikhasi lomkhiqizo we-methylene blue we-Kordon libala ukutheleleka kwesikhunta emaqandeni, ukutheleleka kwesikhunta okungaphezulu komzimba wezinhlanzi, nokutheleleka okulandela okunye okubangelwa ama-protozoa angaphandle, okuhlanganisa i-Ichthyophthirius (ich), i-Chilodonella ne-Costia. Liphinde lichaze lo dayi njengosizo lapho kubhekwana nokungenwa ubuthi be-nitrite ne-cyanide emathangini ezinhlanzi. Imikhawulo emibili ekulelo lebula kufanele inakwe. Okokuqala, i-Kordon ithi umkhiqizo awuhloselwe ukwelapha i-Oodinium (velvet), ngakho izimangalo ezisabalele ku-inthanethi zokuthi i-methylene blue iyodwa iyelapha i-velvet zidlula lokho okusekelwa yilo mkhiqizi. Okwesibili, nokubaluleke kakhulu kulesi sihloko, i-Kordon ithi umkhiqizo awuhloselwe ukusetshenziswa ezinhlanzini zokudla ngaphansi kwemithetho ye-US FDA ne-EPA. Ngakho ukutholakala komkhiqizo wamathangi ezinhlanzi akubona ubufakazi bokugunyazwa kwawo ochungechungeni lokudla.
Ukugxila kwezixazululo zokucwilisa okushicilelwe kwehluka kakhulu, okuyisixwayiso ngokwakho sokungakopishi izindlela zokuxuba usuke kwesinye isimo uye kwesinye. I-Kordon ibala cishe u-3 ppm izinsuku eziningana lapho kwelashwa izinhlanzi emathangini, ukusetshenziswa okukodwa kuka-3 ppm emaqandeni, nokucwilisa ku-50 ppm imizuzwana engadluli ku-10. Izincwadi zokuchamisela izinhlanzi zibika amanani asukela ekucwiliseni ku-0.1 ppm kuya ekucwiliseni isikhathi esiyihora ku-50 kuya ku-100 mg/L ezincwadini ezindala. Kubheke lokhu njengezibonelo zalokho okushicilelwe, hhayi njengezincomo ezingashintshaniswa. Uhlobo lwenhlanzi, isigaba sokuphila, izici zamakhemikhali zamanzi, kanye nesimo sokugunyazwa konke kushintsha lokho okufanele kubalwe. Abafundi abasebenza ngezinhlanzi zokuhlobisa kufanele balandele indlela yokulinganisa umthamo emathangini ezinhlanzi, kanti abasebenza ngamaqanda kufanele balandele izinqubo zamaqanda nezokuchamisela kunokuba baziqambele izindlela ngalokhu kubuka konke.
Esinye isixwayiso sivela ezinhlanzini zaselabhorethri. Izikhungo ze-zebrafish zivame ukufaka i-methylene blue emanzini okukhulisela imibungu ngezinga elingaba ngu-0.00005 kuya ku-0.0001 percent. Ucwaningo lwango-2025 lwathola ukuthi ngisho nala mazinga asetshenziswa ekufuyeni aguqula izinqubo zokuguqula amandla ezisebenzisa umoya-mpilo phakathi nokukhula kokuqala, aqale andise ukusetshenziswa komoya-mpilo bese kamuva enciphisa ukusetshenziswa kwamandla ezibungwini ezisanda kuchanyuselwa, njengoba kubikwe embhalweni ofinyeleleka mahhala we-PMID 39856203. Lokhu okutholakele akusebenzi ngokuqondile ekufuyweni kwezinhlanzi zokudla, kodwa kusekela iphuzu elivamile: ukwelapha okubonakala kungawenzi umehluko ngoba izinhlanzi zibukeka zijwayelekile kusengaguqula ukusebenza kwemizimba yazo. Yingakho abalawuli befuna imininingwane yezinsalela nokuphepha esikhundleni sokuncika ekubukekeni kwazo.
Umqondo onquma konke: isilwane esikhiqiza ukudla
Abalawuli abayihlukanisi i-methylene blue ngokubuza ukuthi iyasebenza yini. Babuza ukuthi isilwane eselashwayo sihloselwe ini. Inhlanzi efuyelwa ukudliwa ngabantu iyisilwane esikhiqiza ukudla, futhi noma yimuphi umuthi osetshenziswa kuyo udinga ukugunyazwa ngaphansi kwemithetho yezilwane zokudla, kube nemikhawulo yezinsalela nezikhathi zokulinda ngaphambi kokuvuna ezibekiwe. Inhlanzi yokuhlobisa engasoze yadliwa ilawulwa yimithetho yemikhiqizo ehlukile, lapho imikhawulo yezinsalela zokudla ingasebenzi khona, kodwa ukugunyazwa kwamakhemikhali okwelapha izilwane kusengadingeka.
Ukungawuboni lo mehluko kuholela emaphutheni amathathu. Indawo yokuchamisela yelapha amaqanda noma amachwane ahloselwe uchungechunge lokukhiqiza ukudla njengokungathi awokuhlobisa, ngoba mancane futhi kusekude ngaphambi kokuba avunwe. Umnikazi wezilwane ezifuywayo udedela noma athengise izinhlanzi zokuhlobisa, njenge-carp, ukuze zisetshenziswe ekudleni, engaboni ukuthi igama lohlobo lodwa alinqui umthetho. Futhi umthengi ufunda ilebula yomkhiqizo wamathangi ezinhlanzi bese ecabanga ukuthi ukutholakala ezitolo kusho ukugunyazwa kokuphepha kokudla. Esimweni ngasinye iphutha liyafana: ukusebenzisa umqondo wezinhlanzi zokuhlobisa lapho kubusa khona umqondo wezinhlanzi zokudla. Imikhawulo ehlukile yokuhambisana nezihlungi, izitshalo namathangi ibonisa isimiso esifanayo ngaphakathi kwethangi lezinhlanzi: isimo sokusetshenziswa yiso esinquma ukuthi ukwelapha kufanelekile yini.
Itafula lokubhekisela lamazwe nezimo zokukhiqiza
Leli tafula liwumthombo wokubhekisela walesi sihloko. Lifingqa ukuthi i-methylene blue igunyaziwe yini ezinhlanzini zokudla nokuthi ukusetshenziswa ezinhlanzini zokuhlobisa kubhekwa kanjani ezindaweni ezinhlanu ezinemithetho ehlukene. Amagama akhethwe ngokucophelela: ezindaweni eziningi inkulumo enembile ithi "ayigunyaziwe" noma "ayinayo imvume," okuhlukile ekuvinjelweni ngumthetho okuyibiza ngegama ngokuqondile.
| Indawo elawula ngokomthetho | Izinhlanzi zokudla: igunyaziwe? | Isimo sokuhlobisa nesingahloselwe ukudla | Isiphathimandla |
|---|---|---|---|
| United States | Cha. Awukho umuthi we-methylene blue ogunyazwe yi-FDA ezinhlanzini zokudla ovela ohlwini lwe-FDA lwemithi egunyaziwe yokufuya izilwane zasemanzini. Imikhiqizo engekho kulolo hlu kodwa ethengiselwa izinhlanzi zokudla iyimithi yezilwane engagunyaziwe ngokwencwadi ye-FDA eya kochwepheshe bokufuya izilwane zasemanzini. Qaphela: lokhu akukhona ukubalwa ngaphansi komthetho ovimbela ukusetshenziswa okungaphandle kwemiyalelo yelebula ku-21 CFR 530.41; "engagunyaziwe" yigama elinembile. | Imikhiqizo yamathangi ezinhlanzi ikhona, kodwa ukuthengiswa ezitolo akufakazeli ukugunyazwa yi-FDA, futhi ukulawulwa kwezinsalela okuchazwe esiqondisweni se-FDA sokudla kwasolwandle okufuyiwe kuyasebenza lapho izinhlanzi zingena ochungechungeni lokudla. Ukusetshenziswa udokotela wezilwane okungaphandle kwemiyalelo yelebula ngaphansi kwe-21 CFR 530.20 kudinga izindlela zokuvikela ukuphepha kokudla futhi akudali ukugunyazwa okuvamile. | FDA Center for Veterinary Medicine |
| European Union | Cha. Izinto ezivunyelwe ezilwaneni ezikhiqiza ukudla zivela kuThebula 1 loMthethonqubo (EU) No 37/2010, njengoba kuchazwe esiqondisweni se-EMA semikhawulo ephezulu yezinsalela. I-methylene blue ayikho kulolu hlu, ngakho inkulumo efanele ithi "ayivunyelwe ezilwaneni ezikhiqiza ukudla." | Izinhlanzi zokuhlobisa ezingahloselwe ukudla azibhekani nodaba lwemikhawulo yezinsalela, kodwa umkhiqizo wokwelapha izilwane usadinga ukugunyazwa okufanele ngaphansi kwemithetho esebenzayo. | European Commission, EMA |
| United Kingdom | Cha ngaphansi kohlaka lwezilwane zokudla. I-Northern Ireland ilandela imithetho yeThebula 1 le-EU; i-Great Britain idinga isisekelo se-MRL kurejista ye-GB noma isimo sokuba ngaphandle kokufanele kulawulwe ngaphambi kokusetshenziswa ezilwaneni zokudla, ngaphansi kwesiqondiso se-VMD se-Cascade kanye nemithetho ye-VMD yemikhawulo ephezulu yezinsalela. Asitholakalanga isisekelo esifanele se-methylene blue ezinhlanzini zokudla. | Ukusetshenziswa ezinhlanzini zokuhlobisa kuwudaba oluhlukile lokugunyazwa komkhiqizo futhi akufanele kuthathwe njengokusebenza nasezinhlanzini ezingena ochungechungeni lokudla. | Veterinary Medicines Directorate |
| Canada | Cha. I-methylene blue ayikho ohlwini lwe-Health Canada lwemithi egunyaziwe ezilwaneni zasemanzini ezikhiqiza ukudla, njengoba kuchazwe kunqubomgomo ye-Health Canada yemithi yokufuya izilwane zasemanzini. Ukusetshenziswa okungaphandle kwemiyalelo yelebula okuqondiswa udokotela wezilwane ngaphansi kwenqubomgomo yaseCanada ye-ELDU kanye nezindlela zokuvumela umuthi ezimweni eziphuthumayo kuyizimo ezikhethekile ezinomkhawulo, hhayi ukugunyazwa. | Kungenzeka kuphela ngaphansi kwemithetho efanele yaseCanada yokugunyazwa; ukuthi "akuhloselwe ukudla" kukodwa akufakazeli ukuthi umkhiqizo ungathengiswa ngokusemthethweni. | Health Canada, CFIA |
| Australia | Akutholakalanga ukugunyazwa ezinhlanzini zokudla. I-APVMA idinga ukubhaliswa noma imvume yemikhiqizo yamakhemikhali yokwelapha izilwane, ngokwesiqondiso sayo sokubhalisa. Imikhiqizo yokuhlobisa equkethe i-methylene blue ibhalisiwe, njengenhlanganisela yamathangi ezinhlanzi ekwilebula le-APVMA Multi Cure, kuyilapho imvume yamanje ye-methylene blue yezinja kuphela izikhipha ngokusobala izinhlobo ezikhiqiza ukudla (imvume ye-APVMA PER13488). Lokho kukhishwa kuthinta leyo mvume futhi akufanele kucashunwe njengokuvinjelwa okuvamile. | Imikhiqizo ebhalisiwe yamathangi ezinhlanzi zokuhlobisa ikhona; ukusetshenziswa ezinhlanzini zokudla kungadinga isisekelo sakho esingokomthetho. | APVMA |
Abafundi ngezinye izikhathi babuza nge-malachite green njengesibonelo esandulelayo. Ukuqhathanisa kuwusizo kodwa kunomkhawulo. I-malachite green inomlando wayo osobala wokulawulwa kwezinsalela ezindaweni eziningana, kuyilapho i-methylene blue isesimweni esihlukile: ayikho ohlwini lwezinto ezivunyelwe, kunokuba ibizwe ngegama kulezo zivimbelo ezifanayo. Ukucaphuna umlando we-malachite green njengobufakazi bokuthi i-methylene blue ihlukaniswa ngendlela efanayo kungaba okunganembile.
Kungani ukulinda isikhathi eside kungesona isikhathi sokulinda esigunyaziwe
Isikhathi sokulinda ngaphambi kokuvuna siyisikhathi esigunyazwe ngumlawuli esitholakala emininingwaneni yokuncipha kwezinsalela, ebonisa ukuthi izinsalela ezicutshini ezidliwayo zehla zibe ngaphansi komkhawulo osemthethweni ngesikhathi esinqunyiwe. I-Health Canada ne-APVMA zombili zihlobanisa izikhathi zokulinda naleyo mininingwane. Entweni engagunyaziwe engenawo umkhawulo obekiwe, alikho inani lezinsuku zokulinda elikhethwe umsebenzisi elingadala isikhathi sokulinda esigunyaziwe sisuka nje kokungekho.
Kunesimo esisodwa esihlukile esinemibandela. Ezinye izindawo zivumela udokotela wezilwane ukuba abeke isikhathi sokulinda sokusetshenziswa okungaphandle kwemiyalelo yelebula ngenqubo eyamukelwayo, njenge-AMDUCA e-US, ukusetshenziswa kwemithi okungaphandle kwemiyalelo yelebula eCanada, i-Cascade e-UK, noma izinhlinzeko zodokotela bezilwane nezokusetshenziswa okulinganiselwe e-Australia. Lokho kuyisenzo sobungcweti esiqondene nesimo esithile ngaphakathi kohlaka lomthetho olunezindlela zokuvikela eziphathelene nezinsalela. Akufani nesimangalo sesikhathi sokulinda esigunyazwe ngumkhiqizi, futhi esimweni se-EU ne-Northern Ireland, ukungabikho kokuhlukaniswa kwe-MRL kusalokhu kuyinkinga eyisisekelo engenakulungiswa ukulinda isikhathi eside.
Isiqondiso esisebenzayo ngokohlobo lomfundi
Izindawo zokuchamisela ezifuya i-trout, i-salmon, i-tilapia, i-catfish noma i-carp ukuze zidliwe kufanele zibheke i-methylene blue njengengatholakali ukuba isetshenziswe ochungechungeni lwazo lokukhiqiza, ngaphandle uma udokotela wezilwane ethola indlela esemthethweni endaweni yazo futhi ethatha umthwalo wokuhambisana nemithetho yezinsalela. Izindlela ezindala zokucwilisa amaqanda azikushintshi lokhu. Amaqanda namachwane ahloselwe uchungechunge lokudla abalwa njengengxenye yalolo chungechunge.
Abagcina izinhlanzi emathangini, abafuyi be-koi nabanikazi be-goldfish abagcina izinhlanzi ezingasoze zadliwa basebenza ohlangothini lokuhlobisa lwalo mngcele. Sebenzisani imikhiqizo enamalebula alungele leyo njongo, landelani imiyalelo yelebula, futhi ningadluliseli izinhlanzi zokuhlobisa emachibini ezinhlanzi zokudla.
Odokotela bezilwane kufanele baqinisekise ukuthi yiluphi uhlaka olulawula isimo: kuqala amatafula okugunyazwa, bese kuba imithetho yokusetshenziswa okungaphandle kwemiyalelo yelebula noma ye-cascade, bese kuba imibhalo yezinsalela. Ukutholakala ezitolo zezilwane ezifuywayo, imithamo eshiwo ezinkundleni zabathandi bezinhlanzi, nezincwadi ezindala zokuchamisela kuyimininingwane yokufuya, hhayi izimvume.
Isimiso esiyisisekelo silula uma sesishiwo ngokucacile. I-methylene blue yazakhela indawo yayo emathreyini amaqanda nasemakhabetheni ezinto zamathangi ezinhlanzi ngenxa yamashumi eminyaka yemiphumela ebonakalayo ekulweni nesikhunta sasemanzini nezimuncagazi zangaphandle. Ukukhiqizwa kokudla kubuza umbuzo wesibili imiphumela ebonakalayo engenakuwuphendula: yini esala enyameni, futhi ubani oqinisekisile ukuthi iphephile. Kuze kube yilapho indawo elawula ngokomthetho iphendula lowo mbuzo ngenqubo yayo yokugunyazwa, ukucwilisa emanzini aluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka kuhlala ohlangothini lokuhlobisa lwalo mngcele.