I-Methylene Blue Yesikhunta Sama-Axolotl: Ubufakazi Nokuqapha Kodokotela Bezilwane

Umfuyi ubona okumhlophe okufana nokotini eziphefumulweni ze-axolotl, afune i-methylene blue yesikhunta sama-axolotl, bese ethola ibhodlela lomuthi wezinhlanzi eselivele liseshalofini. Amanzi akula mathangi womabili abukeka efana, lokho okufana nokotini kubukeka kufana, futhi ibhodlela lithi elokwelapha isikhunta. Ukusebenzisa umuthi ofanayo kubonakala kuyinto esobala.

Yileli iphutha eliyinhloko le ndatshana ehlose ukulivimbela. I-axolotl ayiyona inhlanzi enemilenze. Iyi-salamander egcina izici zesigaba sayo sobusha ngisho isikhulile, enesikhumba esivumela izinto ukuba zingene, iziphefumulo zangaphandle ezifana nezimpaphe, edinga amanzi abandayo, futhi engakwazi ukubekezelela kakhulu izindlela ezinqamulelayo ezivame ukusetshenziswa abafuyi bezinhlanzi. Imiyalelo yokwelapha isikhunta sezinhlanzi ayikwazi ukuguqulwa nje ngenxa yokufana, futhi ubufakazi bama-amphibian nge-methylene blue abukusekeli lokho.

Ukungahambisani kwemiqondo: ukwelashwa kwezinhlanzi uma kuqhathaniswa nesiguli esiyi-amphibian

Umklami wesofthiwe uDaniel Jackson usebenzisa ukuhlola okulula kwemiqondo. Umqondo uyiyunithi yokusebenza enesimo sayo nemithetho yayo. Izimo ezimbili ezibukeka zifana esikrinini zingase zisekelwe emiqondweni ehlukene ngaphakathi, futhi izenzo eziphephile kwesinye zingahluleka kwesinye.

Ukwelashwa kwezinhlanzi nokwelashwa kwama-amphibian kubukeka kufana. Kokubili kuhilela isilwane esigulayo emanzini, udayi ofakwa emanzini, nomphumela okulindelwe ukuthi ulwe nesikhunta. Kodwa iziguli zihlukile ngezindlela ezintathu eziguqula zonke izinqumo.

Okokuqala, ukumuncwa kwezinto kuyahluka. Isikhumba sama-amphibian sivumela izinto ukuba zingene kangangokuthi odokotela bezilwane bavame ukunikeza imithi ngokucwilisa isilwane emanzini anomuthi, futhi iziqondiso ezijwayelekile zitshela abelaphi ukuba bacabangele ukumuncwa ngesikhumba esigulayo nomehluko phakathi kwezinhlobo, njengoba kuchazwe eziqondisweni ze-Merck ngezindlela zokwelapha ama-amphibian. Izinhlanzi zimunca imithi eminingi es emanzini ikakhulukazi ngeziphefumulo, kanti isikhumba sinegalelo elincane kuphela ezinhlanzini ezinkulu, ngokusho kokubuyekezwa kwango-2023 kokumuncwa kwemithi ezinhlanzini. Ngakho ukugxila komuthi okubekezelelwa yinhlanzi akusho okuningi ngalokho okumuncwa yi-axolotl. Kunemininingwane eyeqisayo okufanele iyekwe. Iziphefumulo zama-axolotl zinamaseli athutha izinto ngokusebenzisa amandla, njengoba kuboniswe ucwaningo ngesakhiwo esincane seziphefumulo zama-axolotl, kodwa alukho ucwaningo olubonisa ukuthi iziphefumulo zama-axolotl zimunca i-methylene blue kakhulu kuneziphefumulo zezinhlanzi, futhi ucwaningo oludala lokugeleza kwezinto kuma-salamander ahlobene lwathola ukuthi isikhumba senza ukushintshana okukhulu kwezinto lapho iziphefumulo ziboshiwe, njengoba kubikwe nguBaldwin noBentley.

Okwesibili, indawo yokuphila iyahluka. Ukunakekelwa kwama-axolotl kuncike emanzini apholile nasesihlungini esisebenza ngamagciwane aphilayo. Izinga lokunakekelwa kweqoqo elichazwe kumhlahlandlela wokunakekelwa w e-Ambystoma Genetic Stock Center ligcina ezikhulile cishe ku-15 kuya ku-18 degrees futhi lixwayisa ngokuzigcina ngaphezu cishe kuka-22 degrees, kusetshenziswa amanzi asuswe i-chlorine nesihlungi samagciwane aphilayo esiguqula i-ammonia ne-nitrite. Noma yini elimaza amagciwane aguqula i-ammonia ibe yi-nitrite ne-nitrate ilimaza isiguli ngokungaqondile, ngoba imfucuza iyaqhubeka inqwabelana ngesikhathi sokwelashwa.

Okwesithathu, ukuhlonza isifo kuyahluka. Okumhlophe okufana nokotini ku-axolotl kuvame ukubizwa ngesikhunta, kodwa igama elivame ukusetshenziswa kwezokwelashwa kwezilwane yi-saprolegniasis, ukutheleleka kwesikhumba noma kweziphefumulo ezilimele ngesikhunta sasemanzini, okukhiqiza into emhloshana efana nokotini futhi okuvame ukuhlasela izilwane olunengqimba lwazo lwamafinyila elinyazwe yi-ammonia noma ukuphathwa ngezandla. Incazelo ye-MSD Veterinary Manual yezifo ezithathelwanayo zama-amphibian incoma ukuqinisekisa lokhu ngokukhuhla isampula yesikhumba ebonisa imicu yesikhunta noma ama-zoospore, ngoba ukuqagela ngokubuka kungaphambanisa isikhunta sasemanzini namanxeba abangelwa amagciwane, isikhumba esixebukayo, noma udoti.

Ubufakazi bama-amphibian obukhona ngempela

Isifinyezo esithembekile sifushane. Kukhona ukusetshenziswa kwakudala, ukubalulwa ezincwadini zemithi, kanye nokuhlolwa okukodwa kwama-salamander okuhlobene ngokuqondile okungaphumelelanga. Alukho ucwaningo olulawulwayo olubonisa ukuthi i-methylene blue yelapha ukutheleleka nge-Saprolegnia osekuqalile kuma-axolotl asechanyuselwe.

Ukusetshenziswa kwakudala kuyinto eyenzeka ngempela, kodwa kubuthaka njengobufakazi. Iphephandaba elidala le-Indiana University Axolotl Colony eligcinwe yi-University of Kentucky lichaza ukufakwa kwe-methylene blue kokumile okuyisikhunta eziphefumulweni nasezinzwaneni, ephephandabeni leqoqo eligcinwe enqolobaneni. Lokho kubhala ukuthi iqoqo lezilwane layizama emashumini eminyaka edlule. Akufakazeli ukugxila okuphephile noma izinga lokwelapheka. Ukubalulwa encwadini yemithi nakho kunobufakazi obuncane. Incwadi ehlanganisa imininingwane ecashunwa kakhulu kaSmith ku-ILAR Journal ibala i-methylene blue phakathi kwemithi yokulwa nesikhunta kuma-amphibian, isekelwe emithonjeni emidala. Ithebula lencwadi yemithi libhala lokho okwabikwa, hhayi umphumela wocwaningo, futhi ukugxila kokucwiliswa okubhalwe lapho akufanele kuthathwe njengezinqubo zasekhaya eziqinisekisiwe.

Ukuhlolwa okuqondile kwama-salamander kukhomba kolunye uhlangothi. Ocwaningweni lwezikhwama zamaqanda ze-salamander Hynobius dunni ezinokutheleleka okufana ne-Saprolegnia, olushicilelwe ku-The Herpetological Bulletin, ukucwiliswa emanzini ane-methylene blue kwachazwa njengokungaphumelelanga, kuyilapho ukususa amaqanda athelelekile nalawo angakwazi ukuqhubeka ephila kwasebenza kangcono. Izikhwama zamaqanda azifani nama-axolotl asemancane noma akhulile, futhi inani lokuphindaphindwa kokuhlolwa lalincane, kodwa lokhu kuyisibonelo sokuhlolwa esisondele kakhulu futhi asizange sivune udayi.

Izincwadi ezihlanganisa ucwaningo ziyavumelana ngaleli gebe. Ukubuyekezwa kwango-2022 kwe-saprolegniosis kubala i-methylene blue phakathi kwezindlela zokwelapha ezibikiwe kuma-amphibian, kodwa kuxwayisa ngokuthi izinqubo eziningi zama-amphibian zabolekwa ekwelashweni kwezinhlanzi ngaphandle kokuhlolwa okwanele kokusebenza noma ukuphepha okuqondene nama-amphibian. Leso sixwayiso siyindlela efanele yokubheka wonke amabhodlela emithi yezinhlanzi okukhulunywa ngawo ngezansi.

Imininingwane yokuphepha nayo ayiphelele. Alukho ucwaningo lwama-axolotl olukhulu ngokwanele oluchaza umkhawulo phakathi kwenani le-methylene blue elisebenzayo neliyingozi. Iphepha lezokwelashwa kwama-axolotl elimayelana nokwelapha izilwanyana eziwuhlupho zangaphandle libalula ukukhathazeka ngobuthi be-methylene blue kulolu hlobo lwesilwane. Imiphumela engemibi ngokwanele ukuba ibulale isilwane ingenzeka ngisho sisinda, njengoba kuboniswe lapho ukumaka ngonombala we-methylene blue kwaguqula ukuziphatha konoshobishobi nengozi yokubanjwa kwabo. Ukusinda akubufakazeli ukuthi into ayinamthelela.

Okunconywa iziqondiso zodokotela bezilwane esikhundleni salokho

Imithombo yezokwelashwa kwezilwane iyavumelana ngokulandelana kwezinyathelo, futhi i-methylene blue yesilwane esesichanyuselwe ayiyona ingqikithi yazo. Ukulandelana kubaluleke ngaphezu kwanoma yimuphi umkhiqizo owodwa.

Qala ngamanzi. Hlola i-ammonia, i-nitrite, i-nitrate, i-pH, nezinga lokushisa, susa i-chlorine noma i-chloramine, futhi uqinisekise ukuthi isihlungi siyasebenza. Ishidi le-Lafeber lokunakekelwa kwama-axolotl elibuyekezwe udokotela wezilwane licacisa ukuthi i-ammonia ne-nitrite kufanele zibe kuziro, i-nitrate ibe ngaphansi kuka-10 ppm, futhi lifaka ukuhlunga, ukushintsha amanzi, namazinga okushisa apholile ekuvimbeleni izifo okuvamile. Lesi sinyathelo siyingxenye yokwelapha, hhayi umsebenzi oseceleni, ngoba ukulimala kongqimba lwamafinyila okubangelwa yi-ammonia kwandisa amathuba okutheleleka ngesikhunta sasemanzini.

Thola ukuhlonzwa kwesifo uma kukhona okungaphezu kwechashaza elincane elingabalulekile. Udokotela wezilwane angakhuhla isampula enxebeni, aqinisekise isikhunta sasemanzini, asuse izicubu ezonakele endaweni ethile lapho kufanele khona, futhi ahlukanise lokhu nokutheleleka ngamagciwane okudinga ukunakekelwa okuhlukile. Izincwadi zamaqanda ezinhlanzi ziyisihloko esihlukile esidingidwa kumhlahlandlela we-methylene blue yamaqanda ezinhlanzi, kanti indlela evamile yokucabanga ngamathangi ezinhlanzi ichazwe kumhlahlandlela wezinqumo zokwelapha izinhlanzi zasemathangini. Akukho kulokhu okungasetshenziswa ngokuqondile esimweni se-amphibian.

Sebenzisa ukwelashwa okufanele ama-axolotl ngaphansi kokuqondisa kukadokotela wezilwane. I-MSD ibala ukwelashwa ngosawoti, ukususa izicubu ezonakele emanxebeni asendaweni ethile, nemithi yokulwa nesikhunta yama-amphibian njengezindlela ezingakhethwa kuye ngesimo, kanti i-methylene blue ibalulwa maqondana namaqanda kunokuba ibe isincomo esiyinhloko sesifo sesikhumba noma seziphefumulo esesikhona. Izindlela ezijwayelekile zikasawoti noma zokushisa zama-amphibian zidinga ukulungiswa ngokohlobo lwesilwane. Ucwaningo lokuphepha lapho izilwane zazihlolwa ngezimo ezahlukene ngokushintshana lwathola ukuthi ukuchayeka isikhathi esifushane ku-5 ppt we-sodium chloride akuzange kuveze izimpawu ezimbi ezibonwayo, kuyilapho ku-20 ppt kwabangela izimpawu ezimbi ngokushesha, njengoba kubikwe emibhalweni yenkomfa ye-ARAV ngokubekezelela usawoti kwama-axolotl. Lolo cwaningo lwahlola ukubekezelela, hhayi ukwelapheka, kodwa luyakwenqabela ukukopisha ngokuqondile izinqubo ezinosawoti omningi. Ukushisa nakho kunemikhawulo esilwaneni esithanda u-16 kuya ku-18 degrees. Imithi yokulwa nesikhunta enqunywa udokotela iyisigaba esihlukile kodayi bamathangi ezinhlanzi. Okuhlangenwe nakho okuqondile kuma-axolotl nge-itraconazole yokulwa ne-chytrid, okubikwe ocwaningweni lokuqeda ukutheleleka eqoqweni laselabhorethri, kwaqeda ukutheleleka ngohlelo lokwelapha oluncishisiwe kodwa kwabikwa nokufa kwezilwane, okusekela ukunqunywa komthamo ngudokotela wezilwane kunokuziqambela ngokususelwa emgqeni wencwadi yemithi.

Funa ukuhlolwa udokotela wezilwane ngokushesha lapho okumile okufana nokotini kusabalala, kuthinta ingxenye enkulu yeziqu zeziphefumulo, kubuya ngemva kokulungiswa kokunakekelwa, noma kuhambisana nokudangala, ukungakuthandi ukudla, ukwehla kwesisindo, izilonda, ukunyakaza kweziphefumulo kanzima, noma ukuhlala njalo eduze nobuso bamanzi. Lezi zimpawu zikhomba isifo esisabalele noma inkinga yesibili, futhi zidinga ukuhlolwa ngesibonakhulu nokuhlelwa kokwelashwa okuqondene nohlobo lwesilwane kunokucwiliswa emuthini onamandla kakhulu.

Uhlu lokuhlola ukuhambisana komkhiqizo: yisa lokhu kudokotela wakho wezilwane

Lolu hlu lokuhlola luyinsiza yokuqala eyenzelwe le ndatshana. Aluncomi indlela yokwelapha. Lukutshela ukuthi yimiphi imibuzo okufanele iphendulwe ngaphambi kokukhetha noma iyiphi indlela. Letha ibhodlela, isithombe selebula, nalezi zimpendulo ngesikhathi sokuqokwa.

Ukuhlola	Umbuzo okufanele uphendulwe	Kungani kubalulekile kuma-axolotl
1. Uhlobo lwesilwane olukulebula	Ingabe ilebula ibalula ama-amphibian, noma izinhlanzi namaqanda ezinhlanzi kuphela?	Ikhasi lomkhiqizo we-Kordon methylene blue lichaza umkhiqizo wezinhlanzi namaqanda ezinhlanzi ongabaluli ukusetshenziswa kuma-amphibian. Umbhalo oqondene nezinhlanzi kuphela awuyona imvume yokusetshenziswa kuma-amphibian.
2. Ukwakheka okuqondile komkhiqizo	Kuyini ukugxila kwesithako esisebenzayo, luyini uhlu oluphelele lwezithako, futhi ingabe inombolo yeqoqo lomkhiqizo nosuku lokuphelelwa yisikhathi kuyabonakala?	Odayi bamathangi ezinhlanzi bayahluka phakathi kwemikhiqizo namaqoqo okukhiqiza. Ngaphandle kokwazi umkhiqizo oqondile os ebhodleleni, akekho udokotela wezilwane ongahlulela ukuchayeka, futhi izinombolo zamaconsi ezitholakala ku-inthanethi ezivela kwamanye amabhodlela azikwazi ukudluliselwa kuwo. Amakhono okufunda amalebula asemhlahlandleleni wokulinganisa ukugxila komuthi wokwelapha ayasiza lapha.
3. Isixwayiso ngesihlungi samagciwane aphilayo	Ingabe ilebula ixwayisa ngokusebenzisa umkhiqizo kanye nokuhlunga ngamagciwane aphilayo?	I-Kordon ixwayisa ngokuthi udayi uphazamisa amagciwane aguqula i-ammonia ibe yi-nitrite ne-nitrate, futhi yeluleka ngokungawusebenzisi ezinhlelweni ezincike ekuhlungeni ngamagciwane aphilayo. Amathangi ama-axolotl ancike kulokho kuhlunga, ngakho ukufaka umuthi ethangini eliyinhloko kubeka engcupheni yokwenyuka okuyingozi kwe-ammonia phezu kokutheleleka.
4. Imiphumela ezitshalweni nasezintweni	Ingabe ilebula ibalula ukulimala kwezitshalo, ukungcoliseka ngombala kwe-silicone, noma ukususwa komuthi yikhabhoni nezinto ezinezimbotshana?	Lezi zixwayiso zikhomba ukuthi ithangi eliyinhloko aliyona indawo efanele. Isiqukathi sokwelapha esingenazo izihlobiso, ngaphansi kokuqondisa kukadokotela wezilwane, sivikela uhlelo oluyinhloko, kodwa naso sisadinga uhlelo lwaso lokulawula ikhwalithi yamanzi.
5. Ukuhlonzwa kwesifo kuqinisekisiwe	Ingabe ukuhlolwa ngesibonakhulu kuqinisekisile isikhunta sasemanzini, noma isikhunta sisewukuqagela?	Ukumila okumhlophe kukodwa akukhethi ukwelashwa. Isifo samagciwane, i-chytrid, nokulimala ngokuphathwa noma ukushayeka kudinga izindlela ezahlukene.
6. Amanzi nezinga lokushisa kubhaliwe	Ingabe i-ammonia, i-nitrite, i-nitrate, i-pH, nezinga lokushisa kukaliwe futhi kwabhalwa phansi?	Ukulungisa amanzi kuyingxenye yokwelapha. Ukufudumeza i-axolotl iye emazingeni okushisa ezinhlanzi noma ukusebenzisa izindlela ezijwayelekile ezinosawoti omningi kungangeza into yesibili eyicindezelayo.
7. Isigaba sokukhula nezimpawu	Ingabe isiguli siyiqanda, siyisibungu, sisencane, noma sesikhulile, futhi zikhona yini izimpawu ezithinta umzimba wonke?	Izinqubo zamaqanda azikwazi ukudluliselwa ezilwaneni ezisencane noma ezikhulile ezineziphefumulo. Izimpawu ezithinta umzimba wonke ziphakamisa isimo sisuke ekulungiseni ukunakekelwa siye ekudingeni ukunakekelwa okuphuthumayo udokotela wezilwane.
8. Uhlelo lukadokotela wezilwane lubhaliwe	Ingabe udokotela wezilwane unqumile into ezosetshenziswa, indawo yokuchayeka, ukuqapha, ukushintsha amanzi, iphuzu lokumisa, nokuthi kufanele kuthathwe nini izinyathelo ezengeziwe?	Ukucwiliswa kwama-amphibian emuthini kudinga umthetho ocacile wokumisa nephuzu lokubuyekeza. Ithangi eliluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka elishiywa isikhathi esinganqunyiwe ngaphandle kwephuzu lokumisa aliyona indlela ehleliwe.

Uma noma yimuphi umugqa ungenampendulo, isinqumo sokwelapha asikalungeli ukuthathwa. Umugqa ongaphenduliwe uyisizathu sokuma uthole usizo, hhayi sokukhetha umthamo onamandla kakhulu.

Izicupho eziqondene nabafuyi bama-axolotl

Izicupho ezintathu zivela njalo ezinkundleni zokuxoxa. Ukushisisa ithangi ukuze kulwiwe nesikhunta kuboleka inqubo yezinhlanzi zasezindaweni ezishisayo elimaza isilwane samanzi abandayo esigcinwa cishe ku-18 degrees. Ukukopisha indlela evamile kasawoti yama-amphibian kushaya indiva imininingwane engenhla yokubekezelela eqondene nohlobo lwesilwane. Ukufaka umuthi ethangini eliyinhloko ngoba ukusebenzisa isiqukathi esihlukile kubonakala kuwumsebenzi owengeziwe kubeka isihlungi samagciwane aphilayo, izitshalo, nezinto zokuvala ithangi ekuthintaneni nodayi owaziwayo ukuthi uphazamisa amagciwane aguqula i-ammonia ibe yi-nitrite ne-nitrate. Isiqukathi esihlukile ngaphansi kokuqondisa kukadokotela wezilwane sisadinga amanzi asuswe i-chlorine, ukulawulwa kwezinga lokushisa, ukufakwa komoya ngobumnene, nohlelo lokuqapha.

Akukho kulokhu okusho ukuthi i-methylene blue iwubuthi kuma-axolotl kuzo zonke izimo. Ukusetshenziswa kwayo kwakudala emaqoqweni ezilwane kufakazela ukuthi yazanywa. Kodwa ukuzanywa akufani nokufakazelwa, futhi ukubekezelela kwezinhlanzi akusho ukuphepha kuma-amphibian. Kuze kube khona imininingwane yocwaningo olulawulwayo lwama-axolotl, iyindlela engakaqinisekiswa, ukusetshenziswa kwayo, uma kungake kufaneleke, okufanele kube ngaphakathi kohlelo lukadokotela wezilwane olunokuhlonzwa kwesifo okuqinisekisiwe, indawo efanele, nephuzu elicacile lokumisa.