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Uvavanyo lwe-MBAS: ukulinganisa izinto ezinciphisa utsalo lomphezulu ze-anion ngeblue yemethylene
Uvavanyo lwe-MBAS lulinganisa izinto ezisebenzisana neblue yemethylene phantsi kwenkqubo echaziweyo yokutsalwa ngesinyibilikisi. Iilabhoratri zilusebenzisa ukuqikelela ubungakanani bezinto ezinciphisa utsalo lomphezulu ze-anion emanzini. Luvelisa umlinganiselo weqela lezinto, hayi ukuchongwa kwemolekyuli nganye yesicoci ekwisampulu.
Lo mahluko ubalulekile xa ingxelo isithi “izinto ezinciphisa utsalo lomphezulu ze-anion njenge-MBAS.” Isiphumo sinokuxhasa uthelekiso lweenkqubo zokucoca amanzi ngaphandle kokuchaza ukuba yeyiphi into enciphisa utsalo lomphezulu ekhoyo. Sinokutshintsha ngenxa yokutshintsha kokwakheka kwesampulu, nokuba ukuxinana kwento ekujoliswe kuyo akukatshintshi.
Oko kulinganiswa luphawu oluzuba
I-MBAS ithetha izinto ezisebenzisana neblue yemethylene. Iblue yemethylene yidayi enomthwalo wombane ovumayo. Izinto ezifanelekileyo ezinomthwalo wombane ongavumiyo zidibana nayo zenze izibini zee-ion ezinokungena kwisinyibilikisi esiyi-organic. Ilabhoratri ilinganisa umbala ozuba kweso sinyibilikisi, kunokuba ifunde nje umbala wamanzi okuqala.
Inkcazelo yembali yeNdlela ye-EPA 425.1 icacisa lo mgaqo wokutsalwa ngesinyibilikisi kwaye itsho ngokucacileyo ukuba olu vavanyo alukwazi ukwahlula phakathi kweentlobo ezinxulumeneyo zezinto ezinciphisa utsalo lomphezulu nee-isomer zazo. Umda wokusetyenziswa kwayo uquka amanzi okusela, amanzi aphezu komhlaba nenkunkuma yasekhaya neyamashishini, kodwa awuquki amanzi anetyuwa. Ezi nkcazelo zomda wokusetyenziswa zezale ndlela; azifanele zisetyenziswe ngokuzenzekelayo kulo lonke uvavanyo lwezorhwebo lwezinto ezinciphisa utsalo lomphezulu.
Isiphumo sixhomekeke kwinto esetyenziselwa ukulinganisa isixhobo. Ukuba ilabhoratri ilinganisa isixhobo isebenzisa i-linear alkylbenzene sulfonate, okanye i-LAS, “mg/L njenge-LAS” ichaza impendulo eboniweyo ngokwaloo mlinganiselo wesalathiso. Ayibonisi ukuba yonke into enika impendulo yi-LAS. Cela ukuchazwa kwento esetyenziselwe ukulinganisa isixhobo nesiseko sokunika ingxelo nanini na uthelekisa iziphumo ezivela kwiilabhoratri ezahlukeneyo.
Yeyiphi indlela efanele icatshulwe yilabhoratri?
Kuvavanyo oluphantsi koMthetho waManzi aCocekileyo waseUnited States, itheyibhile yangoku yeendlela kwi-40 CFR 136.3 idwelisa Standard Methods 5540 C-2021 kunye ASTM D2330-20 zokulinganisa izinto ezinciphisa utsalo lomphezulu ngokulinganisa umbala ngeblue yemethylene. Qinisekisa imvume esebenzayo nomda womsebenzi ovunyelweyo welabhoratri ngaphambi kokuyalela uhlalutyo lokuqinisekisa ukuthotyelwa kwemithetho.
I-EPA 425.1 isengamaxwebhu embali aluncedo, kodwa inkcazelo yayo yakudala yokuvunywa ayithathi indawo yokujonga itheyibhile yangoku. Ukuthi “indlela ye-MBAS” kuphela sisalathiso sendlela esingaphelelanga: faka inombolo yendlela nohlaziyo lwayo kwingxelo.
Kwakhona, yahlula i-MBAS kwezinye iimvavanyo zezinto ezinciphisa utsalo lomphezulu ezisebenzisa umlinganiselo wombala. Umzekelo, iHach ichaza iNdlela 8028 njengendlela esebenzisa i-crystal violet. Ukufana kweentlobo zeesampulu okanye kweeyunithi zokunika ingxelo akwenzi ukuba iinkqubo ezimbini zekhemistri yokutsalwa ngesinyibilikisi zitshintshiselane.
Inkqubo yovavanyo: apho isigqibo ngasinye singena khona
Isishwankathelo se-5540 C kwi-National Environmental Methods Index sichaza ukutsalwa kathathu ngechloroform kumxube olungisiweyo onamanzi one-asidi, ukuhlanjwa kwesicatshulwa ngamanzi, nomlinganiselo kwi-652 nm. Inkqubo elandelayo icacisa injongo yale misebenzi. Ubungakanani beekhemikhali ezisetyenziswayo nemiqathango yokwamkelwa kweziphumo kufuneka zithathwe kwinkqubo elawulwayo yelabhoratri.
| Inqanaba | Okwenzekayo | Omakurekhodwe okanye kuhlolwe |
|---|---|---|
| 1. Chaza isampulu | Khetha indawo yokuthatha isampulu nenxalenye yesampulu efunekayo. | Uhlobo lwamanzi, ixesha lokuqokelelwa, izinto eziqinileyo ezibonakalayo, nalo naluphi na unyango lwangaphambili. |
| 2. Misela isalathiso | Lungisa izisombululo zomgangatho ezichaziweyo neesampulu ezingenanto ekujoliswe kuyo. | Isazisi sento yokulinganisa isixhobo, isiseko sokuxinana, noluhlu lokusebenza. |
| 3. Tsala izibini zee-ion | Dibanisa isampulu elungisiweyo neblue yemethylene kunye nechloroform ngokulandelelana kokutsalwa okumiselweyo. | Ukufunyanwa ngokuchanekileyo komaleko ofunekayo nabo nabuphi na ubunzima bokwahlula. |
| 4. Hlamba uze ulinganise | Hlamba isicatshulwa ngamanzi uze ufunde ukufunxa kwaso ukukhanya kubude bamaza obuchaziweyo. | Ukugqitywa kokuhlamba, imeko yeseli yokulinganisa ukukhanya, nempendulo yesixhobo. |
| 5. Vavanya ukufaneleka kwesiphumo | Sebenzisa izibalo zokulinganisa isixhobo nezokuxutywa ukuze kuncitshiswe ukuxinana, uze uvavanye izilawuli zomgangatho. | Umda wokunika ingxelo, iiyunithi, umlinganiselo wokunciphisa ukuxinana, nezithintelo ezinxulumene nokwakheka kwesampulu. |
Ukutolikwa kwenani lokugqibela kuxhomekeke kwezi rekhodi. Igophe lokulinganisa isixhobo elisebenza ngokufanelekileyo limisela impendulo yesixhobo kwizisombululo zomgangatho. Lilodwa, alibonisi ukuba amanzi amdaka amashishini aziphatha njengezo zisombululo.
Iziphazamiso zinokusinyusa okanye zisicinezele isiphumo
Isiphazamiso sinokuba sesekhemistri kwakunye nesokukhanya. Ezinye izinto zinokuthwala idayi ziyise kwisicatshulwa, ngoxa ezinye zithintela into ekujoliswe kuyo ekwenzeni oko. Ingxoxo yendlela ye-EPA ichaza amaqela aliqela ezinto eziyi-organic nee-ion ezingezizo eze-organic ezinika impendulo. Isishwankathelo se-NEMI sikwachaza ii-cation ezikhuphisanayo nokuncamathela kwezinto kumphezulu wamasuntswana.
| Isiphazamiso okanye imeko | Isiphumo esinokwenzeka | Ukuhlolwa kokutolikwa |
|---|---|---|
| Ezinye iikhompawundi ezinokutsalwa ngesinyibilikisi nezisebenzisana neblue yemethylene | Uphawu olongezelelweyo olubalelwa kwinto enciphisa utsalo lomphezulu | Kuphephe ukubalela yonke impendulo kwisithako esibiziweyo. |
| I-nitrate okanye i-chloride | Ukugqithiswa kwesiphumo kwiinkqubo ezichaphazelekayo | Hlola ukwakheka kwesampulu nokuhlamba okumiselweyo. |
| Izinto ezinciphisa utsalo lomphezulu ze-cation okanye ii-amine | Ukuncipha kwempendulo ngenxa yokukhuphisana ekwenziweni kwezibini zee-ion | Phanda imixube yezithako nokufunyanwa okuphantsi kwento eyongeziweyo yesalathiso. |
| Amasuntswana adadayo emanzini | Ukuncipha kwempendulo esemanzini ngenxa yokuncamathela kumphezulu wamasuntswana | Rekhoda ukuba izinto eziqinileyo bezikhona okanye zisusiwe. |
| Ugwebu okanye ukuncamathela kumphezulu wesikhongozeli | Inxalenye ethathiweyo ayisamele isampulu epheleleyo yokuqala | Phonononga ukuqokelelwa, ukuxutywa nokuthathwa kweesampulu ezincinci. |
Umzekelo oluncedo kakhulu uvela kuphando lwe-USGS ngenkqubo yayo yangaphambili ye-MBAS. Iisampulu zolawulo lomgangatho ezine-nitrate kodwa zingenazo ezinye izinto ze-MBAS zavelisa impendulo. Abaphandi baqinisekisa ukuphazamiseka okubangelwa yi-nitrate ne-chloride baza bazisa indlela enenyathelo lokuhlamba ngesinyibilikisi. Balumkisa ukuba unxulumano olubonakala phakathi kwe-MBAS ne-nitrate lunokubonisa isiphazamiso sohlalutyo ngokwaso.
Oku kukufunyaniswa kwembali okunxulumene nenkqubo ethile, hayi ubungqina bokuba zonke iziphumo ze-MBAS zanamhlanje zigqwethekile. Isifundo esisebenzayo kukubuza ukuba unxulumano lunokuvela ngaphakathi kuvavanyo ngokwalo na, ngaphambi kokuluchaza njengenkqubo eyenzekayo kokusingqongileyo.
Ukuphathwa kweesampulu makube yinxalenye yomlinganiselo
Izinto ezinciphisa utsalo lomphezulu ziqokelelana kwiindawo apho kudibana khona izinto ezahlukeneyo. Isikhokelo se-NEMI silumkisa ukuba ugwebu lunokunciphisa ezi zinto kulwelo olungaphantsi kwalo nokuba ukuncamathela kwiindonga zesikhongozeli kunokubaluleka xa ukuxinana kuphantsi. Musa ukususa ugwebu uze ucinge ukuba ulwelo olushiyekileyo luyafana nesampulu eqokelelweyo.
Kwimeko yolawulo lwaseUnited States ekhankanyiweyo, iTheyibhile II ye-40 CFR 136.3 imisela ukupholisa iisampulu zezinto ezinciphisa utsalo lomphezulu ziye kwi-6 °C okanye ngaphantsi kunye nexesha eliphezulu lokugcinwa le-48 iiyure, ngokuxhomekeke kumanqaku ayo asemazantsi. Lungiselela iibhotile, uthutho nokwamkelwa yilabhoratri ngaphambi kokuthatha iisampulu. Ukutsalwa ngesinyibilikisi okwenziwe ngokuchanekileyo akunakubuyisela izinto ezilahlekileyo ngexesha lokuqokelelwa okanye lokugcinwa.
Funda izilawuli zomgangatho ngaphambi kokusebenzisa inani
Imiqathango yolawulo lomgangatho kwi-40 CFR 136.7 ichaza izilawuli ezifana neesampulu ezingenanto ekujoliswe kuyo, ukuhlolwa kokulinganiswa kwesixhobo, iisampulu zolawulo lwelabhoratri, iisampulu ezongezwe into yesalathiso, neesampulu eziphindiweyo. Imisebenzi yazo yahlukile. Isampulu engenanto ekujoliswe kuyo ihlola ungcoliseko; isampulu eyongezwe into yesalathiso ihlola ukuba loo nto inokufunyanwa na kuloo sampulu; isampulu ephindiweyo ivavanya ukuphindaphindeka kweziphumo.
Cinga ngomzekelo wothelekiso lwenkqubo: kwindawo yokungena kunikwa ingxelo ye-1.0 mg/L njenge-LAS, kwindawo yokuphuma ibe yi-0.2 mg/L njenge-LAS. Izibalo zibonisa ukuncipha kwe-80% kokuxinana kwe-MBAS okuxeliweyo. Ngaphambi kokubiza oko ngokususwa kwe-80% kwezinto ezinciphisa utsalo lomphezulu, hlola ukuba iisampulu zimele iimeko zenkqubo ezinokuthelekiswa, zisebenzisa isiseko esifanayo sokunika ingxelo, kwaye zinezilawuli ezamkelekileyo. Ukuncipha kokuxinana nako akubonisi ukuncipha kwe-80% kobunzima bento ekhutshwayo ukuba ukuhamba kwamanzi kutshintshile.
Isiphumo esingaphantsi komda wokunika ingxelo sithetha ukuba ilabhoratri ayikwazi ukulinganisa ngokuthembekileyo ubungakanani be-MBAS obungaphantsi kwelo nqanaba lichaziweyo. Asibonisi ukuba isampulu ayinazo izinto ezinciphisa utsalo lomphezulu okanye ukuba iyahlangabezana nayo yonke imiqathango yomgangatho wamanzi.
Ukukhetha indlela, qala ngesikhokelo seblue yemethylene kuvavanyo lohlalutyo. Ukulungiselela umsebenzi welabhoratri, sebenzisa isikhokelo esifanelekileyo sokuphatha iikhemikhali nokhuseleko lwelabhoratri. Cela indlela yohlalutyo ejoliswe kwinto ethile xa isigqibo sifuna ukuchonga into ethile enciphisa utsalo lomphezulu, kunokulinganisa impendulo edibeneyo kwidayi.