Inqaku
Uvavanyo lokuncitshiswa kwe-methylene blue kulwelo lwerumen
Umntu osandul’ ukuphumelela izifundo ufowuna esefama, ephethe ityhubhu eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka. Ufake imethylene blue kulwelo lwerumen kwimizuzu elishumi edlulileyo, yaye umbala usahleli. Ubuza ukuba makayinike na inkomo idayi engakumbi.
Lo mbuzo ubonisa ukungaqondwa kakuhle komgaqo wolu vavanyo. Kuvavanyo lokuncitshiswa kwe-methylene blue kulwelo lwerumen, idayi ifakwa kwityhubhu, ingaze ifakwe kwisilwanyana. Lonke uvavanyo lwenzeka kwityhubhu. Ukulinganisa ukuba umbala oluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka uphela ngokukhawuleza kangakanani kukuxelela okuthile ngeentsholongwane ezikuloo sampulu, kungekhona ngonyango olufunwa sisilwanyana.
Oku kudideka kuyaqondakala kuba imethylene blue isetyenziswa kwiimeko ezintathu ezahlukileyo kunyango lwezilwanyana. Eli nqaku liyazahlula, lize libonise indlela yokutolika ixesha lokuncitshiswa kunye ne-pH, iiprotozoa, umgangatho wokuthathwa kwesampulu neempawu zeklinikhi.
Into elinganiswa luvavanyo ngokwenene
Imethylene blue iluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka xa ikwimo eneoksideshini, ize iphantse ingabi nambala xa incitshisiwe. Ulwelo olutsha lwerumen oluphuma kwisilwanyana esisempilweni lunamandla amakhulu okunciphisa ngokwekhemistri kuba iibhaktheriya ezisebenza ngaphandle kweoksijini zibilisa ukutya ngokukhutheleyo. Xa uxuba idayi encinane kolo lwelo, umsebenzi wemetabolism yeebhaktheriya ususa umbala kwimizuzu embalwa.
Ngoko umgaqo wokusebenza ulula: uluntu lweentsholongwane olusebenzayo ngaphandle kweoksijini lususa umbala ngokukhawuleza, kanti olungasebenziyo okanye olonakeleyo luwususa kancinci. Ixesha elifutshane lithetha amandla amakhulu okunciphisa kuloo sampulu. Ixesha elide libonisa umsebenzi othotyiweyo weentsholongwane, ukuba isampulu ithathwe yaza yaphathwa kakuhle.
Olu vavanyo alulinganisi ngokuthe ngqo amandla eredox erumen. Uphononongo lweendlela zokuvavanya iinkomo olwathelekisa olu vavanyo nemilinganiselo ethe ngqo yeemillivolt alufumananga nxulumano lungqamene nomgca phakathi kwexesha lokuncitshiswa namandla eredox alinganisiweyo, lwaza lwagqiba kwelokuba ezi ndlela zimbini mazingathathwa njengemilinganiselo etshintshanayo yento enye. Isishwankathelo sothelekiso olupheleleyo sikwi-PubMed. Cinga ngovavanyo lokuncitshiswa njengovavanyo lomsebenzi woluntu lweentsholongwane, kungekhona njenge-electrode enexabiso eliphantsi.
Inkcazelo ye-Merck/MSD yokungagayeki kokutya okulula kwizilwanyana ezetyisayo idibanisa ixesha elide lokuncitshiswa ne-pH engaqhelekanga yerumen namanani anciphileyo eeprotozoa. Akukho xabiso linye elenza uxilongo. Yipatheni edibeneyo elwenzayo.
Inkqubo eqhelekileyo eyenziwa kufuphi nesilwanyana
Iinkqubo ziyahluka kancinane phakathi kwamaziko emfundo, ngoko bhala imithamo nobushushu obuchanekileyo obusebenzisayo, uze uthelekise iziphumo kuphela kwezo zifunyenwe ngenkqubo efanayo. Enye indlela efundiswa kakhulu yile:
- Thatha ubuncinane i-10 ukuya kwi-20 mL yolwelo olutsha lwerumen, unciphise amathe, ukudibana nomoya nokuphola. Luvavanye ngokukhawuleza.
- Lungisa imethylene blue eyi-0.03 percent, elingana ne-0.3 mg nge-mL.
- Yongeza idayi elingana ne-5 percent yomthamo wolwelo. Oko kuthetha i-1.0 mL yedayi kwi-20 mL yolwelo, okanye i-0.5 mL yedayi kwi-10 mL yolwelo. Zombini zinika umlinganiselo ofanayo wolwelo kwidayi we-20 ukuya kwi-1.
- Gcina ityhubhu yesibini yolwelo olungafakwanga dayi oluvela kwakuloo sampulu, ukuze ibe ngumlinganiselo wokuthelekisa umbala.
- Xuba ngobunono, qalisa isibali-xesha kwangoko, uze ugcine ityhubhu kubushushu obusondele kobomzimba, malunga ne-37 ukuya kwi-39 degrees Celsius ngokuxhomekeke kwinkqubo yasekuhlaleni.
- Bhala ixesha elithathwayo de ityhubhu yovavanyo ifane naleyo yokuthelekisa. Umsesane omncinane oluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka kumphezulu odibana nomoya unokuhlala ukho kuba ioksijini iphinda yenze ioksideshini kwidayi apho. Musa ukulinda ukuba loo msesane uphele.
Ikhemistri yeredox ye-methylene blue ichaza ukuba kutheni ioksijini ibalulekile apha. Ukushukumisa ngamandla, ityhubhu evuleke kakhulu, okanye ukulibaziseka ixesha elide kuvumela ioksijini ukuba ingene, kuze kugcine idayi iluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka ixesha elide kunokuba bekuya kwenzeka kwirumen ngokwayo. Iinkcukacha zendlela ecocekileyo yokuthatha ulwelo lwerumen zibalulekile ngenxa yesizathu esifanayo. Amathe axuba aze angxenge isampulu, anyuse ne-pH, ngoko xa kusetyenziswa ityhubhu yesisu oogqirha bezilwanyana abaninzi bayasilahla isahlulo sokuqala ukuba umthamo uyavuma.
Into elinganiswa luhlolo ngalunye
Ixesha lokuncitshiswa liphendula umbuzo omnye kuphela. Uvavanyo lwerumen olungezantsi lubonisa igalelo lohlolo ngalunye olwenziwa kufuphi nesilwanyana. Sebenzisa umqolo wonke, kungekhona iseli enye.
| Uhlolo | Into oluyilinganisa | Okudla ngokufunyanwa xa kuhlolwa isilwanyana | Izinto eziqhelekileyo ezinokuphazamisa iziphumo |
|---|---|---|---|
| Ixesha lokuncitshiswa kwe-methylene blue | Umsebenzi wokunciphisa ngokwekhemistri weebhaktheriya ezisebenza ngaphandle kweoksijini kwisampulu | Kwiinkomo lidla ngokuba yimizuzu emi-2 ukuya kwemi-6; kwiigusha neebhokhwe lidla ngokuba lifutshane ngakumbi, kusetyenziswa imizuzu emi-6 njengomda osebenzayo womsebenzi owaneleyo, yaye amaxesha angaphezu kwemizuzu eli-10 engaqhelekanga kakhulu | Isampulu ebandayo, elibazisiweyo, edityaniswe nomoya, okanye engxengwe ngamathe; ukunqongophala kwezinto zokubiliswa emva kokungafuni kutya ixesha elide; amayeza okulwa neentsholongwane anikwa ngomlomo; ukuthelekisa imilinganiselo eyahlukileyo yedayi okanye amaqondo obushushu ahlukileyo |
| I-pH yerumen | Imeko yekhemistri, umthwalo weasidi okanye wealkali | Iinkomo ezitya ukutya okurhabaxa zidla ngokusondela kwi-6.0 ukuya kwi-7.2; iincwadi zezilwanyana ezincinane ezetyisayo zidla ngokukhankanya malunga ne-6.5 ukuya kwi-7.5; ukutya nexesha elidlulileyo ukususela ekutyeni ziyalitshintsha ixabiso | Ukungcoliswa ngamathe kunyusa i-pH kwiisampulu ezithathwe ngetyhubhu yesisu; ukulahleka kwekharbon dayoksayidi emva kokuthatha isampulu; ukondla ngeenkozo kwehlisa i-pH |
| Inani nokuhamba kweeprotozoa | Imeko yoluntu lweeprotozoa ezineecilia, ngakumbi iintlobo ezinkulu ezichaphazeleka lula luphazamiseko | Izinto eziphilayo ezininzi ezinobukhulu obahlukeneyo, ezihamba ngamandla kwicala elithile kwithontsi elitsha nelifudumeleyo | Ukuphola kuyacothisa ukuhamba; iasidosisi enzima inokuphelisa iiprotozoa; ukulibaziseka kwenza isampulu eqhelekileyo ibonakale ingasebenzi kakuhle |
| Ivumba, umbala nokuqina kolwelo | Uhlobo lokubila nokungcoliseka | Ulwelo olunevumba elincinane elimnandi, umbala omdaka oluhlaza, nobukhulu obuncinane | Ivumba elibolileyo okanye elimuncu xa ulungelelwano lweentsholongwane luphazamiseke kakhulu; ulwelo olumanzi kakhulu okanye olunamathe amaninzi emva kokuthathwa kakubi |
| Ukufinyela kwerumen nomdla wokutya | Umsebenzi wamacandelo angaphambili esisu sesilwanyana siphela nokutya esikuthathayo | Ukufinyela rhoqo nokwetyisa okuzinzileyo kwisilwanyana esiphaphileyo | Utshintsho lwakutshanje kwisabelo sokutya, iintlungu, ukuphelelwa ngamanzi emzimbeni, isigulo esichaphazela umzimba wonke |
Itheyibhile ngowona mongo. Ixesha elide lokuncitshiswa kunye neeprotozoa ezihamba ngokucotha, i-pH engaqhelekanga nokufinyela okubuthathaka kubonisa ukuthotywa kokwenene komsebenzi weentsholongwane. Ixesha elide lodwa kwisilwanyana esiphaphileyo, esetyisayo nesineeprotozoa ezisebenza ngamandla likhomba kwingxaki yesampulu, kungekhona yerumen. Phinda uthathe isampulu ngaphambi kokuthatha amanyathelo.
Ukutolika ixesha kunye ne-pH nembali yesilwanyana
Ukutya kubeka isiseko. Izabelo zokutya ezityebileyo ngokutya okugxininisiweyo zibila ngokukhawuleza yaye zinokuwususa umbala wedayi malunga nomzuzu, ngoxa ukutya kwefula kunokuthatha imizuzu eliqela, nakwizilwanyana ezisempilweni. Ngoko ixesha elifutshane lodwa alingqini impilo engcono. Lingqina ukuba izinto ezininzi ezinokubiliswa zidibene neentsholongwane ezisebenzayo.
Ukutya iinkozo ngokugqithisileyo okumandla kuyayaphula loo pateni ilula. Ukubiliswa kweekhabhohayidrethi ekuqaleni kunokuba namandla, kuze emva koko umonakalo weasidi uthintele uluntu oluqhelekileyo lweentsholongwane neeprotozoa, lize ixesha lokuncitshiswa libe lide. Kungenxa yoko le nto omnye umgaqo ofundiswayo usithi olu vavanyo alusebenzi xa i-pH yerumen ingaphantsi malunga ne-5.5. Ngelo xesha uluntu lweentsholongwane oluvavanywayo sele lutshintshile.
Isikhokelo esisebenzayo seepateni:
- I-pH eqhelekileyo kunye nokuncitshiswa phakathi malunga nemizuzu emi-6 kubonisa uluntu lweentsholongwane olusebenzayo.
- I-pH eqhelekileyo kunye nokuncitshiswa okuthatha ixesha elide kakhulu kubonisa ukungasebenzi ngenxa yokungafuni kutya, impembelelo yamayeza okulwa neentsholongwane, okanye isampulu enengxaki.
- I-pH ephezulu kunye nokuncitshiswa okuthatha ixesha elide kudla ngokulandela ukungafuni kutya ixesha elide, kukho izinto ezimbalwa zokubiliswa, kodwa qwalasela ukungcoliswa ngamathe avela kwityhubhu.
- I-pH ephantsi kunye nokuncipha komsebenzi weeprotozoa iphakamisa inkxalabo ngokuphazamiseka kolungelelwano lweentsholongwane okunxulumene neekhabhohayidrethi. Isikhokelo sokutolika i-pH yerumen siyanceda apha. Amaxabiso angaphantsi kwe-5.5 kunye nokuthotywa komsebenzi womzimba wonke akhomba ngaphaya kokungagayeki kokutya okulula, ukuya ekutyeni iinkozo ngokugqithisileyo nakwiasidosisi enzima.
Soloko ubhala ukusetyenziswa kwakutshanje kweetetracycline ngomlomo, ii-ionophore ezisekutyeni, ukusetyenziswa kwexesha elide kwamayeza okulwa neentsholongwane achaphazela umzimba wonke, utshintsho olukhawulezileyo kwizabelo zokutya, ixesha lokungafuni kutya, namanzi aselwayo. Incwadi ye-MSD ilumkisa ngokukodwa ukuba iitetracycline ezinikwa ngomlomo zinokuthoba kakhulu iintsholongwane zerumen. Ii-ionophore zitshintsha uluntu lweebhaktheriya ngenjongo. Ngaphandle kwaloo mbali, ixesha elide alinakutolikwa.
Umgangatho wokuthathwa kwesampulu ufanele ukunikwa ukubaluleka okufanayo. Uphononongo olulawulwayo lwafumanisa ukuba iisampulu ezithathwe ngetyhubhu yesisu zine-pH ephezulu neeasidi ezinamafutha eziguquguqukayo ezimbalwa kuneesampulu ezithathwe ngekhanula kwizilwanyana ezifanayo, ubukhulu becala ngenxa yamathe. Ixesha lokuncitshiswa landa kakhulu xa sekudlule imizuzu engama-60 emva kokuthathwa kwesampulu kuwo wonke umthamo owavavanywayo, iisampulu ezincinane zichaphazeleka kakhulu. Thatha ubuncinane i-10 mL, uvavanye kungadlulanga imizuzu engama-30, wenze uvavanyo lokuncitshiswa kwangethuba, ugcine isampulu ifudumele, uze unciphise ukudibana kwayo nomoya.
Iindlela ezintathu zokusetyenziswa ezingamele zididaniswe
Idayi enye, iinkqubo ezintathu ezahlukileyo.
Eyokuqala luvavanyo lolwelo lwerumen oluchazwe apha. Isampulu lulwelo lwerumen oluqokelelweyo. Idayi yongezwa ngaphandle komzimba nge-0.03 percent. Isiphumo esilinganisiweyo lixesha elithathwayo ukuze umbala uphele. Injongo kukuhlola umsebenzi wokunciphisa weentsholongwane.
Eyesibini yimethylene blue enikwa isilwanyana esetyisayo esiphilayo. Umzekelo osekiweyo lunyango olunikwa ngomthambo kwityhefu yenitrate okanye yenitrite ehamba nemethemoglobinemia, apho iyeza libuyisela iheemoglobin esebenzayo. Kusebenza imithetho yedosi, yokwakheka kweyeza, yeentsalela neyexesha lokulinda. Eso sigqibo asinanto yakwenza nokulinganisa ixesha kwityhubhu. Ukuba idayi isetyenziswa njengomkhondo ngaphakathi emzimbeni kwinkqubo ethile, umgaqo kukuba idayi ihamba iye phi, kungekhona ukuba iintsholongwane zerumen ziyinciphisa ngokukhawuleza kangakanani.
Eyesithathu luvavanyo lokuncitshiswa kubisi. Isampulu lubisi. Idayi yongezwa kwisampulu yobisi. Ukuphela ngokukhawuleza kombala oluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka ngokuqhelekileyo kubonisa umsebenzi omkhulu weentsholongwane nokugcinakala okubi, ngoxa ukuncitshiswa okucothayo kubonisa umgangatho ongcono. Olu vavanyo lolwemicrobiology yokutya kunye nokuvavanywa komgangatho wobisi, kungekhona unyango lwerumen, yaye alusilo ubalo lweebhaktheriya.
Ukugcina amagama ecacile kuthintela impazamo: ixesha lokuncitshiswa kulwelo lwerumen, unyango lwe-methylene blue oluchaphazela umzimba wonke okanye ukusetyenziswa kwayo njengomkhondo, novavanyo lokuncitshiswa kubisi. Umgaqo wokhuseleko unokuchazwa ngesivakalisi esinye. Idayi yovavanyo lwerumen ihlala kwityhubhu yaselebhu, ize loo tyhubhu ilahlwe. Ayize inikwe isilwanyana ukwenza olu vavanyo.
Umgaqo omfutshane womnxeba ovela efama
Yenza idayi ibe yi-0.03 percent ngokomgangatho, usebenzise inxalenye e-1 yedayi kwiinxalenye ezingama-20 zolwelo, uvavanye ulwelo olutsha kubushushu obusondele kobomzimba uluthelekisa nolungafakwanga dayi, uze utolike imizuzu kunye ne-pH, ukuhamba kweeprotozoa, umgangatho wokuthathwa kwesampulu, ukutya, amayeza, ukufinyela, umdla wokutya, ilindle nobungakanani bamanzi emzimbeni. Inani elinye lodwa alize lixilonge ukungagayeki kokutya. Yipatheni ehambelanayo eyenzayo.