Inqaku
Uvavanyo lokuncitshiswa kwe-methylene blue ebisini: umgaqo nemida
Umfundi uphakamisa iityhubhu ezimbini zobisi. Enye ijike yamhlophe ngeyure. Enye ihlale iluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka kangangeeyure ezintlanu. Ukhomba leyo iluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka aze athi ikhuselekile ukuba ingaselwa.
Eso sigqibo sibonisa indlela engachanekanga yokuluqonda uvavanyo. Uvavanyo lobisi lwe-methylene blue alufumani ukhuseleko. Lubonisa ukuba iintsholongwane ezikule tyhubhu ziyihlisa ngokukhawuleza kangakanani ipotenshiyali ye-redox phantsi kweemeko ezimiselweyo. Isiphumo esicothayo sithetha ukuba umsebenzi wemetabolism uwonke kwisampulu uphantsi. Asixeli ukuba zeziphi izinto eziphilayo ezikhoyo, ukuba kukho intsholongwane ebangela izifo phakathi kwazo, okanye ukuba ubisi lwenziwe ipasteurayizeshini ngokuchanekileyo.
Lo mahluko ubalulekile kuba uvavanyo lubonakala luqinisekisa. Umbala oluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka uyanyamalala. Iwotshi inika inani. Amanani akhuthaza ukutolika okugqithiseleyo. Eli nqaku ligcina indlela eluncedo yokutolika lize lithintele leyo ingakhuselekanga.
Oko kulinganiswa kukuncitshiswa ngokwenene
I-methylene blue iluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka xa ifumene i-oksideshini yaye phantse ayinambala xa incitshiselwe kwi-leucomethylene blue. Ubisi olutsha luqulethe ioksijini enyibilikileyo, egcina idayi iluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka. Iibhaktheriya eziphefumlayo nezibilisayo zisebenzisa loo oksijini zize zikhuphe iikhompawundi ezinciphisayo. Xa ipotenshiyali ye-redox ihle ngokwaneleyo, idayi yamkela ii-elektroni ize ilahlekelwe ngumbala wayo. Incwadi yemicrobiology yobisi yeYunivesithi yaseGuelph ichaza olu landelelwano njengokususwa kweoksijini okulandelwa kukuveliswa kwezinto ezinciphisayo ngexesha lemetabolism yeebhaktheriya.
Uphando lwakudala olukwi-Journal of Dairy Science lukuchaza njengenkqubo enamanqanaba amabini: iflora iqala iphelise ioksijini, emva koko izinto ezikubisi zinciphise idayi ngokukhawuleza. Ngoko uvavanyo lokuncitshiswa kwe-methylene blue ebisini luqondwa kakuhle njengovavanyo lomsebenzi wemetabolism odityanisiweyo, kungekhona njengesixhobo sokubala iiseli. Indlela i-methylene blue eziphatha ngayo kwi-redox ichaza ikhemistri ebangela olo tshintsho.
Ioksijini ibuyisela umva isiphumo sokugqibela. Idayi ye-leuco encitshisiweyo xa ichanabeke emoyeni iphinda ifumane i-oksideshini ize iphinde ibe luhlaza okwesibhakabhaka. Ngoko ukushukumisa, ukugalela, iityhubhu ezibanzi, nesithuba somoya esikhulu ngaphezu kolwelo ziyasilibazisa isiphumo. Umsesane obhityileyo oluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka udla ngokuhlala kumphezulu odibana nomoya emva kokuba ulwelo oluseleyo kwityhubhu luphulukene nombala. Iinkqubo ezisemgangathweni ziyawamkela loo msesane kunokuba zilinde ukuba unyamalale.
Uhlobo lwezinto eziphilayo longeza okwesibini ukuphazamiseka. Ii-coliform neentlobo ezininzi ezivelisa iasidi ye-lactic zinciphisa idayi ngokukhawuleza. Iintlobo ezininzi ezikhula kumaqondo obushushu aphantsi nezinyamezela ubushushu ziyinciphisa kancinane okanye phantse zingayinciphisi kwaphela. Iisampulu ezimbini zobisi ezinobalo olufanayo kwiipleyiti zinokuphulukana nombala oluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka ngamaxesha ahlukene ngeeyure. Loo nyaniso iyodwa ibonisa ukuba ixesha alinakuguqulelwa kwinani leekholoni.
Inkqubo yelabhoratri elawulwayo
Iinguqulelo ezisetyenziswa ngaphandle kwelabhoratri nezikwiincwadi zezifundo ziyahluka kwiinkcukacha, ngoko isiphumo sisebenza kuphela ngokwendlela esiveliswe ngayo. Inguqulelo eqhelekileyo yelabhoratri yokutya iqhutywa ngolu hlobo:
- Qokelela ubisi olukrwada ulungenise umoya kancinane kangangoko, uze ulupholise ngokukhawuleza. Luxube ngokujika isikhongozeli ngobunono ngaphambi kokuthatha isampulu.
- Galela 10 mL yobisi kwityhubhu engenazintsholongwane ene-1 mL yesisombululo sedayi esilungiselelwe ukusetyenziswa. Olunye uxinaniso olusetyenziswa kakhulu yi-0.005 percent yedayi, ngomlinganiselo wobisi nedayi ongu-10 ukuya ku-1.
- Vala ityhubhu ngesivalo, uyijike ngobunono kabini, uze uyibeke kwisitya samanzi esilawula ubushushu kungadlulanga mizuzu. Ukufukanyelwa okuqhelekileyo kwenzeka kwi-35 ukuya ku-38 degrees Celsius, ngokuxhomekeke kumgangatho ochaziweyo. Bhala ukuba nguwuphi owulandelayo.
- Khusela iityhubhu ekukhanyeni ngexesha lokufukanyelwa, kuba ukukhanya kukhawulezisa ukuncitshiswa.
- Funda isiphumo xa kudlule imizuzu engama-30, uze uqhubeke ngamathuba amiselweyo. Isiphelo lixesha apho umbala wetyhubhu ufana nowobisi olubiliswe njengereferensi okanye ufikelela ekulahlekeni kombala okuchazwe yinkqubo.
- Gcina ityhubhu enganyangwanga yobisi olufanayo njengesalathisi sokuthelekisa ngokubona xa indlela ifuna oko.
Incwadi ye-FAO yovavanyo lobisi inika inguqulelo ecacileyo yale nkqubo esetyenziswa ngaphandle kwelabhoratri: 10 mL yobisi kunye ne-1 mL yedayi, ukuvala ngesivalo, ukujika ngobunono, ukufukanyelwa kufutshane ne-37 ukuya ku-38 degrees, nokufunda iziphumo rhoqo ngemizuzu engama-30. Iityhubhu zayo zokuthelekisa zisebenzisa ubisi olubilisiweyo ukutshabalalisa inkqubo yendalo yokunciphisa nokubonelela ngesiseko sokuthelekisa imibala.
Umzobo ongasentla ubonisa umda wolawulo. Izixa ezifanayo, idayi efanayo, ubushushu obufanayo, ukuxuba okufanayo, ukhuseleko olufanayo ekukhanyeni, nomgaqo ofanayo wesiphelo. Guqula enye yazo, nexesha liyaguquka. Yiloo nto iinguqulelo zasekhaya ezisebenzisa uxinaniso lwedayi olukhethwe nje zingenakuthelekiswa namanqanaba elabhoratri.
Oko kuboniswa lixesha lokuncitshiswa
Ixesha elide lithetha umsebenzi uwonke ophantsi phantsi kweemeko ezichaziweyo. Ixesha elifutshane lithetha umsebenzi uwonke ophezulu. Iitheyibhile ezisetyenziswa ekufundiseni ngovavanyo lobisi zidibanisa amanqanaba aqikelelwayo nala maxesha, umzekelo iiyure ezi-5 nangaphezulu njengokuhle kakhulu, nangaphantsi kwemizuzu engama-30 njengokubi kwenye inkqubo esekelwe kwi-BIS.
Lo mahluko sisifundo esibalulekileyo. Isiphumo seeyure ezi-5 asinanqanaba lisebenza kuyo yonke indawo. Sixhomekeke kwinkqubo esichaze ngayo. Ngoko indlela efanelekileyo yokunika ingxelo yile:
I-MBRT ilingana neeyure ezi-X phantsi kwendlela echaziweyo, ihambelana nenqanaba laloo ndlela.
Ayize ibe yi-MBRT ilingana neeyunithi ezi-X ezenza iikholoni nge-mL. Isikhokelo esisekelwe kwi-Standard Methods sithi iziphumo zokuncitshiswa kwedayi azifanele zichazwe njengamanani eebhaktheriya. Inkqubo elula yokudyobha nge-methylene blue nayo iphendula umbuzo owahlukileyo, kuba ibonisa imilo yeeseli kwimayikhroskophu kunomsebenzi uwonke kwityhubhu.
Itheyibhile yokutolika nemida
Le theyibhile sisalathiso sokuqala seli nqaku. Funda wonke umqolo ukusuka kwelinye icala ukuya kwelinye. Akukho seli enye emele izimele yodwa.
| Okubonwayo okanye okubangwayo | Oko ikubonisayo | Oko ingenakukungqina | Izinto eziphambili eziphazamisa iziphumo |
|---|---|---|---|
| Ukulahleka ngokukhawuleza kombala oluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka, ngaphantsi kweeyure ezi-2 kwenye inkqubo yobisi olukrwada | Umsebenzi ophezulu wokunciphisa, ohambelana nomthwalo omkhulu weentsholongwane okanye ubisi olungahlali lulungile ixesha elide | Iintlobo, ubalo oluchanekileyo, iityhefu, okanye ukusilela kwepasteurayizeshini | Ukugcinwa kwindawo efudumeleyo, iflora ene-coliform eninzi, ukukhanya, isixa sedayi esiphantsi |
| Ixesha eliphakathi, iiyure ezi-2 ukuya kwezi-4 | Umsebenzi ophakathi; inqanaba lisebenza kuphela ngaphakathi kwenkqubo echaziweyo | Ukhuseleko okanye ukungabikho kweentlobo ezinciphisa ngokucothayo | Ubushushu obuphezulu bokufukanyelwa, umahluko ekungenisweni komoya, ukwahlukana kwamafutha |
| Ukuncitshiswa okucothayo, iiyure ezi-5 nangaphezulu | Umsebenzi uwonke ophantsi kuloo nkqubo | Ukungabikho kweentsholongwane ezibangela izifo, ipasteurayizeshini, okanye ukhuseleko kwiikhemikhali | Iintsalela zee-antibiotic, izigcini, ioksijini eyongezelelweyo enyibilikileyo, isixa sedayi esiphezulu |
| Umsesane oluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka uhlala kumphezulu ngoxa ulwelo oluseleyo luphulukana nombala | Ukuphinda kufunyanwe i-oksideshini kumda womoya, isiphumo esiqhelekileyo somphetho | Uvavanyo olungaphumelelanga okanye ukusabela okungagqitywanga | Ityhubhu ebanzi, isivalo esingaqinanga, ukuvulwa ngokuphindaphindiweyo ukuze kuhlolwe |
| Ityhubhu emhlophe emva kokufukanyelwa kobisi olufudunyeziweyo | Inkqubo yokunciphisa eguqulweyo kunye nomsebenzi weentsholongwane ezisindileyo | Ukuba ukufudumeza bekulingana nepasteurayizeshini eqinisekisiweyo | Ukonzakala bubushushu, ukuzilungisa ngexesha lokufukanyelwa, ungcoliseko olufike kamva |
| Naliphi na ixabiso elinye le-MBRT elikhankanywe ngaphandle kwendlela | Iimeko zovavanyo azaziwa | Naliphi na inqanaba okanye ubalo | Ukwakhiwa kwedayi, umlinganiselo, ubushushu, ukuxuba, nomgaqo wesiphelo zonke azichazwanga |
Iindlela zokuhlola ezisekelwe ekukhuleni, ezifana nezondlo zokukhulisa iibhaktheriya, zihlala ziyindlela yokubala nokwahlula iintsholongwane. Ityhubhu yokuncitshiswa yenza uhlolo lokuqala. Ipleyiti ichonga ize ibale.
Oko uvavanyo lungenakukungqina ngokhuseleko
Isiphumo esicothayo asinakuqinisekisa ukungabikho kweentsholongwane ezibangela izifo. Intsholongwane ebangela izifo ekhoyo ngesixa esibalulekileyo ngokwezonyango inokufaka igalelo elincinane ekusetyenzisweni kweoksijini kukonke. Ukufunyanwa kweentsholongwane ezibangela izifo kufuna iindlela ezijoliswe kuhlobo oluthile, nto leyo i-Standard Methods yangoku eyiphatha njengendawo eyahlukileyo kuhlolo lokuqala lomgangatho jikelele.
Alunakuqinisekisa ipasteurayizeshini. Ukuqinisekiswa konyango lobushushu kusebenzisa uvavanyo lwe-alkaline phosphatase okanye enye indlela eqinisekisiweyo ngokwesikhokelo se-Codex sococeko lobisi. Ityhubhu emhlophe okanye eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka ayixeli nto ngembali yexesha nobushushu baloo bhetshi.
Alunakuqinisekisa ukhuseleko lokutya. Ukhuseleko luxhomekeke kwiintsholongwane ezibangela izifo, iityhefu esele zenziwe, iintsalela zamachiza, izinto ezingcolisayo eziyikhemikhali, imbali yogcino olubandayo, nongcoliseko emva kokuthathwa kwesampulu. I-Codex iphatha ukhuseleko lobisi njengothotho lwamanyathelo olawulo kunesiphumo esinye sohlolo lokuqala.
Uvavanyo kwilabhoratri yokutya alufani novavanyo lwasekhaya
Kwilabhoratri yobisi uvavanyo luhlola ubisi olufikayo, luthelekisa ababoneleli ngokuhamba kwexesha, okanye lufundisa imicrobiology ye-redox phantsi kolawulo. Iisampulu ziyalandeleka. Izinto ezisetyenziswa kuvavanyo zisemgangathweni ofanayo. Amaqondo obushushu ayabhalwa. Inkunkuma ilahlwa ngokwemigaqo yelabhoratri.
Uvavanyo lwasekhaya alunanto kwezo. Izixa ezilinganiswa ekhitshini ziyaqikelelwa. Uxinaniso lweedayi ezithengiswa kwi-intanethi lwahluka kakhulu. Ukufukanyelwa kudla ngokwenzeka kwigumbi elifudumeleyo kunakwisitya samanzi esikalibreyithiweyo. Umbala usatshintsha, nto leyo eyenza isiphumo sibonakale sithembekile nangona zonke iindlela zolawulo ezazisinika intsingiselo zingekho.
Umngcipheko omkhulu yindlela yokuziphatha. Ityhubhu eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka ekhaya ikhuthaza ukusela ubisi olukrwada, ngoxa ilabhoratri ibisaya kuluthumela kubalo kwiipleyiti, kuhlolo lweentsholongwane ezibangela izifo, nakuhlolo lweentsalela. Uvavanyo lobisi lwe-methylene blue lwenzelwe ukuhlela umgangatho wobisi olukrwada xa lwamkelwa, kungekhona ukugunyazisa ubisi ukuba luselwe. Uhlolo olukhawulezayo lwe-resazurin lunomda ofanayo: umbala ufundeka ngokukhawuleza, kodwa alukaniki mpendulo ngeentsholongwane ezibangela izifo.
Umgaqo omfutshane wetafile yokusebenza
Misela umgangatho ofanayo wedayi, umlinganiselo, ubushushu, ukuxuba, ukukhanya nesiphelo. Nika ingxelo yexesha kunye negama lendlela nenqanaba. Tolika imizuzu ngokudibanisa imbali yokugcinwa, uhlobo lweflora, iintsalela, nomgangatho wokuthathwa kwesampulu. Ixesha elifutshane libonisa umsebenzi ekufanele uphandwe. Ixesha elide alize liqinisekise ukhuseleko.