Inqaku
Indlela yemethylene blue yokulinganisa isulfide
Indlela yemethylene blue yokulinganisa isulfide iyilinganisa ngokuyiguqula ibe yidayi eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka ize ilinganise ukufunxwa kokukhanya okubangelwa yiyo. Imethylene blue yimveliso yempendulo yemichiza ethwala umqondiso wohlalutyo. Ukugalela ibhotile yemethylene blue emanzini ayilulo olu vavanyo.
Eyona nto idla ngokuba nzima kukugcina isampuli imele imeko yokuqala de kwenzeke loo mpendulo. Umlinganiselo ochaneke kakhulu wokufunxwa kokukhanya awunakubuyisa isulfide ephumileyo okanye ethe yafumana ioksijini ngexesha lokuqokelelwa. Kananjalo awunakwahlula ihydrogen sulfide ekhululekileyo kwezinye iindidi zesalfure ezikhutshwe kukulungiswa kwesampuli.
Yintoni evelisa umbala oluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka?
KwiNdlela ye-EPA 376.2, isulfide iphendula nedimethyl-p-phenylenediamine xa kukho iferric chloride, yenze imethylene blue. Iirejenti ezineasidi zenza iimeko zokwakheka kwedayi. Isixhobo ke silinganisa ukufunxwa kokukhanya sisisombululo esivelileyo.
Inkcazo esisiseko yempendulo yile:
Isulfide + N,N-dimethyl-p-phenylenediamine + Fe(III), phantsi kweemeko ezineasidi → imethylene blue → umlinganiselo wokufunxwa kokukhanya.
Lo ngumzobo wengcamango yohlalutyo, hayi iequation yempendulo elungelelanisiweyo. Ukwakhiwa noxinaniso lweerejenti, ixesha lokuphuhliswa kombala, ubude bamaza, nobude bendlela yokukhanya kufuneka zithathwe kwindlela ekhethiweyo.
Ezo nkcukacha azinakutshintshaniswa. I-EPA 376.2 ichaza ukulinganisa kwi-625 nm. Inkqubo yeHach 8131 ebhalelwe isixhobo sayo seDR/5000 isebenzisa i-665 nm. Ixabiso elikuncwadi malunga nokufunxwa kokukhanya yimethylene blue alithathi indawo yeesethingi nokulinganiswa kwesixhobo ezimiselwe uvavanyo oluthile.
Chaza icandelo lesulfide ngaphambi kokuliqokelela
“Uxinaniso lwehydrogen sulfide” lunokufihla izinto ezahlukeneyo ekujoliswe kuzo ngumlinganiselo. Emanzini, iH₂S enyibilikileyo neHS⁻ zinxulumene ngokwemichiza yeeasidi neebheyisi. Umlinganiselo wazo omnye komnye uxhomekeke kwiimeko, kuquka ipH. Ukongeza iasidi kwisampuli kutshintsha olo lwabiwo; akugcini ulwabiwo lokuqala ukuze lubonwe kamva.
I-EPA 376.2 ibandakanya iisulfide zizonke nezinyibilikileyo kwiisampuli ezichaziweyo zamanzi nenkunkuma, kodwa ayibandakanyi iisulfide ezinganyibilikiyo kwiasidi. Ngoko ke, “zizonke” kwingxelo esebenzisa le ndlela akufuneki kuqondwe njengayo yonke ikhompawundi equlethe isalfure ebhotileni. Isulfate yinto eyahlukileyo ehlalutywayo, yaye isulfide yesinyithi enganyibilikiyo kwiasidi isenokungafunyanwa.
Ngaphambi kokuthelekisa iziphumo zeelebhu ezimbini, buza ukuba leliphi icandelo elifunyenwe yinkqubo nganye. Kwakhona khangela isiseko sengxelo: i-mg/L njenge-sulfur ne-mg/L njenge-H₂S ziindlela ezahlukeneyo zokuchaza ubunzima. Inani elifanayo elingenazo iiyunithi, ulungiselelo nenkcazelo yento ehlalutywayo ezifanayo alithethi ukuba iziphumo ziyavumelana.
Inkqubo yomsebenzi ekhusela umlinganiselo
Sebenzisa olu landelelwano lulandelayo xa uhlola inkqubo yomsebenzi yelebhu ecetywayo. Umfanekiso weqweqwe ubonisa impendulo yemichiza nesiphumo esifundwa ngokukhanya; le theyibhile ichaza izigqibo eziza ngaphambi kwazo.
| Inqanaba | Bhala phantsi ngaphambi kokuqhubeka | Oko kuthintelwa yile ngxelo |
|---|---|---|
| Chaza | Imatriksi yamanzi, yenkunkuma okanye yebhayoloji; icandelo elinyibilikileyo okanye icandelo lilonke elichazwa yindlela | Ukuthelekisa izinto ezahlukeneyo ezihlalutywayo phantsi kwegama elinye elithi “H₂S” |
| Qokelela | Ixesha lokuqokelela, iqondo lobushushu, ukuhluzwa, isikhongozeli, nokuvezwa emoyeni | Ukuphatha isampuli etshintshileyo ngokungathi ngamanzi okuqala |
| Zinzisa | Inkqubo ngqo yokugcina isampuli nokulibaziseka okuvumelekileyo | Ukucinga ukuba ukufakwa efrijini kuphela kugcina zonke iisampuli |
| Yenza impendulo | Uguqulelo lwendlela, ibhetshi yerejenti, imithamo, nexesha lokuphuhliswa kombala | Ukudibanisa iinxalenye ezingahambelaniyo zeenkqubo ezahlukeneyo |
| Linganisa | Ubude bamaza, ubude bendlela yokukhanya kwiseli, isampuli engenayo into ehlalutywayo, imigangatho, nokuxutywa ukuze kuncitshiswe uxinaniso | Ukuguqula umbala ube luxinaniso ngaphandle kokulinganiswa kwesixhobo okufanelekileyo |
| Hlola | Ukuhlolwa kokubuyiswa kwento ehlalutywayo, ukuvumelana kweziphumo eziphindwe kabini, umda wokunika ingxelo, neeyunithi | Ukunika ingxelo ngenani lesixhobo ngaphandle kwemida yalo yohlalutyo |
Isishwankathelo seNEMI seStandard Methods 4500-S²⁻ D sifuna ukuvezwa emoyeni okuncinane kangangoko, kunye nohlalutyo olwenziwa ngoko nangoko okanye ukugcinwa nge-zinc acetate njengoko kuchaziwe. Inkqubo yaso yokugcina isulfide iyonke ikwasebenzisa iimeko zealkali nebhotile ezaliswe ngokupheleleyo. Ezi mfuno ziyinxalenye yendlela yesampuli, hayi nje ulawulo locwangco elebhu.
Iziphazamisi zinokwenza isampuli ibonakale inexabiso eliphantsi elingeyonyani
Kwaeso sishwankathelo seStandard Methods sichaza izinto ezinciphisayo ezithintela ukwakheka kombala oluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka, izinyithi ezenza iisulfide ezinganyibilikiyo ezingafunyanwa kakuhle, neferrocyanide evelisa umbala oluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka ngokwayo. Uxinaniso oluphezulu kakhulu lwesulfide nalo lunokuthintela impendulo.
Ngenxa yoko, ityhubhu enombala ongacacanga inokuba neenkcazelo eziliqela: isulfide encinane, ilahleko ngaphambi kohlalutyo, ukufunyanwa okungaphelelanga, okanye ukuphuhliswa kombala okuthintelweyo. Ityhubhu enombala omnyama inokuqulatha umbala ophazamisayo. Umbala nokuba mfiliba kufuna ukulungiswa kwemvelaphi njengoko kumiselwe yindlela; ukuthabatha ixabiso lamanzi angenayo into ehlalutywayo akhethwe ngokungenasiseko akusoloko kwanele.
Uvavanyo oluluncedo kukongeza isixa esaziwayo sesulfide kwisampuli emele ezinye, uze uyigqithise kulungiselelo olufanelekileyo. Ukuba ukwanda okulindelekileyo akufunyanwa, kufuneka kuphandwe imatriksi okanye inkqubo yomsebenzi. Amalungiselelo olawulo lomgangatho kwi-EPA 9030B abonisa ukuba kutheni isampuli yematriksi eyongezwe isixa esaziwayo ihanjiswa kuyo yonke indlela, kunye neesampuli ezingenayo into ehlalutywayo nemigangatho yokuhlola. Isixa esaziwayo esongezwa kuphela kanye ngaphambi kokufunda umlinganiselo asinakuvavanya ilahleko eyenzeke ngaphambili.
Umzekelo wasendle: amanzi ashushu ayoyisa inkqubo elungelelaniswe kakuhle
Uphononongo lweUSGS lwaseYellowstone oluxelwe kwi-Open-File Report 2010-1192 luthelekise iinkqubo ezimbini zemethylene blue nendlela ye-electrode ekhetha i-ion ethile kwiisampuli ezigciniweyo zamanzi ashushu avela ngaphantsi komhlaba.
Iziphumo ze-electrode zazisoloko ziphezulu. Abaphandi bachonga ukufumana ioksijini nokuphuma kweH₂S njengegesi njengeengxaki kwiisampuli ezishushu. Ukuxuba iirejenti zombala ngaphambi kokongeza isampuli kwavelisa iziphumo eziphezulu kancinane zokulinganisa ngombala, kodwa kwazisa enye ingxaki: irejenti exutyiweyo yonakala ngokukhawuleza, nto leyo eyenza ixesha libe ngumthombo wokungachaneki. Iisampuli ezisixhenxe nazo zaziqulethe ithiosulfate kuxinaniso ababhali abalunxulumanisa namathuba okujongela phantsi umlinganiselo wombala.
Kumanzi abo ashushu avela ngaphantsi komhlaba, ababhali bakhetha ukuzinzisa ngoko nangoko ngealkali nezinto ezithintela ukufumana ioksijini, kulandelwe kukulinganisa nge-electrode. Esi sisiphumo esithile sokukhetha indlela yamanzi ashushu, asibobungqina bokuba yonke imilinganiselo ye-electrode ingcono kunalo lonke uvavanyo lombala.
Khetha indlela ehambelana nombuzo
| Umbuzo wohlalutyo | Indlela emayivavanywe | Umqathango ophambili |
|---|---|---|
| Isulfide enokufunyanwa kwimatriksi yamanzi efanelekileyo | Ukulinganisa ngombala kwemethylene blue okubhaliweyo | Gcina icandelo elichaziweyo uze ubonise ukufunyanwa kwesulfide kwimatriksi |
| Isulfide emanzini ashushu avela ngaphantsi komhlaba | Ukuzinzisa ngoko nangoko ngenkqubo yomsebenzi ye-electrode eqinisekisiweyo | Qinisekisa ukuqokelela nokugcina ngokweqondo lobushushu nematriksi |
| Iisulfide kwinkunkuma engafaniyo okanye kwizinto eziqinileyo | Ulungiselelo olujolise kwicandelo elithile njenge-EPA 9030B, kunye nendlela yayo echaziweyo yokumisela isixa | Ukufunyanwa kwesulfide enganyibilikiyo kwiasidi kusenokuhlala kungaphelelanga; sukucinga ukuba ukukhutshwa kuphelele |
| Isulfide ekhululekileyo xa ithelekiswa neendidi zesalfure ezikhutshwa yiasidi kwiisampuli zebhayoloji | Ukubamba okukhethayo okanye ukuguqula ngemichiza kunye nokwahlula | Misela ukuba leliphi iqela lesalfure elivelisa umqondiso olinganiswayo |
Umahluko kwiisampuli zebhayoloji mkhulu. Kuphononongo lukaShen noogxa bakhe luka-2011 olwenziwa elebhu nakwiplasma yeempuku, imilinganiselo yemethylene blue yayinomda ngenxa yombala wemvelaphi, ubuntununtunu bovavanyo, nesalfure ekhutshwa yiasidi ngexesha lolungiselelo. Indlela yabo yemonobromobimane/HPLC yahlula into eveliswe kwisulfide yaza yafumanisa uxinaniso oluphantsi ngakumbi phantsi kweemeko ezivavanyiweyo. Lo yayingumsebenzi wokuqinisekisa indlela yohlalutyo, hayi umda wokuxilonga kwezonyango okanye ubungqina besiphumo sonyango.
Ukulinganiswa kwesixhobo novavanyo olunamagama afanayo
Linganisa isixhobo ngemigangatho yesulfide echazwe yinkqubo, usebenzisa impendulo yemichiza neemeko zokukhanya ezifanayo nezesampuli. Hlola iziphumo zesampuli engenayo into ehlalutywayo nezomgangatho wokuhlola ngaphambi kokuguqula ukufunxwa kokukhanya kwesampuli. Igophe lokulinganiswa kwesixhobo elicocekileyo limisela ubudlelwane baloo migangatho; ukufunyanwa kwento ehlalutywayo kwisampuli kumisela ukuba obo budlelwane busasebenza na kwimatriksi.
Okokugqibela, uvavanyo lweMBAS lwezinto ezisebenza kumphezulu ezinee-anion lusebenzisa imethylene blue ngendlela eyahlukileyo. KwiEPA 425.1, idayi esele ikhona idibana nezinto ezisebenza kumphezulu ize ikhutshelwe kwisigaba sesinyibilikisi se-organic. Ukulinganisa isulfide ngombala kona kuvelisa idayi. Akukho nanye kwezi nkqubo zohlalutyo engumyalelo wokulungisa amanzi. Chonga into ehlalutywayo nempendulo yemichiza ngaphambi kokukhetha irejenti okanye ukutolika umbala oluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka.