Imethylene Blue Yomngundo we-Axolotl: Ubungqina Nezilumkiso Zogqirha Wezilwanyana

Umntu okhulisa i-axolotl ubona into emhlophe efana nomqhaphu kwigill yayo, akhangele imethylene blue yomngundo we-axolotl, aze afumane ibhotile yeyeza leentlanzi esele iseshelufini. Amanzi kwiitanki zombini akhangeleka ngokufanayo, loo nto ifana nomqhaphu ikhangeleka ngokufanayo, nebhotile ithi yeyomngundo. Ukusebenzisa elo yeza kwenye yezi zilwanyana kubonakala kuyinto ecacileyo.

Leyo yeyona mpazamo iphambili eli nqaku lijolise ekuyithinteleni. I-axolotl ayiyontlanzi enemilenze. Yisalamanda egcina iimpawu zesigaba sobuntwana naxa sele ikhulile, enolusu oluvumela izinto ukuba zingene kulo, iigill zangaphandle ezifana neentsiba, efuna amanzi abandayo, nenganyamezeliyo kangako iindlela ezimfutshane ezisetyenziswa rhoqo ngabantu abakhulisa iintlanzi. Imiyalelo yokunyanga umngundo wentlanzi ayinakunikwa ileyibhile entsha ngenxa nje yokufana, yaye ubungqina ngemethylene blue kwizilwanyana eziphila emanzini nasemhlabeni abukuxhasi ukwenza oko.

Ukungangqinelani kweengqiqo: unyango lweentlanzi xa luthelekiswa nesigulana esiphila emanzini nasemhlabeni

Umyili wesoftware uDaniel Jackson usebenzisa uvavanyo olulula lweengqiqo. Ingqiqo yiyunithi yomsebenzi enemeko yayo nemithetho yayo. Iimeko ezimbini ezikhangeleka ngokufanayo esikrinini zinokusebenza ngeengqiqo ezahlukeneyo ngaphantsi, kwaye izenzo ezikhuselekileyo kwenye zinokusilela kwenye.

Unyango lweentlanzi nonyango lwezilwanyana eziphila emanzini nasemhlabeni akhangeleka ngokufanayo. Omabini abandakanya isilwanyana esigulayo emanzini, idayi efakwa emanzini, kunye nethemba lokuba iya kulwa nomngundo. Kodwa izigulana zahluka ngeendlela ezintathu ezitshintsha isigqibo ngasinye.

Okokuqala, ukufunxwa kwezinto emzimbeni kuyahluka. Ulusu lwezilwanyana eziphila emanzini nasemhlabeni luvumela izinto ukuba zingene ngokwaneleyo kangangokuba oogqirha bezilwanyana badla ngokunika amayeza ngokuzintywilisa kumanzi aneyeza, yaye izikhokelo eziqhelekileyo zixelela oogqirha ukuba bathathele ingqalelo ukufunxwa kolusu olugulayo kunye nomahluko phakathi kweentlobo, njengoko kuchaziwe kwisikhokelo seMerck seendlela zonyango kwizilwanyana eziphila emanzini nasemhlabeni. Iintlanzi zifunxa amayeza amaninzi asemanzini ikakhulu ngeegill, ngoxa ulusu lunegalelo elincinci kuphela kwiintlanzi ezinkulu, ngokutsho kophononongo luka-2023 lokufunxwa kwamayeza ziintlanzi. Ngoko ke, umlinganiselo weyeza emanzini onyamezelwa yintlanzi awusixeleli kangako ngento efunxwa yi-axolotl. Enye inkcazelo ebaxayo kufuneka isuswe. Iigill ze-axolotl zineeseli ezihambisa izinto ngokusebenzisa amandla, njengoko kuboniswa luphando ngobume obuncinci kakhulu beegill ze-axolotl, kodwa akukho sifundo sibonisa ukuba iigill ze-axolotl zifunxa imethylene blue eninzi kuneegill zeentlanzi, yaye uphando oludala lokuhamba kwezinto kwiisalamanda ezizalanayo lwafumanisa ukuba ulusu lwalutshintshiselana ngezinto kakhulu nangona iigill zazibotshiwe, njengoko kuxelwe nguBaldwin noBentley.

Okwesibini, imeko-bume iyahluka. Ukukhuliswa kwee-axolotl kuxhomekeke kumanzi apholileyo nakwisihluzo sebhayoloji esisebenzayo. Umgangatho weqela elikhuliswayo ochazwe kwisikhokelo sokukhulisa se-Ambystoma Genetic Stock Center ugcina ezikhulileyo kufutshane ne-15 ukuya kwi-18 degrees uze ulumkise ngokuzigcina ngaphezu kwe-22 degrees, ngamanzi asuswe iklorini nangokuhluza kwebhayoloji okuguqula iammonia nenitrite. Nantoni na eyonakalisa iibhaktiriya eziguqula iammonia ibe yinitrite nenitrate yenzakalisa isigulana ngokungangqalanga, kuba inkunkuma iyaqhubeka iqokelelana ngexesha lonyango.

Okwesithathu, ukuxilongwa kuyahluka. Into emhlophe efana nomqhaphu kwi-axolotl idla ngokuchazwa njengomngundo, kodwa igama elisetyenziswa kunyango lwezilwanyana lidla ngokuba yisaprolegniasis, usulelo lomngundo wamanzi kulusu okanye kwiigill ezonakeleyo, oluvelisa into emhlophe efana nomqhaphu kwaye ludla ngokuhlasela izilwanyana ezinomaleko wencindi owonakaliswe yiammonia okanye kukuphathwa. Inkcazelo ye-MSD Veterinary Manual ngezifo ezosulelayo zezilwanyana eziphila emanzini nasemhlabeni icebisa ukuqinisekisa oku ngesampulu ekrweliweyo eluswini ebonisa imisonto yomngundo okanye iizoospore, kuba ukuthelekelela ngokubona nje kubhidanisa umngundo wamanzi nezilonda zebhaktiriya, ulusu oluxobukayo, okanye inkunkuma.

Bubuphi ubungqina obukhoyo ngezilwanyana eziphila emanzini nasemhlabeni

Isishwankathelo esinyanisekileyo sifutshane. Kukho ukusetyenziswa kwakudala, ukukhankanywa kwiincwadi zamayeza, kunye novavanyo olunye olufanelekileyo ngokuthe ngqo kwiisalamanda olungazange luphumelele. Akukho vavanyo olulawulwayo olubonisa ukuba imethylene blue iyaluphilisa usulelo lweSaprolegnia esele lukhona kwii-axolotl eziqanduselweyo.

Ukusetyenziswa kwakudala kwenzeka ngokwenene kodwa bubungqina obubuthathaka. Incwadana yeendaba endala ye-Indiana University Axolotl Colony egcinwe yiYunivesithi yaseKentucky ichaza ukufakwa kwemethylene blue ekukhuleni komngundo kwiigill nakwiinzwane, kwincwadana yeendaba yeqela elikhuliswayo egcinwe kuvimba. Oko kubhala phantsi ukuba iqela elikhuliswayo layizama kumashumi eminyaka eyadlulayo. Akuqinisekisi umlinganiselo okhuselekileyo okanye izinga lokuphila emva konyango. Ukukhankanywa kwiincwadi zamayeza nako akunabungqina bungako. Ingqokelela yolwazi ecashunwa kakhulu kaSmith kwi-ILAR Journal idwelisa imethylene blue phakathi kwamayeza okulwa nomngundo kwizilwanyana eziphila emanzini nasemhlabeni, ngokusekelwe kwimithombo emidala. Itheyibhile yencwadi yamayeza ibhala oko kwaxelwayo, hayi isiphumo sovavanyo, kwaye imilinganiselo yokuntywilisela ebhalwe apho akufanele ifundwe njengeendlela eziqinisekisiweyo zonyango lwasekhaya.

Uvavanyo olwenziwa ngokuthe ngqo kwisalamanda lubonisa okwahlukileyo. Kuphando lweengxowa zamaqanda esalamanda iHynobius dunni ezinosulelo olufana neSaprolegnia, olwapapashwa kwi-The Herpetological Bulletin, ukuntywiliselwa kumanzi anemethylene blue kwachazwa njengokungaphumelelanga, ngoxa ukususa ngesandla amaqanda osulelekileyo nangenakuphila kwasebenza ngcono. Iingxowa zamaqanda aziizo ii-axolotl eziselula okanye ezikhulileyo, kwaye inani lovavanyo oluphindiweyo lalincinci, kodwa olu lolona vavanyo lukufutshane kule meko kwaye aluzange luxhase idayi.

Uncwadi oludibanisa ubungqina luyavumelana ngalo msantsa. Uphononongo luka-2022 lwesaprolegniosis ludwelisa imethylene blue phakathi konyango oluxelweyo lwezilwanyana eziphila emanzini nasemhlabeni, kodwa lulumkisa ukuba uninzi lweendlela zonyango lwezi zilwanyana lubolekwe kunyango lweentlanzi ngaphandle kovavanyo olwaneleyo lokusebenza okanye lokhuseleko olujoliswe ngokukodwa kuzo. Eso silumkiso yindlela efanelekileyo yokujonga yonke ibhotile yamayeza eentlanzi exoxwa ngezantsi.

Idatha yokhuseleko nayo ayiphelelanga. Akukho sifundo see-axolotl esinamandla aneleyo ngokwezibalo esichaza uluhlu lwemilinganiselo yemethylene blue esebenzayo nekhuselekileyo kunyango. Iphepha lonyango lwezilwanyana malunga nokunyanga izifunxi-gazi zangaphandle kwi-axolotl likhankanya iinkxalabo zetyhefu yemethylene blue kolu hlobo lwesilwanyana. Iziphumo ezingabulaliyo zinokwenzeka nangona isilwanyana sisinda, njengoko kwaboniswa xa ukuphawula ngemethylene blue kwatshintsha indlela abaziphatha ngayo oonojubalala nomngcipheko wokubanjwa kwabo. Ukusinda akubobungqina bokungabi nasiphumo.

Oko kucebiswayo zizikhokelo zonyango lwezilwanyana endaweni yoko

Imithombo yonyango lwezilwanyana iyavumelana ngolandelelwano lwamanyathelo, kwaye imethylene blue yesilwanyana esiqanduselweyo ayisiyonto ephambili kuwo. Ulandelelwano lubaluleke ngaphezu kwayo nayiphi na imveliso enye.

Qala ngamanzi. Vavanya iammonia, initrite, initrate, ipH, nobushushu, susa iklorini okanye ichloramine, uze uqinisekise ukuba isihluzo siyasebenza. Iphepha leLafeber lokukhathalela i-axolotl elihlolwe ngugqirha wezilwanyana lichaza ukuba iammonia nenitrite mazibe nguziro, initrate ibe ngaphantsi kwe-10 ppm, kwaye libandakanya ukuhluza, ukutshintsha amanzi, namaqondo obushushu apholileyo kuthintelo lwezifo oluqhelekileyo. Eli nyathelo lunyango, asiyonto esecaleni, kuba ukonakaliswa komaleko wencindi yiammonia kwenza isilwanyana sibe sesichengeni somngundo wamanzi.

Fumana uxilongo kuyo nayiphi na imeko engaphaya kwechaphaza elincinci. Ugqirha wezilwanyana unokukrwela isampulu kwisilonda, aqinisekise umngundo wamanzi, asuse izicubu ezonakeleyo kwindawo echaphazelekayo xa kufanelekile, aze ayahlule kusulelo lwebhaktiriya olufuna ukhathalelo olwahlukileyo. Uncwadi lwamaqanda eentlanzi sisihloko esahlukileyo esigutyungelwe kwisikhokelo semethylene blue yamaqanda eentlanzi, kwaye iingcinga eziqhelekileyo zonyango lwetanki yeentlanzi zigutyungelwe kwisikhokelo sezigqibo zonyango lweentlanzi ze-aquarium. Akukho nanye kwezi enokudluliselwa kwimeko yesilwanyana esiphila emanzini nasemhlabeni.

Sebenzisa unyango olufanelekileyo kwii-axolotl phantsi komyalelo wogqirha wezilwanyana. I-MSD idwelisa unyango ngetyuwa, ukususwa kwezicubu ezonakeleyo kwizilonda ezikwindawo enye, kunye namayeza okulwa nomngundo kwizilwanyana eziphila emanzini nasemhlabeni njengeendlela ezinokukhethwa ngokuxhomekeke kwimeko, ikhankanya imethylene blue kumaqanda kunokuba iyicebise ngokuyintloko kwisifo solusu okanye seegill esele sikhona. Iindlela eziqhelekileyo zokusebenzisa ityuwa okanye ubushushu kwizilwanyana eziphila emanzini nasemhlabeni zifuna ukulungiswa ngokohlobo lwesilwanyana. Uphononongo lokhuseleko olwalusebenzisa unyango olwahlukileyo ngokulandelelana kwizilwanyana ezifanayo lwafumanisa ukuba ukuvezwa okwethutyana kwi-5 ppt yesodium chloride akuzange kuvelise zimpawu zibi zibonwayo, ngoxa i-20 ppt yabangela iimpawu ezimbi ngoko nangoko, njengoko kuxelwe kwiingxelo zentlanganiso ye-ARAV ngokunyamezela ityuwa kwee-axolotl. Olo phononongo lwavavanya ukunyamezela, hayi ukuphilisa, kodwa lubonisa ukuba akufanele kukhutshelwe ngqo iindlela zonyango ezinetyuwa eninzi. Ukusebenzisa ubushushu nako kunemida kwisilwanyana esikhetha i-16 ukuya kwi-18 degrees. Amayeza okulwa nomngundo amiselwa ngugqirha aludidi olwahlukileyo kwiidayi ze-aquarium. Amava okusebenzisa itraconazole ngokuthe ngqo kwii-axolotl ukulwa nechytrid, axelwe kuphononongo lokuphelisa usulelo kwiqela elikhuliswayo elebhu, aphelisa usulelo ngendlela yonyango encitshisiweyo kodwa asabhala ukufa kwezilwanyana, nto leyo exhasa ukusetyenziswa komlinganiselo obekwe ngugqirha wezilwanyana kunokuzizamela ngokuthatha umgca okwincwadi yamayeza.

Funa uvavanyo logqirha wezilwanyana ngokukhawuleza xa into efana nomqhaphu isasazeka, ichaphazela iindawo ezinkulu zeziqu zeegill, ibuya emva kokulungisa indlela yokukhulisa, okanye ihamba nokudodobala, ukungabi namdla wokutya, ukwehla kobunzima, izilonda, ukushukuma kweegill ngobunzima, okanye ukuhlala kumphezulu wamanzi. Ezi meko zibonisa isifo esibanzi okanye enye ingxaki, kwaye zifuna uvavanyo ngemikroskopu nesicwangciso esilungiselelwe olo hlobo lwesilwanyana kunokuntywilisela kumanzi aneyeza elinamandla ngakumbi.

Uluhlu lokuhlola ukufaneleka kwemveliso: luse kugqirha wakho wezilwanyana

Olu luhlu lokuhlola sisixhobo esitsha esenzelwe eli nqaku. Alucebisi ndlela yonyango. Lukuxelela ukuba yeyiphi imibuzo ekufuneka iphendulwe phambi kokuba kukhethwe nayiphi na indlela. Yiza nebhotile, ifoto yeleyibhile, kunye nezi mpendulo kwidinga.

Into yokuhlola	Umbuzo omele uphendulwe	Isizathu sokubaluleka kwayo kwii-axolotl
1. Uhlobo lwesilwanyana olukwileyibhile	Ngaba ileyibhile ikhankanya izilwanyana eziphila emanzini nasemhlabeni, okanye iintlanzi namaqanda eentlanzi kuphela?	Iphepha lemveliso yeKordon methylene blue lichaza imveliso yeentlanzi namaqanda eentlanzi ngaphandle kokuchaza ukusetyenziswa kwizilwanyana eziphila emanzini nasemhlabeni. Amazwi ajoliswe kwiintlanzi kuphela awayiyo imvume yokuyisebenzisa kwizilwanyana eziphila emanzini nasemhlabeni.
2. Ukwakheka kwemveliso ngokuchanekileyo	Uthini umlinganiselo wesithako esisebenzayo, luthini uluhlu olupheleleyo lwezithako, kwaye ingaba ibhetshi yangoku nomhla wokuphelelwa lixesha ziyabonakala?	Iidayi ze-aquarium ziyahluka ngokophawu nangokwebhetshi. Ngaphandle kokwazi kanye isisombululo esikwibhotile, akukho gqirha wezilwanyana onokuhlola ukuvezwa kweyeza, kwaye amanani amathontsi akwi-intanethi asuka kwezinye iibhotile akanakudluliselwa kule. Izakhono zokufunda ileyibhile ezikwisikhokelo sokulinganisa umlinganiselo weyeza kunyango ziyanceda apha.
3. Isilumkiso ngesihluzo sebhayoloji	Ngaba ileyibhile ilumkisa ngokuyisebenzisa kunye nokuhluza kwebhayoloji?	I-Kordon ilumkisa ukuba idayi iphazamisa iibhaktiriya eziguqula iammonia ibe yinitrite nenitrate, kwaye icebisa ukuba ingasetyenziswa kwiinkqubo ezixhomekeke ekuhluzeni kwebhayoloji. Iitanki zee-axolotl zixhomekeke kolo hluzo, ngoko ukufaka iyeza kwitanki ephambili kubeka emngciphekweni wokuba kubekho ingxaki enkulu yeammonia ngaphezu kosulelo.
4. Iziphumo kwizityalo nakwizinto ezisetyenzisiweyo	Ngaba ileyibhile ikhankanya ukonakala kwezityalo, ukudyobheka kwesilicone, okanye ukususwa yikhabhoni nezinto zokuhluza ezinemingxuma?	Ezi zilumkiso zibonisa ukuba itanki ephambili ayiyondawo ifanelekileyo. Isikhongozeli sonyango esingenazihombiso phantsi komyalelo wogqirha wezilwanyana sikhusela inkqubo ephambili, kodwa sisafuna isicwangciso saso somgangatho wamanzi.
5. Uxilongo luqinisekisiwe	Ngaba uvavanyo ngemikroskopu luqinisekisile umngundo wamanzi, okanye umngundo usacingelwa nje?	Ukukhula okumhlophe kuphela akugqibi ukuba luluphi unyango olukhethwayo. Isifo sebhektiriya, ichytrid, nokwenzakala okubangelwa zizinto ezibonakalayo zifuna iindlela ezahlukeneyo zokujongana nazo.
6. Amanzi nobushushu kubhaliwe	Ngaba iammonia, initrite, initrate, ipH, nobushushu zilinganisiwe zaza zabhalwa phantsi?	Ukulungisa amanzi yinxalenye yokuphilisa. Ukufudumeza i-axolotl kumaqondo obushushu eentlanzi okanye ukusebenzisa iindlela eziqhelekileyo ezinetyuwa eninzi kunokongeza enye into ebangela uxinzelelo.
7. Isigaba sobomi neempawu	Ngaba isigulana liqanda, ngumbungu osandul’ ukuqanduselwa, sisilwanyana esiselula, okanye sesikhulileyo, kwaye ingaba zikhona iimpawu ezichaphazela umzimba uphela?	Iindlela zonyango lwamaqanda azinakudluliselwa kwizilwanyana eziselula okanye ezikhulileyo ezineegill. Iimpawu ezichaphazela umzimba uphela zenza imeko ingabi yeyokulungisa indlela yokukhulisa kuphela, ibe yeyokhathalelo olungxamisekileyo logqirha wezilwanyana.
8. Isicwangciso sogqirha wezilwanyana sibhaliwe	Ngaba ugqirha wezilwanyana ubeke iyeza eliza kusetyenziswa, indawo yokulisebenzisa, indlela yokubeka esweni, ukutshintsha amanzi, indawo yokuphelisa unyango, nokunyusela ukhathalelo kwinqanaba eliphezulu?	Ukuntywiliselwa kwezilwanyana eziphila emanzini nasemhlabeni kumanzi aneyeza kufuna umthetho ocacileyo wokuyeka nendawo yokuphonononga kwakhona. Itanki eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka esetyenziswa ixesha elingamiselwanga, ingenandawo yokuphelisa unyango, ayisosicwangciso.

Ukuba kukho nawuphi na umqolo ongenampendulo, isigqibo sonyango asikakulungeli ukwenziwa. Umqolo ongaphendulwanga sisizathu sokunqumama ufune uncedo, hayi sokukhetha umlinganiselo weyeza onamandla ngakumbi.

Imigibe ekhethekileyo kubantu abakhulisa ii-axolotl

Imigibe emithathu iphinda-phinda kwiiforam. Ukufudumeza itanki ukuze kuliwe nomngundo kuboleka indlela yonyango lweentlanzi zasetropikhi eyonakalisa isilwanyana samanzi abandayo esigcinwa kufutshane ne-18 degrees. Ukukhuphela indlela eqhelekileyo yokusebenzisa ityuwa kwizilwanyana eziphila emanzini nasemhlabeni akuyithatheli ngqalelo idatha yokunyamezela elungiselelwe olu hlobo lwesilwanyana ekhankanywe ngasentla. Ukufaka iyeza kwi-aquarium ephambili kuba isikhongozeli esahlukileyo sibonakala singumsebenzi owongezelelweyo kubeka isihluzo sebhayoloji, izityalo, nezitywini ekudibaneni nedayi eyaziwa ngokuphazamisa iibhaktiriya eziguqula iammonia ibe yinitrite nenitrate. Isikhongozeli esahlukileyo phantsi komyalelo wogqirha wezilwanyana sisafuna amanzi asuswe iklorini, ulawulo lobushushu, ukufakwa komoya ngobunono, nesicwangciso sokubeka esweni.

Akukho nanye kwezi ethetha ukuba imethylene blue iyityhefu kwii-axolotl kuzo zonke iimeko. Ukusetyenziswa kwayo kwakudala kumaqela akhulisiweyo kungqina ukuba yazanywa. Kodwa ukuzanywa akuthethi ukuqinisekiswa, kwaye ukunyamezela kweentlanzi akuthethi ukhuseleko lwezilwanyana eziphila emanzini nasemhlabeni. De kubekho idatha yee-axolotl evela kuvavanyo olulawulwayo, ihlala iyindlela engakaqinisekiswa ekufuneka ukusetyenziswa kwayo, ukuba kukhe kwafaneleka, kube ngaphakathi kwesicwangciso sogqirha wezilwanyana esinoxilongo oluqinisekisiweyo, indawo efanelekileyo, nendawo ecacileyo yokuphelisa unyango.