Inqaku
I-methylene blue ekufuyweni kwezilwanyana zasemanzini nakwiintlanzi zokutya: ukusetyenziswa nezithintelo
I-koi ne-carp zinokuba zezohlobo olunye lweentlanzi. Umahluko obalulekileyo awukho kwibhayoloji. Kukuba intlanzi ilungiselelwe ntoni. Enye idada echibini lasegadini yaye ayize ingene kwikhonkco lokutya. Enye ikhuliselwa ukutyiwa ngabantu, yaye yonke imichiza edibana nayo iphantsi komthetho wokhuseleko lokutya. I-methylene blue ikulo mda kanye: kwelinye icala yindlela yonyango eyaziwayo kwiindawo zokuqandusela nakwiitanki zeentlanzi, kwelinye iyinto engavunywanga kwiintlanzi zokutya.
Ukubhideka kubangelwa kukuba ezi meko zimbini ziyafana ngenkangeleko. Ibhafu eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka yamaqanda kwindawo yokuqandusela iintlanzi zokuhombisa ikhangeleka ifana ncam nebhafu yamaqanda kwindawo yokuqandusela iintlanzi zokutya. Amanzi anombala ofanayo. Inkqubo ibonakala ifana. Kodwa imithetho yahluke ngokupheleleyo.
Isetyenziselwa ntoni i-methylene blue kwiindawo zokuqandusela nakwiitanki zeentlanzi
I-methylene blue ibisetyenziswa ekufuyweni kweentlanzi kangangamashumi eminyaka, ikakhulu ekunyangeni amaqanda. Eyona nto ijoliswe kuyo yi-Saprolegnia, ukungunda kwasemanzini okumila kumaqanda afileyo okanye angachumiswanga kuze kusasazeke kulawo aphilayo. Iincwadi zakudala zeendawo zokuqandusela zichaza ezi bhafu ze-carp kwincwadi ye-FAO yokuvelisa inzala ye-carp neze-sturgeon kwincwadi ye-FAO yeendawo zokuqandusela i-sturgeon. La maxwebhu abhala iindlela zokufuya ezazisetyenziswa ngelo xesha. Awayiyo imvume yanamhlanje yokusetyenziswa kwiintlanzi zokutya, ingongoma ebuyelwa kuyo kwitheyibhile engezantsi.
Kwiintlanzi zokuhombisa, iimveliso zangoku zithi zinyanga usulelo lokungunda olukumphezulu womzimba kunye nezinye iiprotozoa zangaphandle. Iphepha lemveliso ye-methylene blue ye-Kordon lidwelisa usulelo lokungunda lwamaqanda, usulelo lokungunda olukumphezulu womzimba weentlanzi, nosulelo lwesibini olubangelwa ziiprotozoa zangaphandle eziquka i-Ichthyophthirius (ich), i-Chilodonella ne-Costia. Likwachaza le dayi njengoncedo ekuphenduleni kwityhefu ye-nitrite ne-cyanide kwiitanki zeentlanzi. Izithintelo ezimbini ezikule leyibhile zifuna ukuqwalaselwa. Okokuqala, i-Kordon ithi le mveliso ayenzelwanga i-Oodinium (velvet), ngoko amabango axhaphakileyo kwi-intanethi athi i-methylene blue iyodwa iphilisa i-velvet adlulela ngaphaya koko kuxhaswa ngulo mvelisi. Okwesibini, nokona kubaluleke kakhulu kweli nqaku, i-Kordon ithi le mveliso ayenzelwanga ukusetyenziswa kwiintlanzi zokutya phantsi kwemithetho ye-US FDA ne-EPA. Ngoko ukufumaneka kwayo ukuze isetyenziswe kwiitanki zeentlanzi akubobungqina bokuvunywa kwayo kwikhonkco lokutya.
Amandla eebhafu apapashiweyo ahluka kakhulu, nto leyo ngokwayo elumkisa ngokukhuphela imixube kwenye imeko iye kwenye. I-Kordon idwelisa malunga ne-3 ppm kangangeentsuku ezininzi kunyango lwetanki yeentlanzi, ukusetyenziswa kwe-3 ppm kanye kumaqanda, nokudipha kwi-50 ppm kangangemizuzwana eli-10 ubuninzi. Uncwadi lweendawo zokuqandusela luxela amaxabiso asusela ekufakweni kwi-0.1 ppm ukuya kwiibhafu ze-50 ukuya kwi-100 mg/L ezithatha iyure kwiincwadi ezindala. Zithathe ezi njengemizekelo yoko kupapashiweyo, kungekhona njengeengcebiso ezinokusetyenziswa endaweni yezinye. Uhlobo lwentlanzi, inqanaba lobomi, ukwakheka kweekhemikhali zamanzi, nemeko yemvume yomthetho zonke ziyalutshintsha uqikelelo. Abafundi abasebenza ngeentlanzi zokuhombisa bafanele balandele iindlela zokulinganisa izixa kwiitanki zeentlanzi, yaye abo basebenza ngamaqanda bafanele balandele iinkqubo zamaqanda neendawo zokuqandusela endaweni yokuziqambela besebenzisa olu shwankathelo.
Esinye isilumkiso sivela kwiintlanzi zaselabhoratri. Iindawo zokugcina i-zebrafish zidla ngokufaka i-methylene blue kumanzi okukhulisa iimbumba ngesixa esimalunga ne-0.00005 ukuya kwi-0.0001 ekhulwini. Uphononongo lwango-2025 lwafumanisa ukuba kwanezi zixa zisetyenziswa ekufuyweni zatshintsha imetabolism esebenzisa ioksijini ngexesha lokukhula kokuqala, ziqale zandise ukusetyenziswa kweoksijini zize kamva zinciphise ukusetyenziswa kwamandla kwimibungu emva kokuqandusela, njengoko kuxeliwe kwingxelo efumaneka simahla ye-PMID 39856203. Esi siphumo asinakusetyenziswa ngokuthe ngqo ekufuyweni kweentlanzi zokutya, kodwa sixhasa ingongoma ngokubanzi: unyango olubonakala lungenampembelelo kuba iintlanzi zibonakala ziqhelekile lusenokutshintsha ukusebenza kwemizimba yazo. Yiyo loo nto abasemagunyeni belawula befuna idatha yeentsalela nokhuseleko kunokuba bathembele kwinkangeleko.
Ingcamango emisela yonke into: isilwanyana esivelisa ukutya
Abasemagunyeni abalawulayo abayihleleli i-methylene blue ngokubuza ukuba iyasebenza na. Babuza ukuba isilwanyana esinyangwayo senzelwe ntoni. Intlanzi ekhuliselwa ukutyiwa ngabantu sisilwanyana esivelisa ukutya, yaye naliphi na iyeza elisetyenziswa kuyo lifuna imvume phantsi kwemithetho yezilwanyana zokutya, linemida yeentsalela namaxesha okulinda ngaphambi kokuvuna amiselweyo. Intlanzi yokuhombisa engasayi kuze ityiwe iphantsi kwemithetho eyahlukileyo yeemveliso, apho imida yeentsalela ekutyeni ingasebenziyo, kodwa kusenokufuneka imvume yemichiza yezilwanyana.
Ukungawuboni lo mahluko kukhokelela kwiimpazamo ezintathu. Indawo yokuqandusela inyanga amaqanda okanye amantshontsho aza kungena kwikhonkco lokuvelisa ukutya ngokungathi ngawokuhombisa kuba emancinci yaye kusekude ukuba avunwe. Umnini wesilwanyana sasekhaya ukhulula okanye athengise iintlanzi zokuhombisa, ezifana ne-carp, ukuze zisetyenziswe njengokutya engazi ukuba igama lohlobo lwentlanzi lilodwa aliwumisi umthetho osebenzayo. Umthengi naye ufunda ileyibhile yemveliso yetanki yeentlanzi aze acinge ukuba ukufumaneka kwayo ezivenkileni kuthetha ukuba ivunyiwe njengokhuseleko lokutya. Kwimeko nganye impazamo iyafana: kukusebenzisa ingcamango yeentlanzi zokuhombisa apho kulawula ingcamango yeentlanzi zokutya. Imida eyahlukileyo yokuhambelana nezihluzi, izityalo neetanki ibonisa lo mgaqo nakwitanki yeentlanzi: imeko yiyo egqiba ukuba unyango lufanelekile na.
Itheyibhile yesalathiso ngokwelizwe nangemeko yemveliso
Le theyibhile sisalathiso seli nqaku. Ishwankathela ukuba i-methylene blue ivunyelwe na kwiintlanzi zokutya nokuba ukusetyenziswa kwiintlanzi zokuhombisa kusingathwa njani kwimimandla emihlanu yomthetho. Amagama akhethwe ngenyameko: kwiindawo ezininzi, intetho echanekileyo ithi “ayivunywanga” okanye “ayinagunya lokusetyenziswa,” nto leyo eyahlukileyo kukuvalwa okuchazwe ngokucacileyo emthethweni.
| Ummandla womthetho | Iintlanzi zokutya: ivunyelwe? | Imeko yokuhombisa nengajoliswanga ekutyeni | Igunya |
|---|---|---|---|
| I-United States | Hayi. Akukho yeza le-methylene blue elivunywe yi-FDA kwiintlanzi zokutya elivela kuluhlu lwe-FDA lwamayeza avunyelwe ukufuywa kwezilwanyana zasemanzini. Iimveliso ezingekhoyo kolu luhlu ezithengiselwa iintlanzi zokutya ngamayeza ezilwanyana angavunywanga ngokweleta ye-FDA eya kwiingcali zokufuywa kwezilwanyana zasemanzini. Qaphela: oku akuthethi ukuba idweliswe phantsi komthetho owalela ukusetyenziswa ngaphandle kwemiyalelo yeleyibhile kwi21 CFR 530.41; “engavunywanga” lelona gama lichanekileyo. | Iimveliso zeetanki zeentlanzi zikhona, kodwa ukuthengiswa ezivenkileni akubonisi imvume ye-FDA, yaye ukunyanzeliswa kwemithetho yeentsalela okuchazwe kwisikhokelo se-FDA sokutya kwaselwandle okuveliswe ngokufuywa kuyasebenza xa iintlanzi zingena kwikhonkco lokutya. Ukusetyenziswa ngaphandle kwemiyalelo yeleyibhile ngugqirha wezilwanyana phantsi kwe21 CFR 530.20 kufuna amanyathelo okukhusela ukutya yaye akudali mvume ngokubanzi. | Iziko le-FDA lezoNyango lweZilwanyana |
| I-European Union | Hayi. Izinto ezivunyelweyo kwizilwanyana ezivelisa ukutya zivela kwiTheyibhile 1 yoMmiselo (EU) No 37/2010, njengoko kuchazwe kwisikhokelo se-EMA semida ephezulu yeentsalela. I-methylene blue ayinalo olo ngeniso, ngoko intetho echanekileyo ithi “ayivumelekanga kwizilwanyana ezivelisa ukutya.” | Iintlanzi zokuhombisa ezingezokutya azichaphazeleki kumbuzo wemida yeentsalela, kodwa imveliso yezilwanyana isafuna imvume efanelekileyo phantsi kwemithetho esebenzayo. | IKhomishini yaseYurophu, EMA |
| I-United Kingdom | Hayi phantsi kwenkqubo yezilwanyana zokutya. I-Northern Ireland ilandela imithetho yeTheyibhile 1 ye-EU; i-Great Britain ifuna isiseko se-MRL kwirejista ye-GB okanye imeko yokuba into ingaphandle koluhlu lokulawulwa ngaphambi kokusetyenziswa kwizilwanyana zokutya ngokwesikhokelo se-VMD se-Cascade nemithetho ye-VMD yemida ephezulu yeentsalela. Akukho siseko sifanelekileyo se-methylene blue kwiintlanzi zokutya esichongiweyo. | Ukusetyenziswa kwiintlanzi zokuhombisa ngumbuzo owahlukileyo wemvume yemveliso yaye akufanele kwandiselwe kwiintlanzi ezingena kwikhonkco lokutya. | ICandelo loLawulo lwamaYeza eZilwanyana |
| ICanada | Hayi. I-methylene blue ayikho kuluhlu lwe-Health Canada lwamayeza avunyelwe kwizilwanyana zasemanzini ezivelisa ukutya, njengoko kuchazwe kumgaqo-nkqubo we-Health Canada wamayeza ekufuyweni kwezilwanyana zasemanzini. Ukusetyenziswa ngaphandle kwemiyalelo yeleyibhile okukhokelwa ngugqirha wezilwanyana phantsi komgaqo-nkqubo we-ELDU waseCanada neendlela zokukhutshwa kwiimeko ezingxamisekileyo zizinto ezivunyelwa kwiimeko ezilinganiselweyo, azizizo iimvume. | Kunokwenzeka kuphela phantsi kwemithetho efanelekileyo yemvume yaseCanada; ukuthi “ayiyoyokutya” kuphela akubonisi ukuba imveliso ithengiswa ngokusemthethweni. | Health Canada, CFIA |
| IAustralia | Akukho mvume yeentlanzi zokutya ichongiweyo. I-APVMA ifuna ukubhaliswa okanye iphepha-mvume leemveliso zemichiza yezilwanyana, ngokwesikhokelo sayo sokubhaliswa. Iimveliso zokuhombisa ezine-methylene blue zibhalisiwe, ezifana nomxube wetanki yeentlanzi okwileyibhile ye-APVMA ye-Multi Cure, ngoxa iphepha-mvume langoku le-methylene blue lezinja kuphela lizikhuphela ngaphandle ngokucacileyo iintlobo ezivelisa ukutya (iphepha-mvume le-APVMA PER13488). Oko kukhutshelwa ngaphandle kusebenza kwelo phepha-mvume yaye akufanele kucatshulwe njengokuvalwa ngokubanzi. | Iimveliso ezibhalisiweyo zeetanki zeentlanzi zokuhombisa zikhona; ukusetyenziswa kwiintlanzi zokutya kuya kufuna isiseko sako somthetho. | APVMA |
Abafundi maxa wambi babuza nge-malachite green njengomzekelo wangaphambili. Olu thelekiso luluncedo kuphela ukuya kwinqanaba elithile. I-malachite green inembali yayo ecacileyo yokunyanzeliswa kwemithetho yeentsalela kwimimandla emininzi yomthetho, ngoxa i-methylene blue ikwimeko eyahlukileyo: ayikho kuluhlu lwezinto ezivunyelweyo, kunokuba ikhankanywe kwezo zithintelo zinye. Ukucaphula imbali ye-malachite green njengobungqina bokuba i-methylene blue ihlelwa ngendlela efanayo akunakuba kuchanekile.
Kutheni ukulinda ixesha elide kungelilo ixesha elimiselweyo lokulinda ngaphambi kokuvuna
Ixesha lokulinda ngaphambi kokuvuna lithuba elivunywe ligunya elilawulayo, elisekelwe kwidatha yokuncipha kweentsalela, ebonisa ukuba iintsalela kwinyama etyiwayo ziba ngaphantsi komda osemthethweni ngexesha elimiselweyo. I-Health Canada ne-APVMA zombini zidibanisa amaxesha okulinda naloo datha. Kwinto engavunywanga engenamda umiselweyo, nokuba zingaphi iintsuku zokulinda ezikhethwa ngumsebenzisi, azinakudala ixesha lokulinda elivunyiweyo apho lingekhoyo.
Kukho imeko enye enemiqathango evumela okwahlukileyo. Eminye imimandla yomthetho ivumela ugqirha wezilwanyana ukuba amisele ixesha lokulinda xa kusetyenziswa iyeza ngaphandle kwemiyalelo yeleyibhile ngendlela eyamkelweyo, njenge-AMDUCA e-US, ukusetyenziswa kwamayeza ngaphandle kwemiyalelo yeleyibhile eCanada, i-Cascade e-UK, okanye amalungiselelo oogqirha bezilwanyana nawokusetyenziswa okuncinci eAustralia. Eso sisenzo sobungcali esilungiselelwe imeko ethile ngaphakathi kwenkqubo yomthetho enamanyathelo okukhusela kwiintsalela. Asifani nebango lexesha lokulinda elivunywe kumvelisi, yaye kwi-EU nase-Northern Ireland ukungabikho kokuhlelwa kwe-MRL kusengumqobo osisiseko ongenakulungiswa ngokulinda ixesha elide.
Isikhokelo esisebenzayo ngokohlobo lomfundi
Iindawo zokuqandusela ezikhulisa i-trout, i-salmon, i-tilapia, i-catfish okanye i-carp ukuze zityiwe zifanele zithathe i-methylene blue njengengafumanekiyo ukuba isetyenziswe kwikhonkco lazo lemveliso, ngaphandle kokuba ugqirha wezilwanyana uchonga indlela esemthethweni kummandla wazo aze athathe uxanduva lokuthotyelwa kwemithetho yeentsalela. Iindlela zakudala zemixube yeebhafu zamaqanda azikutshintshi oku. Amaqanda namantshontsho aza kungena kwikhonkco lokutya abalelwa njengenxalenye yelo khonkco.
Abagcini beetanki zeentlanzi, abagcini be-koi nabanini be-goldfish abagcina iintlanzi ezingasayi kuze zityiwe basebenza kwicala lokuhombisa lalo mda. Sebenzisani iimveliso ezineleyibhile yaloo njongo, landelani ileyibhile, ningazidluliseli iintlanzi zokuhombisa kumachibi eentlanzi zokutya.
Oogqirha bezilwanyana bafanele baqinisekise ukuba yeyiphi inkqubo elawula imeko: kuqala iitheyibhile zeemvume, emva koko imithetho yokusetyenziswa ngaphandle kwemiyalelo yeleyibhile okanye ye-Cascade, kuze kulandele amaxwebhu eentsalela. Ukufumaneka kwiivenkile zezilwanyana zasekhaya, izixa ezikhankanywa kwiiforam zabathandi beentlanzi, neencwadi ezindala zeendawo zokuqandusela lulwazi lokufuya, azizizo iimvume.
Umgaqo osisiseko ulula xa uchazwa ngokucacileyo. I-methylene blue yafumana indawo yayo kwiitreyi zamaqanda nakwiikhabhathi zeetanki zeentlanzi ngenxa yamashumi eminyaka yeziphumo ezibonakalayo ngokuchasene nokungunda kwasemanzini nezifunxi-gazi zangaphandle. Ukuveliswa kokutya kubuza umbuzo wesibini ongenakuphendulwa ziziphumo ezibonakalayo: yintoni esalayo enyameni, yaye ngubani oqinisekisileyo ukuba ikhuselekile? De ummandla womthetho uphendule loo mbuzo ngenkqubo yawo yemvume, ibhafu eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka ihlala kwicala lokuhombisa lomda.