Chinyorwa
Methylene blue yeich, kuora kwezvimbi, nechirwere chechakuvhe: kuenzanisa humbowo
Hove inoratidza mavara machena. Mvura inoshanduka kuva yebhuruu. Mavara acho anotanga kuoma kuona, uye muridzi anofunga kuti kurapwa kwashanda. Mushure memazuva, hove yacho yawedzera kurwara. Dhayi haina kuchinja chinhu pachipembenene. Chakachinja chete maonerwo acho.
Kukanganisa uku kunodzokororwa nekuti zvirwere zvakati wandei zvine zviratidzo zvinotaridzika zvakafanana: tudonhwe tuchena, mavara akachenuruka, zvimbi zvakasakara, netumasumbu twakaita sedonje. Zvinobuda pakutsvaga zvichiri kupa dhayi semhinduro yeronda rose. Zvipenyu zvinokonzera izvi hazvitsigiri pfungwa iyoyo. Protozoan ine tudziya, chakuvhe chemumvura, bhakitiriya reGram-negative, dinoflagellate, nehonye yakati sandara hazvina zvakawanda zvakafanana kunze kwekukuvadza ganda, zvimbi, kana magill. Dhayi ine migumisiro chaiyo asi yakaganhurirwa haigoni kugadzirisa zvose zvishanu. Kurongeka kunobatsira ndiko kutanga waziva chirwere, woziva chipenyu chinochikonzera nedanho roupenyu hwacho, wozosarudza mushonga, wozoongorora pepa rechigadzirwa. Zvose zviri pasi apa zvinotevera kurongeka ikoko.
Panonyanya kusimba humbowo: mazai nechakuvhe chemumvura
Kushandiswa kwemethylene blue mutangi rehove kunonyanya kutsigirwa nehumbowo ndiko kudzivirira mazai ehove pachakuvhe chemumvura, kunyanya Saprolegnia neAchlya. Izvi maoomycete, zviumbwa zvechakuvhe chemumvura pane kuva chakuvhe chechokwadi, uye zvinotanga kukura pamazai akafa kana akakuvadzwa nepamaronda zvisati zvapararira kune zviri pedyo. Tsvakurudzo yakaitwa pasi pemamiriro aidzorwa yakawana kuti 3 mg/L yakavandudza kuchechenywa kwemazai eangelfish neblack-skirt tetra, asi zebrafish hadzina kubatsirwa, saka mhinduro kuhuwandu hwemushonga inosiyana nerudzi rwehove pane kushanda zvakafanana kune dzose. Mamiriro akafara enyaya iyi akapfupikiswa muongororo ichangoburwa yenzira dzekurapa zvirwere zvehove dzekushongedza.
Maronda epamusoro anoita sedonje pahove dzakura ane humbowo hushoma kupfuura uhwu. Methylene blue ine simba chairo rokudzivisa chakuvhe chemumvura panzvimbo dziri pachena, uye mirayiridzo yakajairika yetangi rehove pamusoro pemethylene blue yehove dzemumatangi inoisa kushandiswa pamazai nepamusoro peganda pakati pezvinhu zvikuru. Maitiro enzvimbo dzekuchechenyera mazai anoshandisa pfungwa imwe chete, sezvinotsanangurwa mumethylene blue yemazai ehove nekushandiswa munzvimbo dzekuchechenyera. Asi bundu rakaita sedonje rinowanzova dambudziko rinotevera rimwe. Rinokura panzvimbo yakatanga kuvhurwa neronda, kurumwa nechipembenene, mvura isina kunaka, kana ronda rinokonzerwa nemabhakitiriya. Kurapa bundu racho uchisiya kukuvadzwa kuri pasi paro kunoita kuti ridzoke.
Ich yemvura isina munyu: rubatsiro rushoma runoenderana nedanho roupenyu
Chirwere chemavara machena mumvura isina munyu chinokonzerwa neIchthyophthirius multifiliis, chipenyu chine tudziya chinochera chichipinda muganda, zvimbi, nemagill. Matanho acho akura anodya akakura, anenge hafu yemirimita kusvika pamirimita, saka chiratidzo chinonyanya kuzivikanwa chinoita setsanga dzemunyu dzakaparadzana. Zvinyorwa zvemirayiridzo yekuyunivhesiti pamusoro pehupenyu hweich yemvura isina munyu nenheyo dzekuirapa zvinotsanangura kutenderera kwoupenyu hwayo uye zvinosimbisa kuongorora sampuli dzeganda kana magill nemaikorosikopu pane kufungidzira kubva pamavara chete.
Methylene blue ine kumwe kushanda kurwisa protozoa pano, uye mapepa evagadziri anosanganisira Ichthyophthirius pakati pekushandiswa kwechipiri. Ongororo ichangoburwa inotaura kubudirira kushoma apo methylene blue yakasanganiswa nemunyu mucatfish dzaive neutachiona hwakanyanya, asi tsvakurudzo yekupinda kwayo munyama yakawana kuti dhayi yaisagona kuuraya trophont dzinodya dzakavharirwa mukati meganda. Zvakawanikwa zviviri izvi zvinoratidza muganhu wayo: zvinonzwisisika kuti inogona kushanda pamatanho akasununguka ari pachena, asi kushanda kwayo kushoma padanho rinodya rakachengetedzwa mukati merukoko rweganda. Naizvozvo kurapa kunofanira kufukidza kutenderera kwoupenyu hwose pane kuguma kana mavara asisanyatsooneki. Mirayiridzo yakajairika yekuyunivhesiti inonyanya kutsamira pafomalin, mhangura, uye nzira dzinoshandisa huwandu hwemunyu pane kushandisa methylene blue yoga.
Chirwere chemavara machena chemugungwa chinokonzerwa nechimwe chipenyu, Cryptocaryon irritans, uye humbowo hwacho hushoma zvikuru. Mazita emakemikari aishandiswa kare anotaura methylene blue ine kubudirira kunosiyana-siyana, asi mirayiridzo yazvino pamusoro pekuongorora nekurapa chirwere chemavara machena chemugungwa inoisa mhangura, kuderedza munyu, chloroquine, uye nzira dzefomalin pakati pekurapa, mhangura ichichengetwa kwemavhiki pahuwandu hwemaion akasununguka hunoyerwa. Kunyudza hove mumethylene blue hakuna kufanana nekubvisa Cryptocaryon muhurongwa hwose.
Kuora kwezvimbi: chizimbi chakabvaruka hachirevi utachiona nguva dzose
Kuora kwezvimbi iboka rezviratidzo, kwete chipenyu chimwe chinokonzera chirwere. Mabhakitiriya eGram-negative anoshandisa mukana, kusanganisira marudzi ePseudomonas neAeromonas, anopinda muzvimbi zvakatokuvadzwa nemvura isina kunaka, kurwisana, kana kubatwa. Mirayiridzo yevanachiremba vemhuka pamusoro pezvirwere zvehove zvinokonzerwa nemabhakitiriya inodoma zvinhu izvi chaizvo zvinoita kuti chirwere chive nyore kutanga uye inokurudzira kukudza mabhakitiriya nekuongorora kuti anonzwa sei kumishonga kana kurapa kunorwisa utachiona kuchidikanwa.
Hapana muyedzo unogutsa unoratidza methylene blue semushonga unorwisa mabhakitiriya pakuora kwezvimbi kwakatotanga. Imwe tsvakurudzo yegoldfish inowanzodudzirwa zvisirizvo yakaisa hove mumethylene blue kwemavhiki isati yadzipinza mabhakitiriya uye yakawana kuchinja kwesimba rokudzivirira zvirwere nekupona pashure. Iyi inyaya yekugadzirira muviri usati waiswa panjodzi, kwete muyedzo wokurapa zvimbi zviri kuora. Kubvaruka kutsva kwakachena kunomira kuwedzera pashure pekugadzirisa mvura nekubvisa hove inoruma dzimwe kunenge kuri kukuvadzwa kwakaitwa nechimwe chinhu. Zvimbi zvinoramba zvichipfupika zvichichinja ruvara, kuzvimba, kuita maronda, kana kurasikirwa nenyama zvinonongedzera kuutachiona uye zvinoda kuongororwa nekurapwa kwakanangana nacho.
Tafura yekuenzanisa
| Mamiriro | Chipenyu kana chikonzero | Humbowo hwemethylene blue | Zvekushandisa kana kuwedzera pachinzvimbo chayo |
|---|---|---|---|
| Chakuvhe pamazai, chakuvhe chemumvura chekunze | Saprolegnia, Achlya (maoomycete) | Hwepakati pamazai; hushoma kusvika hwepakati pamaronda epamusoro. Uku ndiko kushandiswa kunonyanya kutsigirwa munyaya ino. | Gadzirisa ronda kana dambudziko remvura riri pasi pacho; tevera nzira dzemazai mumethylene blue yemazai ehove nekushandiswa munzvimbo dzekuchechenyera. |
| Ich yemvura isina munyu | Ichthyophthirius multifiliis (chipenyu chine tudziya) | Hushoma kusvika hwepakati; hunoenderana nedanho roupenyu; humbowo hwekusanganisa nemimwe mishonga nehuri pamapepa ezvigadzirwa chete. | Kufukidza kutenderera kwoupenyu; nzira dzefomalin, mhangura, kana munyu maererano nemirayiridzo yekuyunivhesiti. |
| Ich yemugungwa | Cryptocaryon irritans (chipenyu chemugungwa chine tudziya) | Hushoma; kungotaurwa muzvinyorwa zvekare chete. | Mhangura, kuderedza munyu, kana chloroquine pasi penzira dzinonyatsoongororwa. |
| Velvet yemvura isina munyu | Piscinoodinium (dinoflagellate) | Hushoma; mishumo yekare yekurapa nekunyudza. | Nzira dzinoshandisa mhangura dzine humbowo hwakasimba kupfuura uhwu. |
| Velvet yemugungwa | Amyloodinium ocellatum (dinoflagellate yemugungwa) | Hahuna kukwana kuti ive kurapa kunotanga kusarudzwa. | Formalin, hydrogen peroxide, kunyudza mumvura isina munyu, mhangura, kana chloroquine maererano nemirayiridzo yeVirginia Tech pamusoro pevelvet yemugungwa. |
| Flukes dzeganda nemagill | Gyrodactylus, Dactylogyrus (honye dzakati sandara dzemonogenean) | Hahuna kukwana; kushanda kunorwisa protozoa hakurevi kushanda pahonye dzakati sandara. | Praziquantel ndiyo kurapa kunosarudzwa pamonogenean ehove dzekushongedza maererano nemirayiridzo yekuyunivhesiti pamusoro pemonogenean ehove. |
| Columnaris | Flavobacterium columnare (bhakitiriya) | Hahuna kukwana; usaipa semushonga wecolumnaris. | Kuongorora sampuli yakanyorova nemaikorosikopu; kusarudza mishonga yakanangana neutachiona, kwete kunyudza mudhayi. |
| Dropsy | Chiratidzo: kuungana kwemvura kunobva muitsvo, mwoyo, utachiona huri muropa, kana zvimwe zvikonzero | Hapana humbowo hwekurapa dropsy pachayo. | Ziva chirwere chiri kukonzera izvi; mishonga inorwisa mabhakitiriya chete kana chirwere chemabhakitiriya chichibatanidzwa. |
| Zviratidzo zvedundira rekuyangarara | Chiratidzo: kukanganisika kwekuyangarara kune zvikonzero zvakawanda | Hapana humbowo hwekurapa dundira rekuyangarara zvisina kusiyaniswa; pane musiyano mumwe unobatanidza chepfu uri pasi apa. | Tanga nemamiriro emvura, wozoongorora zvikonzero zvechimiro chemuviri, kudya, utachiona, uye nharaunda. |
Kuzvisiyanisa usati wapa mushonga
Zviratidzo zvina zvinonyanya kuvhiringidzwa. Kukura kwazvo kunobatsira. Mavara eich itsanga dzakasimuka dzakaparadzana dzinogona kuonekwa imwe neimwe. Velvet inoita seguruva rakatsetseka kana kupenya kwegoridhe rakasvibirira, chidimbu chimwe nechimwe chiri chidiki zvikuru, uye matrophont evelvet yemugungwa paavhareji anongova chikamu chidiki chekukura kweich. Chakuvhe chemumvura chine ukobvu hunobuda pamusoro: shinda dzakaita sedonje dzakasimuka kubva pamusoro. Columnaris inoita mavara eshinda chena dzakatsvukira kuyero kana mavara ane madzihwa anonyengera achiita sechakuvhe, asi anoita zvidimbu zvemabhakitiriya zvinopararira kana zvazorwa musampuli yakanyorova.
Nzvimbo inobatwa nemaitiro ehove zvinowedzera ruzivo. Ich inowanzobata ganda, zvimbi, nemagill, uye ich yemugungwa inogona kuvanda mumagill pasina kana mavara anooneka. Velvet inobata magill zvakanyanya, saka kufema nokukurumidza pamwe nekuzvikwenya pazvinhu zvinoisa velvet pakati pezvinofanira kutanga kufungidzirwa. Chakuvhe chemumvura chinotanga pamaronda nepamazai akafa, saka kuvapo kwacho kunoda kuti ubvunze kuti chii chakakuvadza nzvimbo yacho. Columnaris inorwisa ganda, magill, nezvimbi uye inogona kukurumidza kuparadza nyama.
Chinonyanya kugadzirisa kusawirirana uku kuongorora nemaikorosikopu: sampuli yakanyorova yeganda, chizimbi, kana magill inoratidza zvipenyu zvine tudziya, matrophont edinoflagellate, zvimiro zvechakuvhe chemumvura zvine mapazi, kana masumbu emabhakitiriya ane shinda ecolumnaris. Usati waita zvose izvozvo, ongorora ammonia, nitrite, tembiricha, pH, neoxygen yakanyungudika mumvura, pamwe nehuwandu hwemunyu muhurongwa hwemvura yemugungwa. Mvura isina kunaka inotevedzera zviratidzo zvechirwere uye inokurudzira utachiona hunotevera humwe, hwozova uhwo dhayi inopomerwa kutadza kurapa.
Mamiriro mashanu apo dhayi iri mhinduro isiriyo
Velvet inoda mhangura, kwete mvura yebhuruu. Mishumo yekare yekurapa velvet yemvura isina munyu nekunyudza iripo, asi humbowo hwacho hwekare uye hushoma, uye mhangura ine humbowo hwakasimba zvikuru. Pamusoro pevelvet yemugungwa, mirayiridzo yazvino yenyanzvi inotaura formalin, peroxide, kunyudza kwenguva pfupi, mhangura, nechloroquine, nekurapa kunodzokororwa nekuti danho rakavharirwa mugoko rinoramba kurapwa.
Flukes dzinoda mushonga unouraya honye. Monogenean ihonye dzakati sandara dzine masero mazhinji, uye kushanda kwemethylene blue kunorwisa protozoa hakurevi kuti inoshanda padziri. Mirayiridzo yekuyunivhesiti inodoma praziquantel, kazhinji sekunyudza kwenguva refu pahuwandu hwakaderera hwenhamba yedijiti rimwe chete ye mg/L pasi pemamiriro akakodzera ekurapa mhuka nemitemo, sekurapa kunosarudzwa pahove dzekushongedza.
Columnaris inoda kuongororwa kwemabhakitiriya, kwete dhayi. Flavobacterium columnare ibhakitiriya reGram-negative rinokwanisa kukurumidza kuparadza nyama, kunyanya mumagill. Kushanda kwekuuraya utachiona pamusoro hakurevi kuporesa utachiona hwemabhakitiriya huri kuwedzera, uye kushandiswa kwakasimbiswa kwemishonga inorwisa utachiona hwecolumnaris mukurimwa kwehove kunoda mishonga inosarudzwa zvichienderana nekuongororwa uye kunzwa kwemabhakitiriya kumushonga, kwete kungopiwa zvisina kurongeka kumba.
Dropsy hachisi chirwere chaunongofananidza nemushonga. Chitarisiko chakaita sechibereko chemupaini chine makwande akasimuka chinotsanangura kuungana kwemvura kune zvikonzero zvakawanda zvinobvira: kutadza kushanda kwenhengo, utachiona hwomuviri wose, chirwere chemwoyo, kana kukuvadzwa kwakanyanya kweganda rinovhara muviri. Tsananguro yachiremba wemhuka yenei dropsy isina mushonga mumwe chete inojekesa pfungwa iyi. Kurapa kuzvimba usingazivi kuti hurongwa hupi hwomuviri hwatadza kushanda kunopedza nguva yaigona kushandiswa pakuita zvinobatsira.
Zviratidzo zvedundira rekuyangarara zvinobatanidzwa mukukanganisa kumwe chete uku, kunze kwemusiyano mumwe unodzidzisa. Kuyangarara kusina kujairika kunogona kubva muchimiro chemuviri, kudya, kutadza kubudisa tsvina, kukuvadzwa, utachiona, kudzvinyirirwa kwenhengo, kana mamiriro emakemikari emvura. Methylene blue hairapi chimwe chezvinhu izvi zvakananga. Musiyano ndewechepfu yenitrite: nitrite inoita kuti hemoglobin ishanduke kuburikidza neoxidation kuita methemoglobin, isingagoni kutakura oxygen, uye hove dzabatwa dzinogona kushambira zvisina kujairika. Tsvakurudzo yemasero matsvuku eropa retrout inoratidza nzira inobatsirwa nemethylene blue yekuderedza methemoglobin muropa rehove, uye tsvakurudzo yemiedzo yesteelhead yakawana kuti huwandu hushoma hwemethylene blue hwakaderedza chepfu yenitrite inokurumidza kubata. Izvozvo zvinorapa chepfu, sezvinotsanangurwa mumethylene blue nechepfu yenitrite muhove, kwete dundira rekuyangarara rakakuvadzwa.
Zvinonyatsotaurwa nemapepa ezvigadzirwa
Mapepa ezvigadzirwa anosiyana zvikuru kupfuura zvinoratidzwa nepfupiso dzekutengesa, uye pepa rinonyanya kuisa miganhu ndiro rinopa ruzivo rwakawanda. Pepa reKordon methylene blue rinodoma utachiona hwechakuvhe hwepamusoro, chakuvhe chemazai, kushandiswa kwechipiri kurwisa mamwe maprotozoa ekunze kusanganisira Ichthyophthirius, nerubatsiro pakuva nechepfu yecyanide nenitrite, rozotaura zvakajeka kuti chigadzirwa hachifaniri kushandiswa paOodinium, utachiona hwemabhakitiriya, flukes, kana utachiona hwechakuvhe hwepakati kusvika hwakanyanya. Zvinorambidzwa izvi zvinobvisa chaizvo kushandisa zvisina kukodzera kuri kunyeverwa nenyaya ino.
Pepa reruzivo reFritz methylene blue rinoganhurirawo kushandiswa kwakafanana: kudzivirira nekuchengetedza pautachiona hwechakuvhe hwepamusoro, kuchengetedza mazai, kushandiswa kwechipiri pamaprotozoa kusanganisira ich yemvura isina munyu, riine nzira yekushandisa huwandu hushoma kwenguva refu uye nzira yekunyudza kwenguva pfupi muhuwandu hwakawanda. Peji reNT Labs methylene blue rinotaura kushandiswa kwakafara, kusanganisira zviratidzo zvemabhakitiriya zvakaita sezvimbi zviri kuora nemaronda. Mashoko akafara iwayo anotaurwa nevagadziri, uye humbowo hwakazvimirira hahusimbisi methylene blue sekurapa kwakavimbika kwekuora kwezvimbi kunokonzerwa nemabhakitiriya kana columnaris, saka mapepa anoganhurira kushandiswa anoenderana netsvakurudzo zviri nani.
Zvigadzirwa zvinosanganisa mishonga zvinowedzera imwe njodzi yekukanganisa. Misanganiswa inodoma methylene blue pamwe neacriflavine, ethacridine, methyl orange, kana mimwe mishonga inorwisa zvipembenene inogona kunzi inoshandiswa pamavara machena kana velvet, asi kushandiswa ikoko kunenge kuri kwemusanganiswa, kwete kwemethylene blue yoga. Kuverenga mazita ezvinhu zvinoshanda kunodzivirira kupa dhayi mbiri yebasa rakaitwa nezvimwe zviri pamwe nayo.
Kuishandisa usingakanganisi tangi
Methylene blue inofanira kushandiswa mutangi risina zvekushongedza rekuchengetera hove dzinorwara kana rekurapira, kwete mutangi rekuratidzira rine hurongwa hwakatosimba. Pepa reKordon rinonyevera kuti inokanganisa mabhakitiriya anogadzira nitrate musefa nekukura kwezvirimwa, inonyura mumatombo, coral, nehuni, inosvibisa silicone, uye inobviswa neactivated carbon. Vamwe vagadziri vanopa yambiro dzakafanana: bvisa carbon panguva yekurapa, tarisira kuti zvirimwa nemhuka dzisina musana zvinogona kukanganiswa, uye sarudza kunyudza uri mutangi rekuparadzanisa hove. Maitiro akabudiswa ehuwandu hwekushandisa mienzaniso iri pamapepa ezvigadzirwa, kwete mirayiridzo inoshanda kune zvose, uye kusimba kwemishonga iri mumabhodhoro kunosiyana nemugadziri: kuiswa muhuwandu hushoma hunenge 3 mg/L kwemazuva akati wandei, kurapwa kwemazai pahuwandu hunenge 3 mg/L kusvika achechenya, kunyudza kwenguva pfupi zvikuru muhuwandu hwakawanda hunenge 50 mg/L kwemasekonzi. Kuiswa kwenguva refu hakusi kusina njodzi; kuiswa pa2 mg/L kwemavhiki akati wandei kwakakanganisa kukura neropa mugoldfish.
Mutemo wekusarudza unoramba wakamira pazvose izvi mupfupi. Ziva chipenyu chiri kukonzera chirwere kana kubvuma kuti chiratidzo hachisati chasiyaniswa. Sarudza mushonga unoenderana nechipenyu ichocho: dhayi pamazai nepachakuvhe chemumvura chiri pachena, nzira dzinotarisira kutenderera kwoupenyu paich, mhangura pavelvet, praziquantel paflukes, mishonga inorwisa utachiona inosarudzwa zvichibva pakuongororwa pacolumnaris, uye kuongorora hurongwa hwomuviri huri kutadza kushanda padropsy nekukanganisika kwekuyangarara. Shandisa methylene blue pazvinotsigirwa nehumbowo hwayo, mutangi rekurapira, uchitevera pepa rechigadzirwa, uye watanga kugadzirisa mamiriro emvura.