Chinyorwa
Methylene blue uye kubatwa nechepfu yenitrite muhove
Methylene blue ine basa rinoenderana nechigadzirwa chacho pakubatsira hove dzemuakwarimu dzakabatwa nechepfu yenitrite. Haitore nzvimbo yekugadzirisa mvura yakasvibiswa, uye hove iri kufemera pamusoro pemvura haisi nguva dzose inenge yabatwa nechepfu yenitrite. Tanga nezviyero zvemvura uye zvakangoitika mutangi usati wasarudza kurapa.
Musiyano unokosha uri pakati pe okisijeni inowanikwa mumvura ne okisijeni inogona kutakurwa neropa. Nitrite inogona kukanganisa chechipiri kunyange chekutanga chichiita sechakakwana. Kuwedzera kupinzwa kwemhepo mumvura kunobatsira hove, asi hakubvisi nitrite yadziri kusangana nayo.
Zvinoitwa nenitrite kuropa rehove
Hove dzinotora nitrite nemumagill adzo. Muropa, nitrite inoita kuti hemoglobin ishanduke kuva methemoglobin kuburikidza neoxidation; methemoglobin haikwanisi kubatanidza okisijeni nenzira yakajairika. Mamiriro anobva aitika, anonzi methemoglobinemia, anowanzonzi chirwere cheropa rebhurawuni nokuti ropa rakanganiswa rinogona kuita ruvara rwebhurawuni.
Tsuro yeUSDA yekuedza kuisa channel catfish mumvura ine nitrite inotsanangura mashandiro aya ane chekuita nekutakurwa kweokisijeni. Sero dzvuku reropa rinogona kuramba richitenderera muropa asi imwe hemoglobin yaro isisakwanisi kuita basa rayo rakajairika. Chiyero cheokisijeni chinoyera mvura yakakomberedza hove; hachiyeri kuti hemoglobin ichiri kushanda yasara yakawanda sei mukati mehove.
Mufananidzo uri pamusoro unoparadzanisa nzvimbo mbiri idzi: nitrite inopinda nepamagill, asi kurasikirwa nekugona kutakura okisijeni kunoitika muropa. Unoratidza mashandiro acho, kwete bvunzo yeropa kana kuongorora chirwere cheimwe hove nekuiona.
Nitrite inowanzova dambudziko kana kusefa kunoitwa nezvipenyu kusati kwanyatsotanga kushanda, kwaremerwa, kana kuvhiringidzwa. Tsananguro yePurdue yezvekuongorora chirwere cheropa rebhurawuni muhove inobatanidza mamiriro aya nekuungana kwemarara ane nitrogen uye inotaura kuchinja mvura seimwe nzira yekuderedza uwandu hwenitrite hunosangana nehove. Kuderedza uwandu huripo panguva iyoyo uye kudzorera kugona kwehurongwa kugadzirisa marara mabasa maviri akasiyana.
Panobatsira methylene blue
Zvinyorwa zveKordon zvechigadzirwa chemethylene blue zvinotsanangura musanganiswa wayo wemumvura we2.303% sechinhu chinobatsira kudzosera shure kubatwa nechepfu yenitrite muhove dzemuakwarimu dzemvura yakachena nedzemvura yemugungwa. Mugadziri anobatanidza kushandiswa ikoko nekushandurwa kwemethemoglobin ichidzokera kuva hemoglobin. Izvi zvinoreva chigadzirwa chakati cheakwarimu, kwete humbowo hwekuti misanganiswa yose yebhuruu inogona kutsivana pakurapa.
Zvinyorwa zvimwe chete izvi zvinoyambira kuti chigadzirwa chisashandiswa muhurongwa hunotenderedza mvura zvakare huchishandisa kusefa nezvipenyu, nokuti chinokanganisa utachiona hunoshandura ammonia kuva nitrite uye nitrite kuva nitrate. Izvi zvinonyanya kukosha kana kusefa kwakakanganisika kuri iko kwakaita kuti hove dzisangane nenitrite. Hazvibvumiriwo kushandiswa kwemushonga uyu muhove dzinodyiwa. Saka nzvimbo yekurapira yakasiyana, kukodzera kwerudzi rwehove, uye mirayiridzo yose iri pabhodhoro zvinofanira kufungwa nezvazvo usati washandisa chigadzirwa.
Verenga gwaro rakakura pamusoro pe mashandisirwo emethylene blue uye painogumira muakwarimu kuti unzwisise zvimwe zvine chekuita nekurapa. Usashandise nzira yekurapa methemoglobinemia muvanhu pakuisa hove mumvura ine mushonga: nzira yekupa mushonga, musanganiswa wacho, uye anenge achirapwa zvakasiyana.
Verenga zvakanyorwa pachigadzirwa semirayiridzo yakazara
Shandisa rondedzero iyi uine bhodhoro racho chairo nemirayiridzo yazvino yemugadziri. Nyora mhinduro usati wawedzera mvura kuti udzikise kusimba kwemusanganiswa; kuziva kusimba kwemusanganiswa chete hakusi kuronga kurapa.
| Chinofanira kuongororwa | Mashoko ekunyora pasi | Kukanganisa kunodzivirirwa neizvi |
|---|---|---|
| Kuzivikanwa kwechigadzirwa | Mugadziri, chinhu chinoshanda, kusimba kwemusanganiswa, uye zuva rekupera kushanda | Kutora zita rekemikari sokunge ndiro tsananguro yakazara yechigadzirwa |
| Kushandiswa kwakatarwa | Kana kubatwa nechepfu yenitrite uye mamiriro eakwarimu aripo zvichibatanidzwa | Kutora mirayiridzo yekurapa mazai kana yeimwe nzira yekushandisa |
| Mhuka nenzvimbo yadzo | Rudzi, danho reupenyu, mvura yakachena kana yemugungwa, kuchengeterwa kushongedza kana kugadzirwa kwechikafu | Kushandisa mirayiridzo yechigadzirwa kunze kwemamiriro ayakatarirwa |
| Mirayiridzo yekusangana nemushonga | Vhoriyamu chaiyo yemvura, huwandu, nguva, uye mirayiridzo yekutevera | Kutevedzera chiyero chemushonga asi uchisiya mamiriro ekusangana nawo |
| Kuenderana nehurongwa | Kusefa kunoitwa nezvipenyu, mimwe mishonga, zvirimwa, uye zvinodiwa pakubvisa mushonga | Kukonzera rimwe dambudziko remhando yemvura panguva yekurapa |
Hurukuro yakasiyana pamusoro pezviyero zvemushonga muakwarimu nekusimba kwechigadzirwa inotsanangura nei huwandu hunodururwa kubva mubhodhoro neuwandu hwemushonga pamwero wemvura mushure mokuwedzerwa zviri zvinhu zvakasiyana. Verenga zvinofanira kufungwa nezvazvo pakuenderana nekuchengeteka muakwarimu usati wasanganisa mishonga.
Nitrite, nitrate, ammonia, nechlorine matambudziko akasiyana
Mazita akafanana haarevi kurapa kwakafanana. Kuenzaniswa kwezvinokuvadza zvinobva munharaunda muMSD Veterinary Manual kunosiyanisa kusangana nezvinhu izvi uye kunosimbisa kuti kukanganiswa nenitrite kunosiyana zvikuru pakati pemarudzi ehove nemamiriro emvura.
| Dambudziko rinofungidzirwa | Zvinofanira kuongororwa | Zvisingasimbiswi nemirayiridzo yekushandisa pakubatwa nechepfu yenitrite |
|---|---|---|
| Nitrite, NO₂⁻ | Zvabuda pabvunzo yenitrite, mayuniti anoshandiswa, rudzi rwehove, uye mamiriro emakemikari emvura | Kuti nguva dzose hove painofema nekukurumidza inenge iine chirwere cheropa rebhurawuni |
| Nitrate, NO₃⁻ | Chiyero chenitrate chakatorwa chakasiyana uye kuungana kwayo kwenguva refu | Kuti methylene blue inobvisa nitrate |
| Ammonia | Nitrogen yose iri muammonia, pH, uye tembiricha | Kuti methylene blue inogadzirisa kusangana neammonia |
| Chlorine kana chloramine | Kugadziriswa kwemvura kwainobva uye bvunzo dzakakodzera dzechlorine | Kuti dhayi iyi inongobvisa chlorine mumamiriro ose |
| Okisijeni yakanyunguduka iri shoma | Chiyero cheokisijeni uye kushanda kwekupinzwa kwemhepo mumvura | Kuti mushonga unopa mvura okisijeni yakakwana |
Tarisa mayuniti usati waenzanisa zvabuda pabvunzo nechiyero chekutarisa. Zvabuda zvakanyorwa senitrite-nitrogen, NO₂-N, zvinoreva huremu hwenitrogen chete. Kuwanza neinenge 3.3 kunozvishandura kuva chiyero chehuremu hweion yenitrite yose pamwero wemvura. Saka 0.30 mg/L NO₂-N inenge 0.99 mg/L NO₂⁻, kwete 0.30 mg/L NO₂⁻. Muenzaniso uyu wekuverenga hausi muganhu unoratidza kuchengeteka.
Nei chloride nezvakaitika pakutakurwa zvichikosha
Chloride inokwikwidzana nenitrite pakupinda nemumagill ehove dzemvura yakachena. Gwaro reUniversity of Florida pamusoro pemunyu pakupfuya mhuka dzemumvura rinotsanangura kuti kuwedzera chloride mumvura kunogona kuderedza kutorwa kwenitrite nehove. Chloride haisi chlorine inoshandiswa kuuraya utachiona. Nzira iyi yekudzivirira yakasiyanawo nekushanda pamethemoglobin yatova muropa.
Chiyedzo chemaawa 96 patilapia diki dzemuNile chakaedza zviyero zviviri zvechloride mumvura yakapoteredza hove. Chloride yakawanda yakaderedza kukuvadza kwenitrite nekuumbwa kwemethemoglobin mumamiriro echidzidzo ichocho. Izvi hazvisimbisi huwandu hwemunyu hunofanira kuwedzerwa muakwarimu dzose dzine marudzi akasiyana ehove: rudzi rwehove, chloride yatovapo, kusangana nenitrite, nezvimwe zvipenyu zvirimo zvichiri kukosha. Chiyedzo chacho hachina kuedza methylene blue.
Kutakurwa kunounza zvimwe zvinogona kukonzera matambudziko. Mu zviyedzo zveUniversity of Florida zvekutakura hove pamapurazi, methylene blue yakaedzwa sechinhu chinowedzerwa kudzivirira utachiona haina kuvandudza mhedzisiro yakataurwa pamusoro pechitarisiko nemaitiro ehove. Zvakawanikwa izvozvo zvine chekuita nemamiriro ekutakura akaedzwa, kwete kurapa kubatwa nechepfu yenitrite kwakasimbiswa. Gwaro rimwe chete iri rinotsanangura kuti kuungana kweammonia, kuchinja kwepH, tembiricha, neokisijeni zvinokanganisa sei kushushikana kwehove pakutakurwa. pH netembiricha zvakakwira zvinowedzera chikamu cheammonia ine chepfu isina kuchinja kuva ion. Mvura yekutakurira ine ruvara rwebhuruu haigoni kuratidza kuti zvinhu izvi zviri kudzorwa.
Siyanisa matanho ekukurumidza nehurongwa hwekupora
Kana hove dziri kunetseka, tsigira kupinzwa kwemhepo mumvura uye ongorora hove nemvura nokukurumidza. Chiremba wemhuka dzemumvura kana basa rinoona nezveutano hwehove vanofanira kuongorora kunetseka kwakanyanya kufema, kutadza kuramba dzakadzikama, kana kuramba kuchifa hove. Iva nemashoko erudzi rwehove, vhoriyamu yetangi, zvabuda pabvunzo nemayuniti acho, kuchengetedzwa kwetangi kuchangobva kuitwa, uye zvigadzirwa zvose zvakashandiswa.
Shandisa mvura yekutsiva yakagadziriswa zvakakodzera uye inoenderana nemamiriro aripo paunenge uchideredzera dambudziko remhando yemvura rakasimbiswa. Ongorora mamiriro acho zvakare pane kufungidzira kuti danho rimwe ragadzirisa kusangana nechinhu chinokuvadza. Ongorora kupa chikafu, uwandu hwehove, uye kugona kwekusefa kuti uwane chakaita kuti marara aungane. Gwaro reUniversity of Florida rehurongwa hunotenderedza mvura zvakare rinoratidza izvi sezvinhu zvikuru zvinotara mhando yemvura.
Hove yava kufema nenzira yakajairika inopa humbowo hunokurudzira pamusoro pemamiriro ayo. Kudzokorora bvunzo yemvura kunopindura mumwe mubvunzo: kana nzvimbo yayo yakachengeteka zvakakwana kuti kupora kuenderere mberi.