Chinyorwa
Methylene blue, malachite green nemunyu weaquarium: ndeipi inokodzera dambudziko?
Mavara machena anooneka patetra, uye mumaminitsi mashoma panouya mazano matatu: methylene blue, malachite green, munyu. Zvose zviri zvitatu zvinoshandura ruvara rwemvura. Zvose zviri zvitatu zvine vanozvishandisa vachivimba nazvo. Hapana chimwe chazvo chinorapa zvose, uye kubvunza kuti ndechipi chakanakisisa kunodarika danho rinopa mhinduro: hove iri kutambudzwa nei, uye chinyorwa chiri pabhodhoro rechigadzirwa chimwe nechimwe chinoti chinoshandisirwa chii chaizvo.
Izvi zvinhu zvitatu zvakasiyana zvinouya mumapakeji akafanana. Methylene blue idhayi ine mashandisirwo emuaquarium akanyorwa pachigadzirwa anosanganisira chakuvhe chemazai, chakuvhe chisina kunyanyisa chiri pamusoro peganda, mamwe maprotozoa ekunze, uye kubatsira pakuiswa chepfu nenitrite kana cyanide. Malachite green, inowanzotengeswa yakasanganiswa neformalin, inonyanya kurapa zvipembenene zvekunze, ichinangana neIch nezvimwe zvipenyu zvakafanana nayo. Munyu weaquarium hausi mushonga maererano nemitemo inodzora mishonga; unobatsira pakudzora mwero wemvura nemunyu mumuviri uye unopa chloride inodzivirira kunitrite, uchishandiswawo kune zvimwe zvipembenene zvekunze pamwero wemunyu usingashivirirwi nematangi mazhinji ane marudzi akasiyana ehove. Kusarudza pakati pazvo neruvara kana netsika kunoita kuti hove dzisina makwande, shrimp, miti nesefa dzebhakitiriya zvikuvadzwe zvisina kunangwa.
Kuenzanisa zvinhu zvitatu izvi
Tafura iri pasi apa yakavakirwa pazvinyorwa zvevagadziri zviri pazvigadzirwa nenhungamiro dzemayunivhesiti dzinopiwa kuruzhinji. Mwero wezvinhu nemirayiridzo zvinosiyana zvichienderana nekugadzirwa kwechigadzirwa, saka tora chinyorwa chiri pabhodhoro rako sechinofanira kuteverwa, uye tafura iyi segwara rinokupa mufananidzo mukuru.
| Methylene blue (semuenzaniso Kordon, 2.303%) | Misanganiswa yemalachite green (semuenzaniso Kordon Rid-Ich Plus, API Super Ick Cure) | Munyu weaquarium (sodium chloride) | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Mashandisirwo akanangwa | Chakuvhe pamazai ehove, utachiona hwechakuvhe huri pamusoro peganda, maprotozoa ekunze akanyorwa (Ichthyophthirius, Chilodonella, Costia), kubatsira pakuiswa chepfu nenitrite kana cyanide. Mirayiridzo yechigadzirwa chaKordon inonyora mashandisirwo aya uye inobudisa pachena kuti haishandiswi paOodinium, utachiona hwebhakitiriya, flukes, uye chirwere chechakuvhe chakanyanya. | Zvipembenene zvekunze, zvikurukuru Ich yemumvura isina munyu pamwe neCostia, Trichodina neChilodonella, zvichienderana nechigadzirwa; chinyorwa cheKordon Rid-Ich Plus chinowedzera Cryptocaryon neAmyloodinium zvemumvura yegungwa pamwe nehumwe utachiona hwechakuvhe, asi chichisiya kunze bhakitiriya, flukes, copepods nehonye. | Kubatsira pakudzora mwero wemvura nemunyu mumuviri pakubatwa kwehove, kudzivirira kunitrite kuburikidza nekukwikwidzana kwechloride nayo pamagill, uye mamwe maprotozoa ekunze kana mwero wemunyu wakakwirira. Nhungamiro yeUF/IFAS inotsanangura munyu sechinhu chinoshandiswa pakurima zvipenyu zvemumvura chisinganyanyi kukosheswa mukudzorwa nemitemo, kwete somushonga wehove wakabvumidzwa. |
| Kushandiswa pamazai | Chinyorwa chinoti hauna ngozi kumazai ehove nehove dzichangobva kuchochonywa kana uchishandiswa kudzivirira chakuvhe, uye chine nzira yakatsanangurwa yekushandiswa pamazai. Gwaro renzvimbo dzekuchochonyera nemazai rinotsanangura kushandiswa uku zvakadzama. | Chigadzirwa chaKordon chemalachite green isina kusanganiswa chinewo mirayiridzo yekudzivirira nekurapa chakuvhe chemazai, kusanganisira nzira dzacho dzekuaisa mumvura ine mushonga nekuanyudza kwenguva pfupi; kuva kwayo chepfu kunoenderana nemwero, nguva yekubata nayo, uye rudzi rwehove. Zvigadzirwa zveIch zvine misanganiswa hazvina chirevo chimwe chete, saka tarisa bhodhoro racho chairo. | Hausi mushonga wechakuvhe chemazai. |
| Marudzi anokurumidza kukanganiswa | Enzanisa rudzi rwehove nedanho rekukura kwayo nezviri pachinyorwa chechigadzirwa; gwaro rehove dzemuaquarium rinotsanangura kuongorora kukodzerana uku. | Zvinosiyana nekugadzirwa kwechigadzirwa: chinyorwa chiripo zvino cheAPI chinoderedza mwero wemushonga nehafu pahove dzisina makwande, asi Kordon inobvumira Rid-Ich Plus paloaches necatfish ichiyambira kusashandisa pamormyrids nestingrays dzemumvura isina munyu. | Kushivirira kunoenderana nerudzi, kwete nekuva nemakwande. UF/IFAS inoyambira zvakananga kuti mamwe matetra haashiviriri munyu zvakanaka uye kuti matetra nehove dzine mhuno yenzou hazvifaniri kuchengetwa mumvura ine munyu kwenguva refu. |
| Zvipenyu zvisina musana nemiti | Inokanganisa kukura kwemiti maererano nechinyorwa chechigadzirwa; kukodzerana nezvipenyu zvisina musana kunofanira kuongororwa pachigadzirwa chimwe nechimwe. | Hazvishandiswi mumaaquarium emakorari kana ezvipenyu zvisina musana kunze kwekunge chiremba wemhuka dzemumvura araira kudaro; mimwe miti mipenyu inokurumidza kukanganiswa. | Miti inogona kusashivirira mwero wemunyu wekurapa Ich we4 kusvika 5 ppt, uye kushivirira kwezvipenyu zvisina musana kunosiyana nerudzi nemwero wemunyu. |
| Sefa yebhakitiriya | Usashandisa mumasisitimu anovimba nekusefa kunoitwa nezvipenyu; inokanganisa bhakitiriya inoshandura ammonia kuita nitrite yozoshandurwa kuita nitrate. Kurapa kunofanira kuitwa mutangi rekurapira kana rekuchochonyera risina zvekushongedza; verenga gwaro rekukodzerana nematangi nezvipenyu zvirimo usati warapa mutangi rekuratidzira rine zvipenyu. | Kordon inoti Rid-Ich Plus haikanganisi kusefa kunoitwa nezvipenyu kana yakashandiswa sezvakarairwa. Bvisa activated carbon pakurapa nedhayi ipi neipi pazviviri izvi. | Hauurayi zvipenyu zvose musefa yebhakitiriya, asi mwero wemunyu wakakwirira unoremedza masisitimu emvura isina munyu; kugadzirisa sefa yebhakitiriya yakundikana kuchiri kuda kuchinja mvura nekugadzirisa sefa, sezvinosimbiswa nenhungamiro yaMerck yezvekurapa mhuka. |
| Chimiro pazvemunhu nehove dzekudya | Inoshandiswa pahove dzekushongedza; haisi yehove dzekudya. | Haina kubvumidzwa pahove dzekudya muUnited States; mitemo yeFDA yezvinotengeswa zvichipinda munyika inoona zvisaririra zvemalachite green sekusvibiswa kwechikafu, uye EU inoisa mwero we0.5 µg/kg panotanga kutorwa matanho pamalachite green pamwe nechimiro chayo chinosara. Bata madhayi uchichenjerera, uye achengete kure nevana nenzvimbo dzinogadzirirwa chikafu. | Chenjedzo dzenguva dzose pakubata munyu; njodzi iri kuzvipenyu zviri mutangi kuburikidza nemwero wemunyu, kwete nemitemo yezvisaririra. |
Kushandisa tafura pakuita sarudzo
Mamiriro mana anowanzoitika anoratidza mashandiro anoita mitsara iyi pamwe chete.
Chakuvhe pamazai. Apa ndipo panonyanya kukodzera methylene blue, ine nzira yekushandiswa pamazai yakanyorwa pachigadzirwa uye chirevo chakajeka chekuti haina ngozi kumazai nehove dzichangobva kuchochonywa. Munyu hauna mashandisirwo akadaro akanyorwa. Malachite green isina kusanganiswa (chigadzirwa chaKordon chine chinhu chimwe chinoshanda) inewo mirayiridzo yechakuvhe chemazai, asi mishonga yeIch ine misanganiswa haina, saka bhodhoro rauinaro ndiro rinotungamirira sarudzo. Tanga wasimbisa kuti mazai akasangana nembeu; hapana dhayi inoponesa mazai asina kusangana nembeu.
Chirwere chemavara machena (Ich). Misanganiswa yemalachite green ndiyo ine mashandisirwo aya akanyorwa pachigadzirwa, uye munyu unogona kuva chinhu chinowedzerwa pa4 kusvika 5 magiramu parita kwemazuva 7 kusvika 10, asi chete pamarudzi anokwanisa kushivirira mwero iwoyo wemunyu uye pakupisa kunotsanangurwa nenhungamiro yeUF/IFAS yeIch. Methylene blue inonyora Ichthyophthirius pakati pemashandisirwo ayo echipiri, asi maitiro ayo ose (kukuvadza sefa yebhakitiriya, kubata zvipembenene zvemarudzi mashoma) anoita kuti isanyanya kukodzera pakupararira kweIch mutangi rekuratidzira. Batanidza dambudziko raonekwa nechigadzirwa chine mashandisirwo makuru anoridoma.
Ropa rakaita shava nekuiswa chepfu nenitrite. Methylene blue yakanyorwa sechinhu chinobatsira kushandura methemoglobin kuti idzokere kuva hemoglobin inotakura okisijeni, ukuwo chloride inobva mumunyu ichikwikwidzana nenitrite pakupinda kuburikidza nemagill. Idzi inzira dzinotsigirana, asi hapana inobvisa nitrite mumvura. Kuiswa chepfu nenitrite kunofanira kukurukurwa kwoga, pachiparadzaniswa kubatsira ropa nekugadzirisa mvura (kuchinja mvura, kugadzirisa sefa), izvo zvinopedza chaizvo kubatwa nenitrite.
Mavara asina kuzivikanwa chikonzero, kukwesha muviri pazvinhu, kana kusava nesimba. Mira. Gwaro reUF/IFAS rekuchengetedza utano hwehove rinoisa kuyedza mvura (okisijeni yakanyungudika, ammonia, nitrite, pH) pamberi pemishonga, nokuti mvura isina kunaka inoita kuti hove dziratidze zviratidzo zvakafanana nechirwere chezvipembenene. Dhayi inodirwa mudambudziko reammonia inobata kushushikana kwemuchengeti, kwete hove.
Nei malachite green iine zvimwe zvinoda kunyatsochenjererwa
Vachengeti veaquarium dzimwe nguva vanobvunza kuti nei imwe dhayi ichiwanzoshandiswa pamazai asi imwe ichikonzera kuti zvisaririra zviongororwe pazviteshi zvinopinda zvinhu munyika. Mhinduro iri mukushandurwa kwezvinhu nemuviri. Hove dzinoshandura malachite green kuita leucomalachite green, chimiro chinonyungudika mumafuta chinosara munyama inodyiwa kwemavhiki kusvika kumwedzi, uye zvidzidzo zveFDA zvezvisaririra zvinoratidza kusara ikoko mutrout nesalmon. Maitiro iwayo ezvisaririra ndiwo akaita kuti malachite green isambobvumidzwa pahove dzekudya uye kuti EU iirambidze pamhuka dzinogadzirwa kuti dzidyiwe.
Tsananguro dzegomarara dzinoda kunyatsojeka. Zvinyorwa zvekare zvemasangano zvinoti malachite green inogona kukonzera gomarara kana kuti inofungidzirwa kukonzera shanduko mumajini; kuongorora kwazvino kweIARC kunoisa malachite green pachayo muBoka 3 (haikwanisi kurongwa maererano nekukonzera gomarara) uye chimiro chayo chinosara, leucomalachite green, muBoka 2B (inogona kukonzera gomarara), zvichibva pauchapupu hwemhuka. Hapana kurongwa uku kunoita kuti kurapa Ich pahove dzekushongedza kuve kusangana kwemunhu nechinhu chinokonzera gomarara, asi zvose zvinotsanangura nei kushandiswa pahove dzekudya kuchirambidzwa uye nei chenjedzo dzekubata dziri pachigadzirwa dzichifanira kuremekedzwa pane kudzingwa.
Zvinogona kusanganiswa here?
Apa ndipo panodarika mazano emumaforamu zviri pazvinyorwa zvezvigadzirwa. Uchapupu hunopatsanuka kuita mapoka matatu.
Chekutanga, malachite green pamwe nemunyu zvine tsigiro chaiyo. Mirayiridzo yeAPI yemunyu weaquarium inokurudzira kushandisa munyu wayo pamwe nemushonga wayo weIch, uye UF/IFAS inoti munyu unowanzowedzerwa kumasisitimu ari kurapwa neformalin kuti avandudze kupindura pakurapwa. Izvozvo zvinotsigira pfungwa iyi pamisanganiswa inoenderana, kwete pabhodhoro rose riri pasherufu. Ich-X yaHikari, musanganiswa weformalin nemalachite green, inotora divi rakasiyana: mirayiridzo yayo inoti haisafaniri kusanganiswa nemunyu kana mimwe mishonga. Saka kukodzerana nemunyu chinhu chechigadzirwa chacho chairo, kwete mutemo unoshanda pazvose.
Chechipiri, methylene blue pamwe nemunyu hazvina chinyorwa chechigadzirwa kana nzira yeyunivhesiti inozvitsigira muongororo iyi. Hapana murayiridzo waKordon uye hapana nzira yekurapa yeUF/IFAS kana Merck inokurudzira kurapa nemethylene blue nemunyu panguva imwe chete. Kushayikwa kwenzira yakatsanangurwa hakusi uchapupu hwekukuvadza, asi kunoreva kuti munhu anoshandisa zviviri izvi pamwe chete ari kuzviedzera pasina nzira yekurapa yakaedzwa, uye haafaniri kupa musanganiswa uyu senzira yakatosimbiswa.
Chechitatu, zvimwe zvinyorwa zvezvigadzirwa zvinorambidza zvakajeka kushandisa mishonga pamwe chete. Kordon inoraira vashandisi kuti vasasanganise Rid-Ich Plus nemumwe mushonga upi zvawo. Mutsara iwoyo mumwe chete unopindura mibvunzo mizhinji yekuti “ndingawedzera here” pachigadzirwa ichocho: kwete.
Mutemo wakajairika unobata zvimwe zvose. Dambudziko rimwe, chinyorwa chechigadzirwa chimwe, nzira imwe yekurapa. Madhayi anoderedza mwero weokisijeni yakanyungudika unosara uchikwana hove (formalin inoita izvi zvakajeka), munyu unowedzera mutoro pakudzora mvura nemunyu mumuviri, uye hove dzinorwara dzinenge dzatofema zvakaoma. Kushandisa mishonga pamwe chete kunowedzera kuremerwa uku kuchiita kuti zvisakwanisika kuziva kuti ndechipi chinhu chakonzera kukanganiswa. Pedzisa kana kumisa zviri pachena imwe nzira yekurapa, uchigadzirisa mvura pakati pekuedza, usati watanga imwe.
Nzira yekusarudza
Tevedzera matanho aya achitevedzana pachirwere chipi zvacho chekunze chiri kufungidzirwa kana dambudziko remazai.
- Yedza mvura (okisijeni, ammonia, nitrite, pH) uye tanga wagadzirisa kukundikana kwemidziyo, sezviri mugwara rekuita sarudzo muaquarium.
- Doma dambudziko zvakanyatsojeka sezvinobvira: chakuvhe chemazai, mavara machena, ropa rakaita shava mushure mekukwira kwenitrite kamwe kamwe, kana risingazivikanwi. Risingazivikanwi rinoreva kutanga waongorora chikonzero usati washandisa mushonga, uchibatsirwa nachiremba wemhuka dzemumvura kana nyanzvi yeutano hwehove kana dambudziko richiramba riripo kana kuti rakanyanya.
- Sarudza chinhu chine mashandisirwo makuru akanyorwa pachigadzirwa anodoma dambudziko iroro, wozoverenga zvose zviri pabhodhoro: mwero wechinhu, yambiro dzemarudzi ehove, zvirevo nezvezvipenyu zvisina musana nemiti, zvirevo nezvesefa yebhakitiriya, uye zvinorambidzwa pakusanganisa.
- Rapa munzvimbo inofungidzirwa nemirayiridzo yechigadzirwa. Methylene blue inofanira kushandiswa mutangi rekurapira kana rekuchochonyera risina zvekushongedza, kure nekusefa kunoitwa nezvipenyu; mishonga yeIch inoda kubviswa kwecarbon, kupinzwa kwemhepo kwakakwana, uye sarudzo dzekupisa dzinoitwa pachifungwa nezveokisijeni.
- Nyora chigadzirwa, mwero wacho, huwandu hwemvura hwakayerwa, nguva yekurapa, uye zvawaona. Kana kurapa kukakundikana, chinyorwa ichocho ndicho chinodiwa nenyanzvi, uye ndichowo chinodzivirira kuedza kunotevera kudzokorora chikanganiso chimwe chete nemwero wemushonga wakakwirira.
Mabhodhoro matatu ari pasherufu haasi mwero mitatu yesimba remushonga mumwe chete. Imhinduro kumibvunzo yakasiyana. Tanga wabvunza mubvunzo wakarurama, uye kazhinji sarudzo yacho inova nyore.