Chinyorwa
Magadzirirwo nekucheneswa kwemethylene blue
Methylene blue inogadzirwa nekubatanidza makemikari. Vagadziri vanovaka morekuru redhayi, voriparadzanisa nezvisaririra zvemaitiro emakemikari, vobvisa chinhu chinodiwa kubva mumusanganiswa, uye voongorora kunaka kwacho. Aya mabasa akasiyana: kugadzira chinhu chebhuruu hakuratidzi kuti batch inosangana nezvinodiwa zvakatarwa.
Ruzivo rwemakemikari rwakabudiswa pachena runotsanangura kuti izvi zvingaitwa sei. Haruratidzi nzira yakashandiswa pabhodhoro rakati. Gwaro repatent rinotsanangura chakagadzirwa chitsva nemienzaniso yacho; rekodhi yebatch inotsanangura zvakaitika pakugadzirwa chaiko.
Methylene blue inogadzirwa kubva pachii?
Tsananguro yeIARC yekugadzirwa kwekutengesa inotsanangura nzira inoshandisa aromatic amines dzakatsiviwa mapoka adzo, kusanganisira N,N-dimethyl-p-phenylenediamine neN,N-dimethylaniline, pamwe nesodium thiosulfate nemakemikari anoita oxidation. Maitiro aya anovaka chimiro chemaringi emethylene blue chine sarufa. Chinhu chapera kugadzirwa chinowanzopiwa chiri munyu wechloride une mvura yakabatana nechinhu chakasimba.
Uku kushandurwa kwemakemikari ekutanga kuva chinhu chitsva. Chinhu chinoshandiswa pakugadzira hachingoerekani chava chimwe chezviri mubhodhoro rakapera kugadzirwa. Asiwo, kuchiti chinhu chekutangira nacho hakuratidzi kuti zvisaririra zvacho zvakabviswa. Mibvunzo pamusoro pehuwandu hwezvisaririra inoda humbowo hunobva pabvunzo dzekuongorora.
Chitsauko chimwe chete cheIARC chinotsanangura methylene blue yakaoma semakristaro akasvibira zvakanyanya kana hupfu hune makristaro hunopenya sendarira, kunyange zvazvo mhinduro dzayo dziri bhuruu rakadzika. Hapana pazvitarisiko izvi panoratidza kuchena kwayo.
Nzira dzakabudiswa dzinosiyana pazvinhu zvadzinopinza
Nzira yechinyakare inobatanidza zvikamu zvearomatic uye inovhara ringi repakati kuburikidza nenhevedzano yemaitiro eoxidation. Mhando dzayo dzinoshandiswa mumaindasitiri dzinosiyana pamakemikari anoita oxidation, pamabatirwo ezvinhu zvepakati, uye pakubviswa kwechinhu chinodiwa kubva mumusanganiswa.
Somuenzaniso, US4212971A inotsanangura nzira yemanganese dioxide yakarongerwa kudzivisa dichromate munhevedzano yeoxidation. Copper sulfate inoshandawo mumaitiro akatsanangurwa. Musiyano uyu unokosha pakuronga kunaka kwechigadzirwa: kusashandisa kemikari ine chromium kunoshandura imwe nzvimbo inogona kubva tsvina, asi manganese nemhangura zvichiri kufanira kufungwa nezvazvo. “Maitiro asingashandisi dichromate” uye “hapana tsvina yezvinhu zveelement” zvirevo zvakasiyana.
Dzimwe nzira itsva dzakarongwa dzinotanga nechimiro chemaringi chiripo kare. WO2018167185A1 inotsanangura kugadzira kunobva paphenothiazine, ichishandisa kuwedzerwa kwehalogen kuchiteverwa nekuita kwekemikari nedimethylamine kuti iwane dhayi ine mapoka akatsiviwa. Izvi zvinoratidza imwe nzira yekugadzira nemakemikari, kwete humbowo hwekuti nzira iyi yakatsiva kugadzirwa kwechinyakare kwose kwose.
Mutengi kazhinji haakwanisi kuona kuti ndeipi nzira iri nani nemazita adzo chete. Kuenzanisa kunobatsira ndekwekuona kana maitiro ega ega anodzorwa achiramba achigadzira chinhu chinosangana nezvinodiwa zvakatarwa, kusanganisira tsvina inoenderana nenzira iyoyo.
Kuchenesa kunobata mhando dzakasiyana dzezvisaririra
Madhayi ane ukama ndeimwe nyaya inonetsa. Azure A, Azure B neAzure C zvine zvimiro zvakafanana zvikuru nemethylene blue. Nokudaro, kuzviparadzanisa kunogona kuoma kupfuura kubvisa chidimbu chisinganyunguduki chisina ukama nayo. Sefa inobata zvidimbu zvidiki inogona kuchengetedza zvidimbu asi tsvina yemadhayi yakanyunguduka ichipfuura.
Dambudziko rechipiri izvisaririra zvine simbi. Rechitatu imvura inonyungudutsa inoshandiswa mukugadzira inosara mushure mekubviswa kwechinhu chinodiwa kubva mumusanganiswa. Danho rekuchenesa rinoderedza imwe mhando yetsvina rinogona kusiya imwe isina kunyanya kuchinja.
Nzira mbiri dzakabudiswa dzinoratidza musiyano uyu:
- Kuita kuti zvinhu zvibude mumhinduro zviri zvakasimba, kubvisa nechinonyungudutsa, uye kuumba makristaro. US12215234B2 inotsanangura kubvisa simbi nekudziita kuti dzibude mumhinduro dziri dzakasimba panguva yekubvisa nechinonyungudutsa, zvichiteverwa nekumwe kuchenesa nekubvisa chinhu chinodiwa kubva mumusanganiswa. Gwaro iri rinobatanidzawo mamiriro ealkaline nekuumbwa kwetsvina yemadhayi uye rinokurukura kudzora pH neimwe nzira yekuumba makristaro yekubvisa tsvina yeorganic. Izvi zvinoratidza zvinhu zvinofanira kuenzaniswa mumaitiro: mamiriro anobatsira pakupatsanura anofanirawo kuongororwa kuti haaunzi shanduko dzemakemikari dzisingadiwi here. Kubudirira kwakataurwa kunoshanda pamienzaniso yakatsanangurwa, kwete pamethylene blue yose inotengeswa.
- Kuchenesa chimiro chinenge chaitwa reduction kwechinguva. US20160200696A1 inotsanangura musanganiswa weleucomethylene blue wakadzikamiswa uye wakawedzerwa maproton. Maitiro acho anoita reduction pamethylene blue, anochenesa chinhu ichocho chepakati, uye ochoita oxidation kuti chidzokere pachimiro chayo. Chakanakira nzira iyi chakataurwa ndechekuti kushandura chimiro chemakemikari kunoita kuti kuparadzanisa kubva kumadhayi eazure netsvina ine simbi kuve nyore. “Leuco” inoratidza chimiro chakaitwa reduction; pachayo hairevi kuti “chakachena.”
Nzira idzi dzinoshandisa hunhu hwakasiyana hwemakemikari kuti dzipatsanure zvinhu. Kuvapo kwadzo kunotsanangura kuti nei tsananguro yakakwana yemaitiro ichipa ruzivo rwakawanda kupfuura shoko rokuti “yakasefwa,” asi hapana yadzo inotsiva migumisiro yebvunzo pabatch chaiyo.
Dhayagiramu yemaitiro: panomuka mibvunzo yekunaka kwechigadzirwa
Pfupiso yepfungwa dzemaitiro akabudiswa uye nheyo dzekunaka kwechigadzirwa dzakurukurwa pano. Miseve ine mitsetse yakazara inoratidza kuyerera kwezvinhu; miseve ine mitsetse yakadimburwa inobatanidza matanho nemibvunzo yekuongorora. Idzi hadzisi nguva dzakatemerwa dzekutora masampuli, uye bvunzo dzinogona kushandiswa pamatanho akati wandei. Zvinhu zvinobviswa zvinobuda panguva yekuchenesa; bvunzo dzemurabhoritari dzinoyera zvinosara.
Tafura inobatanidza mibvunzo iyoyo nehumbowo hunobatsira. HPLC inoreva chromatography yemvura inoshanda zvakanyanya; IR inoreva spectroscopy yemwaranzi yeinfrared; GC inoreva chromatography yegasi; ICP-MS inoreva mass spectrometry inoshandisa plasma yakabatanidzwa neinduction.
| Danho kana nyaya inoda kutariswa | Zvingada kudzorwa | Humbowo hunopindura nyaya yacho |
|---|---|---|
| Makemikari anopinda | Kuzivikanwa kusiri iko, kunaka kunochinja-chinja kana tsvina inopinda nezvinhu zvekushandisa | Zvinodiwa zvakatarwa pazvinhu zvinopinda, bvunzo dzekuziva kuti zvinhu ndezvipi uye kuongororwa kwekukodzera kwemupi |
| Kugadzira nemakemikari | Madhayi ane ukama, zvinhu zvekutanga zvinosara uye zvinhu zvepakati | Nzira dzakakodzera dzechromatography dzine zvinhu zvinotsvakwa zvakazivikanwa, kugona kuona huwandu hudiki uye miganhu yekugamuchira |
| Makemikari anoshandiswa ane simbi | Zvisaririra zveelement zvinoramba zviripo panguva yekugadzira | Kuongorora kwakanangana neelement imwe neimwe, kwakadai seICP-MS, kunobata boka remaelement rakasarudzwa nechikonzero chakakodzera |
| Kupatsanura nezvinonyungudutsa nekuomesa | Zvisaririra zvezvinonyungudutsa zvakashandiswa mukugadzira | Kuongororwa kwezvinonyungudutsa uye bvunzo dzakakodzera dzezvisaririra zvazvo, kazhinji GC |
| Chinhu chabviswa mumusanganiswa | Kuzivikanwa kusiri iko, huwandu husiri ihwo kana hwaro hwemvura husina kururama | Bvunzo dzinozadzisana dzekuziva chinhu, kuyera huwandu hwacho uye bvunzo yakakodzera yemvura kana yehuremu hunorasika pakuomesa |
Nzira idzi dzinopindura mibvunzo yakasiyana. Tsananguro yeUSP yebvunzo dzezvisaririra zvezvinonyungudutsa inokurukura panodiwa chromatography yegasi; haisi chinotsiva kuongororwa kwemadhayi ane ukama. Saizvozvowo, kuyerwa kwemaelement hakukwanisi kuziva madhayi eazure. Nzira inofanira kukodzera chinhu chiri kuongororwa. Gwaro retsvina yemethylene blue nenzira dzebvunzo rinotsanangura misiyano iyi yekuongorora zvakadzama.
Nei chikamu chekupedzisira chemuzana chichida tsananguro
Bvunzo yekuyera huwandu hwechinhu inoyera huwandu hwechinhu chakatarwa pachishandiswa nzira nehwaro hwekutaura migumisiro zvakatsanangurwa. Nzira yekuongorora tsvina inoyera boka rakatsanangurwa remamwe makombaundi. Migumisiro iyoyo ine ukama, asi haigoni kushandiswa imwe panzvimbo yeimwe.
Hurongwa hweICH Q6A hwezvinodiwa zvakatarwa hunosiyanisa kuziva chinhu, kuyera huwandu hwacho uye kuongorora tsvina. Hunobatawo bvunzo dzemvura pazvinhu zvinokweva hunyoro nemahydrate. Pachinhu chine mvura yakabatana nacho, mugumisiro wakataurwa pahwaro hwechinhu chakaomeswa haugoni kuverengwa sechikamu chemuzana chehupfu sezvahwakagamuchirwa pasina kufunga nezvehwaro ihwohwo.
Nhoroondo yemaitiro inowedzera imwe nyaya. Nhungamiro yeICH Q7 pamusoro pezvinhu zvinoshanda mumishonga inoda tsananguro yemhando nehuwandu hwetsvina yakabatana nemaitiro ekugadzira anodzorwa, pamwe nekuenzanisa kunogona kuratidza shanduko muzvinhu zvinopinda kana mukugadzira. Inotarawo kuti zvitupa zvekuongorora zvive neruzivo rwekuziva batch, miganhu yebvunzo uye migumisiro yenhamba. Magwaro aya enhungamiro yemishonga anotsanangura nheyo dzekunaka kwechigadzirwa; haapi chigadzirwa chinotengeswa muzvitoro chinzvimbo chekuva mushonga.
Zvinoratidzwa neizvi pamusoro peBlupreme
Ruzivo rweBlupreme rwakabudiswa pamusoro pekunaka kwezvigadzirwa runotsanangura marekodhi anobatanidza batch yechigadzirwa chemubhodhoro nebatch yechinhu chemethylene blue uye chitupa chayo chekuongorora. Icho chirevo chekukwanisa kuronda kwakabva chigadzirwa. Hachiburitsi nzira yekugadzira nemakemikari yakashandiswa nemugadziri wechinhu ichocho, nhevedzano yekuchenesa kana mamiriro ekushanda kwefekitari.
Nokudaro, hapana nzira yepatent yataurwa pamusoro inofanira kutsanangurwa ichinzi “magadzirirwo anoitwa methylene blue neBlupreme” pasina mamwe magwaro ekugadzira. COA yechinhu chinoshandiswa haigoniwo, iri yoga, kuratidza huwandu hwacho mumhinduro yakapera kugadzirwa, kushanda kwakakodzera kwekurongedza kana kusavapo kweutachiona. Musiyano uyu unotsanangurwa muCOA yechinhu chinoshandiswa ichienzaniswa nebvunzo dzechigadzirwa chakapera kugadzirwa.
Pakuita sarudzo yekutenga, tanga nelot chaiyo uye kushandiswa kunodiwa. Kumbira mushumo unoenderana nayo, ongorora nzira nemiganhu, uye bvunza kuti tsvina yakakodzera kutariswa inobva mumaitiro ekugadzira inodzorwa sei. Rondedzero yemutengi yekuenzanisa methylene blue inoshandura mibvunzo iyoyo kuita nzira yekuenzanisa vanopa zvinhu nenzira imwe chete.