Kunyunguduka kwe methylene blue nekugadzira musanganiswa: gwaro rerabhoritari

Vashandi vaviri verabhoritari mumwe nemumwe vanogadzira musanganiswa we methylene blue we 1 muzana kubva pahupfu. Mumwe anoyera 1.00 giramu ozadza furasi kusvika pa 100 mL. Mumwe anoyera 1.00 giramu, oriisa mu 100 mL yemvura, obva ati apedza. Mushandi wechitatu anoyera 1.00 giramu kubva muboka rakasiyana rezvakagadzirwa owana kusimba kwakasiyana kunogona kuyerwa. Mabhodhoro ose ari matatu ane zvinyorwa zvakafanana. Hapana rine chaizvo zvinotaurwa pachinyorwa charo, uye kusiyana uku kunobva papfungwa nhatu dziri nyore kuvhiringidza: huwandu hunogona kunyungudutswa nemvura kana chimwe chinonyungudutsa, kuti hupfu hwayerwa chii chaizvo, uye kuti muzana unoreva chii.

Gwaro iri nderokugadzira misanganiswa murabhoritari chete: madhayi ekupa ruvara, zvinoratidza mamiriro emakemikari, misanganiswa yekutanga inoshandiswa pakuongorora, nemisanganiswa yakaderedzwa kusimba yekushandisa. Harisi gwaro rekugadzira mishonga yekunwa kana yekubaya, uye kusimba kwemisanganiswa kuri pano hakufaniri kutorwa semiyero yemishonga.

Zvinoganhurwa nekunyunguduka, nezvisingaganhurwi nako

Methylene blue inonyunguduka mumvura zvakanyanya kana ichienzaniswa nemamwe madhayi. Rekodhi yePubChem yekemikari methylene blue inotaura anenge 43.6 magiramu parita pa 25 C, izvo zvakafanana ne 4.36 magiramu pa 100 mL, kana 4.36 muzana w/v. Imwe ongororo yakazvimirira yakayera mushure mekunge kunyunguduka kwasvika pakuenzana patembiricha imwe chete yakawana 43.21 g/L, ikasimbisa nhamba yekare mukati memuganhu wekukanganisa kunotarisirwa pakuedza.

Nhamba iyoyo muganhu wepamusoro, kwete chinangwa. Musanganiswa wekutanga we 1 muzana une 10 g/L, iri pasi pechikamu chimwe muzvina chemuganhu iwoyo. Musanganiswa wekutanga we 0.1 muzana une 1 g/L, inenge chikamu chimwe pamakumi mana chemuganhu wacho. Kana musanganiswa we 1 muzana ukasiya zvinhu zvakasimba zvisinganyunguduki mushure mekusanganiswa zvakanaka patembiricha yemumba, dambudziko racho rinenge risingambovi muganhu wekunyunguduka. Kazhinji hupfu hunenge husina kunyorova hwose, mvura ichitonhora, paine mapundu ehupfu anoda nguva yakawanda, kana kuti chinhu chinonyungudutswa chakazivikanwa zvisizvo. Mvura inodziya nekukuchidzira zvinogadzirisa zvizhinji zvezvinetso izvi. Kana wapisa musanganiswa, rega furasi ridzokere patembiricha yarakayererwa nayo usati wazadza kusvika pavhoriyamu yekupedzisira.

Kunyunguduka mune zvimwe zvinonyungudutsa kwakaderera uye nhamba dzacho hadzienderani zvakanyanya mumabhuku akasiyana, pamwe nekuti mamiriro ehydrate echinhu chakaedzwa anosiyana. Mvura inoramba iri chinhu chinonyungudutsa chinoshandiswa sechiyero pamisanganiswa yekutanga yerabhoritari inogadzirwa nguva dzose. Ethanol inonyungudutsa dhayi iyi asi inotakura huwandu hushoma zvikuru kupfuura mvura; chloroform inoinyungudutsawo, pyridine inoinyungudutsa zvishoma chete, uye diethyl ether inenge isingainyungudutsi. Muzviyero zvakatevedzana, acetone ne ethyl acetate zvinonyungudutsa huwandu hwakaderera zvikuru pane mvura. Pabasa risingashandisi mvura, tora nhamba iri mubhuku sechifungidziro chekutangira, woisimbisa neboka chairo rezvakagadzirwa rauri kushandisa, pane kuitora semuganhu wekugadzira musanganiswa. Pfungwa inobatsira iri nyore: kana chinangwa chiri kusimba kwakatarwa kwemusanganiswa wemvura kuri pa 1 muzana kana pasi pacho, mvura inokupa mukana mukuru usati wasvika pamuganhu wayo.

Hupfu hahuna chimiro chimwe chete

Hupfu hwe methylene blue hunotengeswa kuti hushandiswe murabhoritari munyu wechloride une mvura mukati mechimiro chekristaro chawo, uye huwandu hwemvura iyoyo hunosiyana. Ayoni isina mvura ine huremu hwemamorekuru hwe 319.85 g/mol. Trihydrate inowanzotaurwa ine 373.90 g/mol uye pentahydrate ine 409.93 g/mol, nhamba dzakanyorwa mudata remonograph yeUSP rakapfupikiswa pamwe chete nerekodhi yePubChem.

Mabhodhoro anotengeswa anowanzonyorwa kuti trihydrate, CAS 7220-79-3, asi ongororo yezvinhu zviri muchimiro chakasimba yakawana kuti chinhu chaicho chinogona kuva pentahydrate, hydrate ine mvura isina kukwana iri pedyo nemamorekuru emvura 2.2, dihydrate, kana monohydrate, pasina chimiro chekristaro chetrihydrate chakazvimirira mune dzimwe ongororo. Dhayi iyi inotorawo hunyoro kubva mumhepo, saka huwandu hwemvura mubhodhoro rakavhurwa hunochinja. Pakupa ruvara kusingadi kuyerwa kwehuwandu, izvi hazvina basa rakawanda. Pabasa rekuongorora rinoda kuyerwa kwehuwandu zvine basa zvikuru, ndokusaka gwaro rekuverenga mugumisiro wekuongorora huwandu hwechinhu neuwandu hwemvura pachitupa chekuongorora richitora gwaro reboka rezvakagadzirwa serinofanira kuvimbwa naro kupfuura izwi rekuti trihydrate riri pachinyorwa chepamberi.

Izvi zvinopa nzira mbiri dzekugadzirisa kuverenga, uye imwe chete ndiyo inofanira kushandiswa panguva. Kana chitupa chichipa mugumisiro wekuongorora huwandu hwechinhu pamwe nehuwandu hwemvura kana huremu hunorasika pakuomesa, shandisa nhamba idzodzo zvakananga. Kana pasina data rechitupa uye kusimba kuchifanira kutaurwa pachiyero chakaenzana nechinhu chisina mvura, shandisa nhamba yekuwanza yehydrate yakabva pakuverenga kwedzidziso: 373.90 yakakamurwa ne 319.85, kana 1.169, pachinhu chinonzi trihydrate, uye 409.93 yakakamurwa ne 319.85, kana 1.282, pachinhu chinonzi pentahydrate. Usashandisa nzira mbiri idzi pamwe chete. Izvozvo zvinoverenga mvura kaviri.

Zvinorehwa nemuzana

Muzana w/v unoreva magiramu echinhu chinonyungudutswa chakatarwa pa 100 mL yemusanganiswa wekupedzisira, kwete pa 100 mL yemvura yekutanga. Saka 1 muzana w/v i 1.000 g pa 100 mL yekupedzisira, zvakaenzana ne 10 mg/mL kana 10 g/L. Musanganiswa we 0.1 muzana une 0.100 g pa 100 mL yekupedzisira, zvakaenzana ne 1 mg/mL. Kuvhiringidza kunowanzoitika kwekutora 1 muzana se 1 mg/mL kukanganisa nekakapetwa kagumi, uye zvakakosha kutarisa chinyorwa chose kuti hachina kukanganisa uku.

Chikamu chechipiri chetsananguro iyi kutara kuti chinhu chinonyungudutswa chii. Musanganiswa we 1 muzana wehupfu hwetrihydrate sezvahwayerwa uye musanganiswa we 1 muzana unotaurwa sechiyero chakaenzana nechinhu chisina mvura misanganiswa yakasiyana. Mienzaniso yakaverengwa iri pasi apa inotaura vhoriyamu yekupedzisira nechiyero chakashandiswa nguva dzose; iyi ndiyo tsika inodzivirira dambudziko revashandi vatatu rataurwa pamusoro.

Mienzaniso yekugadzira yakaverengwa, ine fungidziro dzehydrate dzakataurwa

Mienzaniso yose inofungidzira kuti hupfu hwakachena hwehydrate yakataurwa uye kuti mvura ndiyo inonyungudutsa patembiricha yemumba. Pamamwe mavhoriyamu, wedzera kana kuderedza huwandu hwose nechiyero chimwe chete.

Muenzaniso A: 100.0 mL ye 1 muzana w/v, pachiyero chetrihydrate sezvayayerwa. Yera 1.000 g ye methylene blue trihydrate. Wedzera anenge 70 mL emvura yakacheneswa, kuchidzira kana kutenderedza kusvikira yanyunguduka yose, endesa musanganiswa wose mufurasi rinoyera vhoriyamu re 100.0 mL uchisukurudza mudziyo kuti pasasara chinhu, wobva wawedzera mvura kusvika pachiratidzo. Chinhu chinonyungudutswa itrihydrate pachayo, saka hapana kugadzirisa kwehuremu hwemamorekuru kunodiwa. Mugumisiro: 1.000 g pa 100.0 mL yekupedzisira, kana 10 mg/mL yehupfu sezvahwayerwa.

Muenzaniso B: 100.0 mL ye 1 mg/mL, pachiyero chakaenzana nechinhu chisina mvura, kubva pachinhu chinonzi trihydrate. Chinangwa i 100.0 mg ye methylene blue isina mvura mu 100.0 mL yekupedzisira. Wanza ne 1.169 kuti ugadzirise kuverenga kwemamorekuru emvura matatu: 100.0 mg yakawanzwa ne 1.169 yakaenzana ne 116.9 mg. Yera 116.9 mg yechinhu chinonzi trihydrate, inyungudutse muanenge 70 mL emvura, wozadza kusvika pa 100.0 mL yekupedzisira mufurasi rinoyera vhoriyamu. Pachinhu chinonzi pentahydrate, nhamba yekuwanza i 1.282, saka chinangwa chimwe chete chinoda 128.2 mg. Nyora pachinyorwa nhamba yekuwanza yakashandiswa.

Muenzaniso C: kuderedza kusimba kwe methylene blue kubva pamusanganiswa wekutanga we 1 muzana kusvika pa 0.1 muzana. Shandisa C1V1 yakaenzana ne C2V2. Kuti ugadzire 100.0 mL ye 0.1 muzana kubva pamusanganiswa wekutanga we 1.0 muzana, vhoriyamu yemusanganiswa wekutanga inodiwa i 0.1 yakawanzwa ne 100.0 yakakamurwa ne 1.0, inova 10.0 mL. Shandisa pipeti kuisa 10.0 mL yemusanganiswa wekutanga we 1 muzana mufurasi re 100.0 mL, wowedzera mvura kusvika pachiratidzo. Kune vanoongorora vanofarira mayuniti ehuremu: 1 muzana i 10 mg/mL, saka 10.0 mL ine 100 mg, uye 100 mg mu 100.0 mL yekupedzisira i 1 mg/mL, inova 0.1 muzana.

Muenzaniso D: 1.000 L yemusanganiswa wekushandisa we 10 mg/L kubva pamusanganiswa wekutanga we 1 mg/mL. Musanganiswa wekutanga we 1 mg/mL i 1000 mg/L. Vhoriyamu inodiwa i 10 yakawanzwa ne 1.000 yakakamurwa ne 1000, inova 0.0100 L, kana 10.0 mL. Tora 10.0 mL yemusanganiswa wekutanga nepipeti wowedzera mvura kusvika pa 1.000 L yekupedzisira. Kubva pamusanganiswa wekutanga we 1 muzana une 10,000 mg/L, chinangwa chimwe chete chinoda 1.00 mL chete inozadzwa kusvika pa 1.000 L. Kuderedza kusimba kuchitevedzana mumatanho maviri kunopa kunyatsoyerwa kuri nani pane kutamisa kamwe chete huwandu hwemamicrolitre kana chiyero chichipfuura anenge zana.

Mumwe nemumwe wemienzaniso iyi unongova tsananguro yakakwana nekuti une zvinhu zvitatu: huremu hwakayerwa nefungidziro yehydrate yahwo, vhoriyamu yekupedzisira yemusanganiswa, uye chiyero chakashandiswa pakutaura kusimba. Chinyorwa mubhuku cherabhoritari chisina chimwe chezvitatu izvi hachigoni kudzokororwa zvakanyatsofanana.

Maitiro anodzivirira kukanganisa kunowanzoitika

Tanga wanyungudutsa hupfu mumvura iri pasi pevhoriyamu yekupedzisira, wozowedzera kusvika pavhoriyamu yacho. Kuisa hupfu zvakananga mumvura yatova pavhoriyamu yose yekupedzisira kunogadzira musanganiswa une vhoriyamu yose inopfuura chiratidzo chakatarwa, uye kusimba kunobuda kwakaderera. Sukurudzira zviri mubhika mufurasi kuitira kuti pasasara ruvara; ruvara rwakasimba rwunoita kuti zvinhu zvishoma zvarasika zvionekwe, zvinova zvinobatsira kana zvichiita kuti musanganiswa wose utamiswe.

Sanganisa kusvikira pasisina tunhu tusina kunyunguduka usati wazadza kusvika pavhoriyamu, woongorora wakatarisa kuchiedza. Sefa chete kana nzira yebasa ichida izvozvo. Methylene blue inonamatira pamusoro pezvimwe zvinhu zvinogadzira membrane, saka kusefa kunogona kuderedza kusimba kwemusanganiswa wekutanga uchangobva kuyerwa kusimba kwawo. Izvi zvakanyorwa muongororo dzekunamatira pamembrane uye zvakakosha kuzviyeuka pose panenge paine kusefa kana kusimbisa kusimba kwemusanganiswa munzira yebasa. Kana musanganiswa wekutanga wakasefwa uchifanira kuva nekusimba kwakasimbiswa nechitupa, simbisa kusimba mushure mekusefa kwete kusati kwaitwa.

Chengetedza misanganiswa yakagadzirwa yakadzivirirwa pachiedza chakasimba, mumabhodhoro eruvara rweamber kana asingapfuudzi chiedza, patembiricha yemumba. Nyora pachinyorwa chinhu chakanyungudutswa, chiyero chehydrate, kusimba, chinhu chinonyungudutsa, zuva, uye munhu akaigadzira. Kupera kweruvara kana dhayi ichiramba iri pachiedza inzira inozivikanwa yekushatisa dhayi, saka nzvimbo dzepahwindo nemafiriji ane chiedza hadzina kukodzera kuichengetera kunyange kana dhayi ichiratidzika kusachinja. Zvinotarisirwa pakugadzikana nenguva dzepakati pekuongororazve zviri mugwaro rekuchengetedza nekugadzikana kwemisanganiswa yakagadzirwa, asi semutemo webasa, misanganiswa yekutanga yekuongorora inofanira kugadzirwa patsva kana kusimbiswazve pane kuramba ichivimbwa nayo pasina muganhu wenguva.

Bata hupfu nemisanganiswa yekutanga yakasimba wakapfeka magirovhosi, chinodzivirira maziso, nebhachi rerabhoritari, uye wakafukidza tafura yebasa; isa mabhodhoro mune mumwe mudziyo unobata zvingadeuka. Dhayi inokurumidza kuisa ruvara paganda, pazvipfeko, pamatafura ebasa, nepamapurasitiki, uye mapepa evatengesi eruzivo rwekuchengeteka anoronga hupfu sehune ngozi kana hukamedzwa uye hunotsamwisa maziso neganda zvichienderana negiredhi. Chenjedzo dzakazara dziri mumaitiro ekubata nekuchengetedza zvakachengeteka, asi kudzora kusvibiswa neruvara pachako inzira yekuchengetedza kunaka kwebasa: dhayi yakarasikira pamidziyo yegirazi nepamapipeti inogona kusvibisa mimwe mienzaniso pakuongorora huwandu hudikidiki zvikuru.

Cherechedzo pamusoro pegiredhi

Pamabhati ekupa ruvara nepazviratidzo zvekudzidzisa, chero giredhi rerabhoritari rakachena rakagadzirwa pakusimba kwakakodzera rinoshanda. Pabasa rekuyera huwandu kana rekuenzanisa, giredhi rine basa nekuti tsvina dzirimo dzinosiyana: Azure B yasara nema thiazine ane hukama nayo, simbi dzinorema, zvisaririra zvezvinonyungudutsa, neuwandu hwezvipenyu zvidikidiki. Ndokusaka kusarudza giredhi rine chitupa chekuongorora chakazara kuri chikamu chekugadzira musanganiswa pane kuva chinhu chinofungwa pakupedzisira. Gwaro rakazara reboka rezvakagadzirwa rinotaura kuzivikanwa kwechinhu, mugumisiro wekuongorora huwandu hwacho nechiyero chawo, huwandu hwemvura, uye boka retsvina rakaongororwa chaizvo. Nokudaro, kugadzirisa kuverenga kwehydrate mumienzaniso iri pamusoro kunoshandisa nhamba dzakayerwa pane fungidziro yekuti chinhu itrihydrate. Kana mapoka maviri ezvakagadzirwa akapa kusimba kwakasiyana kubva pahuremu hwakayerwa hwakafanana, chitupa chinowanzotsanangura chikonzero.