Chinyorwa
Kugadzikana kwemethylene blue: chiedza, pH, zvinonyungudutsa, uye kuparara
Mushonga wakanyungudutswa wemethylene blue une mwero unozivikanwa uye usina kusimba zvakanyanya unopa chiyero che0.842 pa664 nm neMuvhuro. NeChishanu bhodhoro rimwe chetero rinopa 0.791, uye hapana akachinja kuwanda kwayo. Mubvunzo wokutanga ndewokuti dhayi yakarasika here. Mubvunzo wechipiri, wakaoma zvikuru, ndewokuti “kurasika” kunorevei.
Kugadzikana kwemethylene blue hakusi chinhu chimwe chete. Kunobatanidza nzira dzinoverengeka dzose dzinoderedza kutorwa kwechiedza paurefu hwesaisai humwe chete. Kugamuchira maerekitironi kunogona kudzoserwa, kuchinja kwekuungana kwemamorekuru, uye kuparara kusingadzoserwi zvinotaridzika zvakafanana kana zvayerwa paurefu hwesaisai humwe chete. Peji ino inozvipatsanura kuitira kuti kuedza kududzirwe nemazvo.
Zviri pano zvine chekuita nekugadzikana kwezvakagadzirwa uye kwekuedza. Panyaya dzekuchengetwa kwemabhodhoro, kubata mabhodhoro akavhurwa, uye kupera kwenguva yekushandiswa, ona nhungamiro yevatengi pamusoro penguva yekuchengetwa. Hapana zuva rekupera kwenguva yekushandiswa rinopiwa pano, nokuti nguva inoramba yakakodzera kushandiswa yakanyungudutswa inofanira kusimbiswa paku wanda kwakatarwa, mudziyo wakatarwa, uye mamiriro ekuchengetwa akatarwa.
Tanga nechinhu chiri kutsanangurwa
Methylene blue yakaoma nemethylene blue yakanyungudutswa zvinoita zvakasiyana. Zvinyorwa zvePubChem pamusoro pemethylene blue zvinotsanangura munyu wechloride, une huremu hwefomura hunenge 319.9 g/mol pachimiro chisina mvura, uine makristaro egirini yakasviba uye uchipa ruvara rwebhuruu yakadzika kana wanyungudutswa mumvura nemudoro. Zvinyorwa zvekare zvakaunganidzwa zvinotsanangura trihydrate seyakagadzikana mumhepo, uye mapepa azvino ekuchengeteka anorayira kuti igare mumudziyo wakavharwa zvakasimba, yakaoma, inotonhorera, panofamba mhepo, uye yakadzivirirwa kubva kuchiedza.
Izvozvo zvinoita kuti iri muchimiro chakasimba ive yakati dzikamei kana yakachengetwa sezvinowanzoitwa murabhoritari. Izvi hazvirevi kuti zvakafanana kana yanyungudutswa. Mashoko ari muchidimbu cheUSP chazvino anoti zvinonyungudutswa zvine methylene blue zvinofanira kugadzirwa zvitsva kuongororwa kusati kwaitwa, zvichichengetwa zvakavharwa zvakanaka, zvakadzivirirwa kubva kuchiedza, uye pasi pe30 C. Murayiro iwoyo itsika yokungwarira pakuongorora, kwete uchapupu hwokuti chinhu chose chakanyungudutswa chinorasikirwa neruvara mumazuva mashoma. Zvinoreva kuti kugadzikana kwemethylene blue yakanyungudutswa kunofanira kuratidzwa, kwete kungofungidzirwa. Chidimbu chegwaro reUSP remethylene blue chinotaura hwaro hwekuongororwa hunoshandiswa pakuita mutongo iwoyo.
Chiedza: chikonzero chikuru chekurasika chinogona kudzivirirwa
Methylene blue inotora chiedza paurefu hwemasaisai hunobudiswa nechiedza chakajairika. Monomer inotora chiedza zvikuru pedyo ne658 kusvika 665 nm, paine bendekete redimer pedyo ne605 kusvika 610 nm nemabhendi eultraviolet pedyo ne292 nm uye pasi pacho. Saka chiedza chitsvuku chepatafura yekushandira chinowirirana zvakananga nezvinotorwa nedhayi. Chiedza chefluorescent, maLED machena, uye UV-A zvinogonawo kubvisa ruvara muzvinonyungudutswa zvisina kusimba zvakanyanya pasi pemamiriro ekuedza. Hapana ruvara rumwe rwechiedza rwakachengeteka nguva dzose; chinobatsira kuderedza kusangana nechiedza.
Kushanduka kwemakemikari kunokonzerwa nechiedza kunotanga pachimiro chetriplet. Chiedza chinotorwa chinoisa dhayi muchimiro chine simba rakawedzerwa, uye triplet inobva ipapo inogona kuendesa simba kana maerekitironi kuokisijeni yakanyunguduka. Monomer isina kuwanda zvakanyanya inokwanisa kukonzera kuumbwa kwesinglet oxygen zvakanaka, iine zviyero zvequantum yield zvinonzi zviri pedyo ne0.5 mumvura. Gwaro rinowanzoshandiswa panyaya iyi ndiongororo yetriplet yemethylene blue nesinglet oxygen.
Singlet oxygen haifaniri kunzi ndiyo chete inokonzera kuderera kweruvara mubhodhoro rose. Zvinonyungudutswa zvakaiswa muchiedza zvine mafomu eleuco agamuchira maerekitironi pamwe nedhayi dzakabviswa mapoka emethyl, uye vanyori veongororo yemethylene blue yakaiswa muchiedza chinooneka vanotaura pachena kuti nzira dzinopatsanuka nadzo hadzisati dzanyatsotsanangurwa. Kugamuchira maerekitironi kunokonzerwa nechiedza uye kunogona kudzoserwa, kubviswa kwemapoka emethyl paN kuburikidza neoxidation, mamwe maitiro emakemikari anosanganisira okisijeni inokurumidza kuita, uye kuparadzana kuita zvimedu kunotevera zvinogona kuitika panguva imwe chete.
Mune imwe ongororo yezvinhu, dhayi yakanyungudutswa mumvura ine 10 mg/L pa20 C yakarasikirwa nekutorwa kwechiedza kunenge 37 muzana mushure memaminitsi 120 iri muchiedza chinooneka cherabhoritari uye 53 muzana iri muchiedza chezuva, asi yakaenzaniswa nayo yakachengetwa murima haina kuratidza kurasika kwaigona kuonekwa kunyange pa80 C. Nhamba idzodzo dzinobva muongororo yetembiricha nechiedza pamethylene blue yakanyungudutswa mumvura uye dzinotsanangura mudziyo wekuedza iwoyo chete. Dzinoratidza kuti chiedza ndicho chine simba guru, kwete nguva inotora kuti imwe methylene blue iri mune rimwe bhodhoro iderere nehafu.
Okisijeni inoita mabasa maviri, ndokusaka “kusangana nemhepo” kuchigona kureva zvinhu zvakasiyana. Okisijeni inoita kuti okisijeni inokurumidza kuita iumbwe kubva mudhayi ine simba rakawedzerwa, asi inobvisawo maerekitironi muleucomethylene blue isina ruvara kuti idzokere kuchimiro chebhuruu. Saka mhepo inogona kubvisa ruvara pane chimwe chakanyungudutswa uye kudzosa ruvara pane chimwe. Musiyano pakati pekuumbwa kweleuco nekuparadzwa unotsanangurwa mumaitiro eredox emethylene blue neleucomethylene blue.
Kuungana kwemamorekuru kunochinja kukanganiswa nechiedza pamorekuru rimwe nerimwe. MaH-dimer ane mamorekuru akatarisana anodzokera kuchimiro chine simba rakaderera nokukurumidza uye anogadzira triplet nesinglet oxygen shoma zvikuru pane monomer, sezvakayerwa muongororo yemaitiro edimer yemethylene blue kana yasangana nechiedza.
pH: kugadzikana pakati, kuchinja kwemakemikari kumicheto
Kubva pamamiriro ane asidhi kusvika paasina asidhi kana alkali yakawandisa, cation yebhuruu yakabviswa maerekitironi inodzivisa zvirinani maitiro ealkali anongoitika pane painenge iri papH yakakwirira. Pfupiso yezvinoitika kune chinhu ichi munharaunda yakaunganidzwa muPubChem haitarisiri kuti hydrolysis ive nesimba guru papH inenge 5 kusvika 9, asi iyi ifungidziro yemamiriro ezvakatipoteredza, kwete kusimbiswa kwemhando yezvigadzirwa zvemishonga.
Imwe ongororo yekare yakawana kuti dhayi isina kuwanda zvakanyanya pedyo ne25 C yairamba yakagadzikana papH iri pasi peinenge 9.5, kubviswa kwemapoka ealkyl kuchionekwa papH inenge 9.5 kusvika 9.8 uye kuchinja nokukurumidza papH 12 mumazuva akati wandei. Mhedzisiro yacho iri muongororo yekutanga yekugadzikana kwemethylene blue yakanyungudutswa mualkali uye inofanira kuverengwa seuchapupu hwenzira yemaitiro acho, kwete semuganhu wakatarwa wemhando.
Alkali yakasimba inogona zvakare kuchinja nzira inofambwa nemakemikari. Mualkali yakanyungudutswa mumvura ine 0.1 M, chinhu chikuru chakaparadzaniswa chaiva Bernthsen methylene violet, chinhu chinobva muhydrolysis mualkali, sezvakaonekwa muongororo yekuparara kwedhayi dzephenothiazine mualkali. Ikoko kuparara, kwete kungochinja kweruvara kwechinoratidza pH.
Kugamuchira maerekitironi kunopa leucomethylene blue, inenge isina ruvara uye inobviswa maerekitironi zvakare nemhepo zviri nyore, nokukurumidza papH yakakwirira uye zvishoma nezvishoma muasidhi. Kutsamira kwayo paokisijeni kwakatsanangurwa muongororo yekugamuchira maerekitironi kunokonzerwa nechiedza uye kubviswa kwawo zvakare mumethylene blue. Saka kurasika kweruvara rwebhuruu kunongoratidza kuti huwandu hwechimiro chakabviswa maerekitironi hwaderera, kwete kuti zvakakonzerwa nekugamuchira maerekitironi, kuungana kwemamorekuru, kana kuparadzwa.
Zvinonyungudutsa nekuungana kwemamorekuru: spectrum inogona kufamba pasina kurasika
Mvura inonyungudutsa munyu wechloride zviri nyore. PubChem inounganidza chiyero chinenge 43.6 g/L mumvura pa25 C pamwe netsananguro yokunyunguduka muethanol nechloroform, asi mashoko emabhuku ezviyero zvemishonga anoshandisa mazwi akadai sekunyunguduka zvishoma kana zvishomanana pazvinhu zvakatarwa. Chimiro chehydrate, kuchena, simba remaioni, uye mashandisirwo emazwi zvinotsanangura chikamu chemisiyano iyi. Nhungamiro yekunyunguduka kwemethylene blue nekugadzirira zvinonyungudutswa inotsanangura matauriro ehwaro hwechinhu chakayerwa kuti nhamba inzwisiswe.
Sarudzo yechinonyungudutsa inochinja mafomu emamorekuru aripo, kwete kungokwanisa kunyunguduka chete. Mumisanganiswa yemvura nemethanol, kuongorora nespectrum kunosiyanisa monomer, dimer, uye trimer zviri mumvura pamwe nemonomer iri mumethanol, sezvinoratidzwa muongororo yekuungana kwemamorekuru emethylene blue muzvinonyungudutsa zvakasanganiswa. Doro haribvisi kuungana kwemamorekuru: madimer nezvimwe zvikwata zvine mamorekuru akawanda zvinoramba zviripo mumethanol, ethanol, propanol, uye butanol, maererano neongororo yekuungana kwemamorekuru kunotsamira pachinonyungudutsa.
Pakushanda chaiko, chinonyungudutsa, simba remaioni, tembiricha, uye kuwanda zvinogona kushandura nzvimbo yepamusoro pespectrum nekugona kutora chiedza pasina kuparadza dhayi. Chengeta sampuli nechinhu chine mwero unozivikanwa muzvinonyungudutsa zvakafanana uye simbisa kuti ukama hwacho hunotevera mutsetse wakatwasuka. Tsananguro yeIUPAC yemutemo weBeer-Lambert inotaura mamiriro anoita kuti kutorwa kwechiedza kuenderane nekuwanda.
Kuderera kweruvara kunodzoserwa zvichienzaniswa nekuparara kusingadzoserwi
Kubviswa kwemapoka emethyl paN kunoramba kuchienderera kunopa Azure B, kozotevera mafomu eAzure ane mapoka emethyl mashoma uye thionine. Kupinza mhepo mubhodhoro hakudzoseri danho iroro, uye nzira dzinopatsanuka nadzo dzinosiyana, saka hazvifaniri kuratidzwa senhevedzano imwe chete isingachinji. Nzira idzi dzakaratidzwa muongororo yezvinhu zvinobva mukubviswa kwemapoka emethyl mumethylene blue.
Leucomethylene blue iri kune rimwe divi. Ndicho chimiro chakagamuchira maerekitironi maviri, chinenge chisina ruvara, uye okisijeni kana chimwe chinobvisa maerekitironi chinogona kudzorerazve dhayi yebhuruu. Kudzorwa kwezviyero mumabhuku emishonga kunoratidza divi risingadzoserwi: gwaro reUSP razvino rinodzora Azure B sechisina kuchena chakatarwa, zvinoenderana nekuti kubviswa kwemapoka emethyl ndiyo nzira inofanira kutariswa pakuvapo kwezvisina kuchena.
Kubviswa kwemaerekitironi kunozotevera kunopa zvinhu zvine mhete dzakavhurika uye zvakapatsanuka kuita zvimedu. Izvozvo kuparadzwa. Rabhoritari haifaniri kuziva chimedu chimwe nechimwe. Inofanira kudzivisa kutumidza kuderera kwese kwekutorwa kwechiedza nezita rimwe chete.
Tafura yeuchapupu hwekugadzikana maererano nemamiriro
Iyi ndiyo tafura yekunongedzera yepeji ino. Mutsara wega wega unotaura mamiriro, maitiro ane uchapupu hwakasimba kupfuura mamwe, uye chinodzora chinodzivisa mhedziso isina kururama.
| Mamiriro | Maitiro akaonekwa | Zvinodzoserwa kana kuti zvechigarire | Kudzora murabhoritari |
|---|---|---|---|
| Upfu hwakaoma, hwakavharwa, murima, panotonhorera | Hwakati dzikamei; hunobatwa sechinhu chakasimba chinokanganiswa nechiedza | Hapana pazviviri izvi; chinhu chekutanga chakachengetedzwa | Chengeta zvakavharwa zvakasimba, zvakaoma, zvakadzivirirwa kubva kuchiedza pasi pe30 C |
| Chakanyungudutswa mumvura chisina kuwanda zvakanyanya chiri muchiedza chemumba | Kuparara kwemethylene blue kunokonzerwa nechiedza kunoramba kuchienderera pamwe nekugamuchira maerekitironi kunogona kukonzerwa nechiedza; chiyero pa664 nm chinoderera | Zvakavhengana; chikamu cheleuco chinodzoka, chakabviswa mapoka emethyl hachidzoki | Girazi reruvara rweamber kana rwebhurawuni, kuchengetwa murima, deredza nguva yekuvhenekerwa |
| Chakanyungudutswa chimwe chetero chakachengetwa murima | Kuchinja kunononoka zvikuru; zvakaenzaniswa nazvo murima muzvidzidzo zvakabudiswa zvinoratidza kurasika kushoma mumaawa akati wandei kunyange zvichidziya | Chinonyanya kuchengetedzwa kana pH neokisijeni zvichidzorwa | Shandisa chinofananidzwa nacho chiri murima padivi penhevedzano imwe neimwe inoiswa muchiedza |
| Okisijeni yakanyunguduka iripo | Inogonesa maitiro eokisijeni inokurumidza kuita kubva mudhayi ine simba rakawedzerwa; inodzorerawo dhayi yeleuco kubhuruu | Zvose zviri zviviri, zvichienderana nenzira ine simba guru | Taura mapindirwo emhepo; usati kusangana nemhepo kunongoreva kukuvadzwa |
| pH ine asidhi kusvika pane isina asidhi kana alkali yakawandisa | Cation yakabviswa maerekitironi inoti dzivirirei pakurwiswa nealkali | Inochengetedzwa kana mamwe mamiriro achidzivirira | Ita kuti pH, chinodzora pH, nesimba remaioni zvifanane pakati pesampuli nechinhu chine mwero unozivikanwa |
| pH ine alkali, inenge 9.5 zvichikwira | Kubviswa kwemapoka ealkyl kunooneka, kuchikurumidza nepH inokwira; zvinhu zvinobva muhydrolysis paalkali yakasimba | Kuchinja kwemakemikari kwechigarire | Dzivisa kuchengetwa kwezvinhu zvine mwero unozivikanwa mualkali; simbisa nzira ipi neipi inoshandisa alkali yakaparadzana |
| Mvura ichienzaniswa nedoro kana zvinonyungudutsa zvakasanganiswa | Nzvimbo yepamusoro pespectrum, kugona kutora chiedza, uye chiyero chemonomer nezvikwata zvemamorekuru zvinochinja | Kugoverwazve kwespectrum, kwete uchapupu hwekurasika | Shandisa zvinonyungudutsa zvakafanana pasampuli nepakuenzanisa zviyero; tarisa spectrum yose |
| Chakawanda chichienzaniswa nechishoma | Madimer akawanda nezvikwata zvine mamorekuru akawanda; kukonzera maitiro nechiedza pamorekuru rimwe nerimwe kunoderera | Kuchinja kwemafomu aripo, kunodzoserwa nekuderedza kuwanda kana pasina kuchinja kwemakemikari kwakaitika | Simbisa ukama hunotevera mutsetse wakatwasuka maererano neBeer-Lambert pamwero wekushanda |
| Chakanyungudutswa chinodziya, murima chichienzaniswa nechakavhenekerwa | Kupisa chete kunokonzera kuchinja kushoma mune zvakashandiswa kuenzanisa muzvidzidzo zvakabudiswa; kupisa pamwe nechiedza kunokurumidzisa kurasika | Zvinonyanya kutungamirirwa nechiedza pasi pemamiriro akaedzwa | Dzora tembiricha pabasa rekuyera kumhanya kwemaitiro nepakuenzanisa zviyero |
| Kuderera paurefu hwesaisai humwe chete hwe664 nm | Kunogona kuenderana nekubviswa kweruvara, kugamuchira maerekitironi, kuungana kwemamorekuru, kunamatira pamusoro pechinhu, kana zvikamu zvinopa ruvara zvakabviswa mapoka emethyl | Hakugoni kutsanangurwa kubva paurefu hwesaisai humwe chete | Ongorora spectrum yose uye shandisa zvinofananidzwa nazvo zviri murima nezviri muchiedza |
Zviyero zvekudzora pabasa rekuyera huwandu
Gadzira zvinhu zvine mwero unozivikanwa zvekuongorora zvichangobva kugadzirwa uye chengeta nguva yekusangana nechiedza iri pfupi. Ita kuti tembiricha, pH, chinonyungudutsa, simba remaioni, uye mwero wekuwanda zvifanane pakati pezvinhu zvine mwero unozivikanwa nemasampuli. Sanganisira chinofananidzwa nacho chakachengetwa murima paunenge uchidzidza kuparara uye chinofananidzwa nacho chakaiswa muchiedza chisina chinokurumidzisa maitiro pakuedza maitiro emakemikari anokonzerwa nechiedza. Kana spectrum ichikosha, nyora spectrum yose yechiedza chinooneka pane kurekodha urefu hwesaisai humwe chete, nokuti dhayi dzakabviswa mapoka emethyl nezvikwata zvemamorekuru zvinotora chiedza pedyo napo asi kwete zvakafanana chaizvo. Maspectrum anotsamira pakuwanda anotsigira zano iroro akanyorwa muongororo yespectroscopy yekuwanda nekuungana kwemamorekuru.
Usashandure mhedzisiro ipi neipi iri papeji ino kuita nguva yekuchengetwa. Nguva yakasimbiswa yekuramba yakakodzera inoshanda pachigadzirwa chine musanganiswa wakatarwa, mudziyo, kuwanda, nzvimbo yemhepo iri pamusoro pechinhu chiri mumudziyo, kudzora tupukanana, uye mamiriro ekuchengetwa. Kusimbiswa ikoko inyaya yenhungamiro yevatengi pamusoro penguva yekuchengetwa, inotsigirwa nepeji ino asi isingatsiviwi nayo.